“美狄亚假说”的版本间的差异

2020年10月1日 (四) 21:27的版本

此词条暂由Henry翻译。The Medea hypothesis is a term coined by paleontologist Peter Ward^[1] for the anti-Gaian hypothesis that multicellular life, understood as a superorganism, is suicidal. In this view, microbial-triggered mass extinctions are attempts to return the Earth to the microbial-dominated state it has been for most of its history.^[2]^[3]^[4] The metaphor refers to the mythological Medea (representing the Earth), who kills her own children (multicellular life).

The Medea hypothesis is a term coined by paleontologist Peter Ward for the anti-Gaian hypothesis that multicellular life, understood as a superorganism, is suicidal. In this view, microbial-triggered mass extinctions are attempts to return the Earth to the microbial-dominated state it has been for most of its history. The metaphor refers to the mythological Medea (representing the Earth), who kills her own children (multicellular life).

美狄亚假说是古生物学家彼得·沃德为反盖亚假说创造的一个术语，该假说认为多细胞生命，被理解为超有机体，具有自杀倾向。按照这种观点，微生物引发的大规模物种灭绝是试图使地球恢复到历史上大部分时间以微生物为主的状态。这个比喻指的是神话中的美狄亚(代表地球) ，她杀死了自己的孩子(多细胞生命)。

Past "suicide attempts" include:

以往的「自杀企图」包括:

Methane poisoning, 3.5 billion years ago

甲烷中毒，35亿年前

The oxygen catastrophe, 2.45 billion years ago

大氧化事件|氧气灾难，24.5亿年前

Snowball Earth, twice, 2.4–2.1 billion years ago and 790–630 million years ago

雪球化地球，两次（休伦冰河时期|24亿年前到21亿年前，7.96亿年前到6.3亿年前）

At least five putative hydrogen sulfide-induced mass extinctions, such as the Great Dying, 模板:Ma

至少五次公认的大灭绝（硫化氢），比如二叠纪-三叠纪灭绝事件

The list does not include the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event, since this was, at least partially, externally induced by a meteor impact.

这份名单不包括白垩纪-古近纪大灭绝事件，因为这次至少部分是由流星撞击引起的。

Peter Ward also believes that the current man-made climate change and mass extinction event may be considered to be the most recent Medean event. As these events are anthropogenic, he postulates that Medean events are not necessarily caused by microbes, but by intelligent life as well. He believes that the final mass extinction of complex life, roughly about 500 million years in the future, will also be considered a Medean event. Plant life that still exists by then will be forced to adapt to a warming and expanding Sun, causing them to remove even more carbon dioxide from the atmosphere (which in turn will have already be due to the increasing heat from the Sun gradually speeding up the weathering process that removes them from the atmosphere), and ultimately accelerating the complete extinction of complex life by making carbon dioxide levels drop down to just 10 ppm, below which plants can no longer survive. However, Ward simultaneously argues that intelligent life such as humans may not necessarily just trigger future Medean events, but may eventually prevent them from occurring.

彼得沃德还认为，目前人为导致的气候变化和大规模物种灭绝事件可能被认为是最近的米迪亚事件。由于这些事件是人为的，他假定 Medean 事件不一定是由微生物引起的，而是由智慧生命引起的。他认为，复杂生命的最终大规模灭绝，大约在未来5亿年左右，也将被视为米迪亚事件。到那时仍然存在的植物将被迫适应日益变暖和膨胀的太阳，从而使它们从大气中吸收更多的二氧化碳(反过来，这也已经是由于太阳不断增加的热量逐渐加快了风化过程，使它们从大气中消失) ，并最终通过使二氧化碳浓度降低到只有10ppm 来加速复杂生命的完全灭绝，低于这个浓度，植物将无法存活。然而，沃德同时认为，像人类这样的智慧生命可能不一定只是触发未来的米迪恩事件，也有可能最终阻止它们的发生。

References

参考资料

↑ Peter Ward (2009), The Medea Hypothesis: Is Life on Earth Ultimately Self-Destructive?,

↑ Gaia's evil twin: Is life its own worst enemy? The New Scientist. Volume 202, Issue 2713, 17 June 2009, pages 28–31 (Cover story)
↑ Bennett, Drake (2009-01-11). "Dark green: A scientist argues that the natural world isn't benevolent and sustaining: it's bent on self-destruction". Boston.com. The Boston Globe. Retrieved 2010-02-26.
↑ Grey, William (February 2010). "Gaia theory – Reflections on life on earth". Australian Review of Public Affairs. University of Sydney. Retrieved 2010-02-26.

External links

外部链接

Peter Ward's lecture

The Medea Hypothesis: A response to the Gaia hypothesis Review of Ward's book, February 12, 2010 .

Paleontologist Peter Ward’s “Medea hypothesis”: Life is out to get you Scientific American review, January 13, 2010

The Medea Hypothesis Review by the Astrobiology Society of Britain.

The Medea Hypothesis: Is Life on Earth Ultimately Self-Destructive? Outlook for the world is still grim Review in the Times Educational Supplement

模板:ExtEvent nav

Category:Events that forced the climate

类别: 强迫气候变化的事件

Category:Cybernetics

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类别: 地球科学

Category:Ecological theories

范畴: 生态学理论

Category:Evolutionary biology

分类: 进化生物学

Category:Extinction events

分类: 灭绝事件

Category:Climate history

分类: 气候史

Category:Hypotheses

类别: 假设

Category:Superorganisms

类别: 超级有机体

Category:Planetary science

类别: 行星科学

Category:Biological hypotheses

类别: 生物学假说

Category:Meteorological hypotheses

类别: 气象假说

This page was moved from wikipedia:en:Medea hypothesis. Its edit history can be viewed at 美狄亚假说/edithistory

[1] Peter Ward (2009), The Medea Hypothesis: Is Life on Earth Ultimately Self-Destructive?,
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[2] Gaia's evil twin: Is life its own worst enemy? The New Scientist. Volume 202, Issue 2713, 17 June 2009, pages 28–31 (Cover story)

[3] Bennett, Drake (2009-01-11). "Dark green: A scientist argues that the natural world isn't benevolent and sustaining: it's bent on self-destruction". Boston.com. The Boston Globe. Retrieved 2010-02-26.

[Review-4] Grey, William (February 2010). "Gaia theory – Reflections on life on earth". Australian Review of Public Affairs. University of Sydney. Retrieved 2010-02-26.

[1]

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@@ 第1行： / 第1行： @@
-此词条暂由彩云小译翻译，未经人工整理和审校，带来阅读不便，请见谅。The '''Medea hypothesis''' is a term coined by [[paleontologist]] [[Peter Ward (paleontologist)|Peter Ward]]<ref>Peter Ward (2009), ''The Medea Hypothesis: Is Life on Earth Ultimately Self-Destructive?'', {{ISBN|0-691-13075-2}}</ref> for the anti-[[Gaia hypothesis|Gaian hypothesis]] that [[multicellular life]], understood as a [[superorganism]], is suicidal. In this view, microbial-triggered [[Extinction event|mass extinctions]] are attempts to return the Earth to the microbial-dominated state it has been for most of its history.<ref>[https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg20227131.400-gaias-evil-twin-is-life-its-own-worst-enemy.html Gaia's evil twin: Is life its own worst enemy?] The New Scientist. Volume 202, Issue 2713, 17 June 2009, pages 28–31 (Cover story)</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Bennett|first=Drake|authorlink= |title=Dark green: A scientist argues that the natural world isn't benevolent and sustaining: it's bent on self-destruction|newspaper=Boston.com|publisher=[[The Boston Globe]]|date=2009-01-11|url=http://www.boston.com/bostonglobe/ideas/articles/2009/01/11/dark_green/|format= |accessdate=2010-02-26}}</ref><ref name="Review">{{Cite web|last=Grey|first=William|authorlink= |title=Gaia theory&nbsp;– Reflections on life on earth|work=Australian Review of Public Affairs|publisher=[[University of Sydney]]|date=February 2010|url=http://www.australianreview.net/digest/2010/02/grey.html|accessdate=2010-02-26}}</ref> The metaphor refers to the mythological [[Medea]] (representing the Earth), who kills her own children (multicellular life).
+此词条暂由Henry翻译。The '''Medea hypothesis''' is a term coined by [[paleontologist]] [[Peter Ward (paleontologist)|Peter Ward]]<ref>Peter Ward (2009), ''The Medea Hypothesis: Is Life on Earth Ultimately Self-Destructive?'', {{ISBN|0-691-13075-2}}</ref> for the anti-[[Gaia hypothesis|Gaian hypothesis]] that [[multicellular life]], understood as a [[superorganism]], is suicidal. In this view, microbial-triggered [[Extinction event|mass extinctions]] are attempts to return the Earth to the microbial-dominated state it has been for most of its history.<ref>[https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg20227131.400-gaias-evil-twin-is-life-its-own-worst-enemy.html Gaia's evil twin: Is life its own worst enemy?] The New Scientist. Volume 202, Issue 2713, 17 June 2009, pages 28–31 (Cover story)</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Bennett|first=Drake|authorlink= |title=Dark green: A scientist argues that the natural world isn't benevolent and sustaining: it's bent on self-destruction|newspaper=Boston.com|publisher=[[The Boston Globe]]|date=2009-01-11|url=http://www.boston.com/bostonglobe/ideas/articles/2009/01/11/dark_green/|format= |accessdate=2010-02-26}}</ref><ref name="Review">{{Cite web|last=Grey|first=William|authorlink= |title=Gaia theory&nbsp;– Reflections on life on earth|work=Australian Review of Public Affairs|publisher=[[University of Sydney]]|date=February 2010|url=http://www.australianreview.net/digest/2010/02/grey.html|accessdate=2010-02-26}}</ref> The metaphor refers to the mythological [[Medea]] (representing the Earth), who kills her own children (multicellular life).
 The Medea hypothesis is a term coined by paleontologist Peter Ward for the anti-Gaian hypothesis that multicellular life, understood as a superorganism, is suicidal. In this view, microbial-triggered mass extinctions are attempts to return the Earth to the microbial-dominated state it has been for most of its history. The metaphor refers to the mythological Medea (representing the Earth), who kills her own children (multicellular life).
-美狄亚假说是古生物学家彼得 · 沃德为反盖亚假说创造的一个术语，该假说认为多细胞生命，被理解为超有机体，具有自杀倾向。按照这种观点，微生物引发的大规模物种灭绝是试图使地球恢复到历史上大部分时间以微生物为主的状态。这个比喻指的是神话中的美狄亚(代表地球) ，她杀死了自己的孩子(多细胞生命)。
+美狄亚假说是古生物学家彼得·沃德为反盖亚假说创造的一个术语，该假说认为多细胞生命，被理解为超有机体，具有自杀倾向。按照这种观点，微生物引发的大规模物种灭绝是试图使地球恢复到历史上大部分时间以微生物为主的状态。这个比喻指的是神话中的美狄亚(代表地球) ，她杀死了自己的孩子(多细胞生命)。
@@ 第17行： / 第17行： @@
 *[[Methane poisoning]], 3.5 billion years ago
+甲烷中毒，35亿年前
 *The [[Great Oxygenation Event|oxygen catastrophe]], 2.45 billion years ago
+大氧化事件|氧气灾难，24.5亿年前
 *[[Snowball Earth]], twice, [[Huronian glaciation|2.4–2.1 billion years ago]] and 790–630 million years ago
+雪球化地球，两次（休伦冰河时期|24亿年前到21亿年前，7.96亿年前到6.3亿年前）
 *At least five putative [[hydrogen sulfide]]-induced mass extinctions, such as the [[Permian–Triassic extinction event|Great Dying]], {{Ma|252.28}}
+至少五次公认的大灭绝（硫化氢），比如二叠纪-三叠纪灭绝事件
@@ 第39行： / 第39行： @@
 The list does not include the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event, since this was, at least partially, externally induced by a meteor impact.
-这份名单不包括白垩纪-古近纪大灭绝事件，因为这至少部分是由流星撞击引起的。
+这份名单不包括白垩纪-古近纪大灭绝事件，因为这次至少部分是由流星撞击引起的。
@@ 第49行： / 第49行： @@
 Peter Ward also believes that the current man-made climate change and mass extinction event may be considered to be the most recent Medean event. As these events are anthropogenic, he postulates that Medean events are not necessarily caused by microbes, but by intelligent life as well. He believes that the final mass extinction of complex life, roughly about 500 million years in the future, will also be considered a Medean event. Plant life that still exists by then will be forced to adapt to a warming and expanding Sun, causing them to remove even more carbon dioxide from the atmosphere (which in turn will have already be due to the increasing heat from the Sun gradually speeding up the weathering process that removes them from the atmosphere), and ultimately accelerating the complete extinction of complex life by making carbon dioxide levels drop down to just 10 ppm, below which plants can no longer survive. However, Ward simultaneously argues that intelligent life such as humans may not necessarily just trigger future Medean events, but may eventually prevent them from occurring.
-彼得沃德还认为，目前人为的气候变化和大规模物种灭绝事件可能被认为是最近的米迪亚事件。由于这些事件是人为的，他假定 Medean 事件不一定是由微生物引起的，而是由智慧生命引起的。他认为，复杂生命的最终大规模灭绝，大约在未来5亿年左右，也将被视为米迪恩事件。到那时仍然存在的植物将被迫适应日益变暖和膨胀的太阳，从而使它们从大气中吸收更多的二氧化碳(反过来，这也已经是由于太阳不断增加的热量逐渐加快了风化过程，使它们从大气中消失) ，并最终通过使二氧化碳浓度降低到只有10ppm 来加速复杂生命的完全灭绝，低于这个浓度，植物将无法存活。然而，沃德同时认为，像人类这样的智慧生命可能不一定只是触发未来的米迪恩事件，但可能最终阻止它们的发生。
+彼得沃德还认为，目前人为导致的气候变化和大规模物种灭绝事件可能被认为是最近的米迪亚事件。由于这些事件是人为的，他假定 Medean 事件不一定是由微生物引起的，而是由智慧生命引起的。他认为，复杂生命的最终大规模灭绝，大约在未来5亿年左右，也将被视为米迪亚事件。到那时仍然存在的植物将被迫适应日益变暖和膨胀的太阳，从而使它们从大气中吸收更多的二氧化碳(反过来，这也已经是由于太阳不断增加的热量逐渐加快了风化过程，使它们从大气中消失) ，并最终通过使二氧化碳浓度降低到只有10ppm 来加速复杂生命的完全灭绝，低于这个浓度，植物将无法存活。然而，沃德同时认为，像人类这样的智慧生命可能不一定只是触发未来的米迪恩事件，也有可能最终阻止它们的发生。
@@ 第62行： / 第62行： @@
 *[[Fermi paradox]]
+费米悖论
 *[[Future of Earth#Climate impact]]
+地球的未来，气候影响

“美狄亚假说”的版本间的差异

2020年10月1日 (四) 21:27的版本

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