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第9行：
第9行： − + 第23行：
第23行： − ==Overview== 第32行：
第31行： − ===Theory=== 第92行：
第90行： − ===Classes of self-replication=== 第142行：
第139行： − ===A self-replicating computer program===+ 第194行：
第191行： − ===Self-replicating tiling===+ 第213行：
第210行： − --[[用户:粲兰|袁一博]]（[[用户讨论:粲兰|讨论]]）“‘狮身人面像’六面双锥体是已知唯一能自复制的五角形。”这句对应原句"The 'sphinx' hexiamond is the only known self-replicating pentagon."疑似存在集合上的逻辑错误，hexiamond并不是一个平面几何图形。 + 第222行：
第219行： − + − 2012年，Lee Sallows 将 rep-tiles 定义为一种特殊的自组合纹样集。一组 n 阶的复制品是一组 n 个形状的复制品，它们可以以 n 种不同的方式组合，以便形成更大的自身复制品。每个形状各不相同的塞提塞称为“完美”。Rep-n rep-tile 只是由 n 个相同部分组成的一个集合。+ + 第238行：
第236行： − + − [人面狮身人面像可以拼凑成另一个人面狮身人面像] − + + 第264行：
第262行： − ===Self replicating clay crystals=== − ===Self replicating clay crystals=== − 自我复制的粘土晶体+ + + 第274行：
第272行： − 一种不是基于 DNA 或 RNA 的天然自我复制存在于粘土晶体中。粘土由大量的小晶体组成，粘土是促进晶体生长的环境。晶体是由规则的原子晶格组成的，如果没有原子晶格，晶体就能够生长。放置在含有晶体成分的水溶液中，自动地将晶体边界上的原子排列成晶体形式。当正常的原子结构被破坏时，晶体可能具有不规则性，当晶体生长时，这些不规则性可能会传播，形成一种晶体不规则性的自我复制。由于这些不规则结构可能会影响晶体分裂形成新晶体的概率，因此这种不规则结构的晶体甚至可以被认为是在进化过程中形成的。+ + 第280行：
第279行： − ===Applications=== − + + − 申请 第290行：
第288行： − 一些工程科学的长期目标是制造出一种可以自我复制的铿锵复制机器。通常的原因是为了在保留生产品的同时降低每件商品的成本。许多权威人士表示，在这个限度内，自我复制产品的成本应该接近木材或其他生物物质的单位重量成本，因为自我复制可以避免传统制成品的劳动力、资本和分销成本。+ 第300行：
第298行： − 一个全新的人工复制因子是一个合理的近期目标。+ 第306行：
第304行： − 美国宇航局最近的一项研究表明，铿锵复制机器的复杂度大约相当于英特尔奔腾4处理器的复杂度。也就是说，这项技术是可以实现的与一个相对较小的工程小组在一个合理的商业时间规模在一个合理的成本。+ 第316行：
第314行： − 鉴于目前对生物技术的浓厚兴趣和这一领域的大量资金，利用现有细胞的复制能力的尝试是及时的，而且很容易产生重大的见解和进展。+ 第326行：
第324行： − 自我复制的一种变体在编译器构造中具有实际意义，在自然自我复制中也会出现类似的自举问题。编译器(表型)可以应用于编译器自身的源代码(基因型) ，从而产生编译器本身。在编译器开发过程中，使用修改(变异)的源代码来创建下一代编译器。这个过程不同于自然自我复制，因为这个过程是由工程师指导的，而不是主体本身。+ 第332行：
第330行： − ==Mechanical self-replication== − ==Mechanical self-replication== − 机械自我复制+ + + 第350行：
第348行： − 机器人领域的一项活动就是机器的自我复制。由于所有机器人(至少在现代)都有相当数量的相同特性，一个自我复制的机器人(或者可能是一群机器人)需要做以下工作:+ 第357行：
第355行： + + + + − + 第384行：
第386行： − 在纳米级别上，组装者也可能被设计成在自身能量下进行自我复制。这反过来又导致了“灰色粘性”版本的世界末日，就像在诸如 Bloom，Prey 和 Recursion 这样的科幻小说中描述的那样。+ 第394行：
第396行： − 美国前瞻学会协会已经为机械自我复制的研究人员发布了指导方针。指导方针建议研究人员使用一些特定的技术来防止机械复制器失控，比如使用广播结构。+ 第404行：
第406行： − 有关与工业时代有关的机械复制的详细文章，请参阅大规模生产。+ 第410行：
第412行： − ==Fields== − ==Fields== − 田野+ + 第462行：
第463行： − ==In industry== − ==In industry== − + 第472行：
第471行： − ===Space exploration and manufacturing=== − ===Space exploration and manufacturing=== − + + + + + 第558行：
第559行： − ===Molecular manufacturing===+ 第628行：
第629行： − ==See also== − ==See also== − 参见+ + +
无编辑摘要
[[Image:DNA chemical structure.svg|thumb|right|200px|[[Molecular structure]] of [[DNA]] ]]
[[Image:DNA chemical structure.svg|thumb|right|200px|[[Molecular structure]] of [[DNA]] ]]
[[Molecular structure of DNA ]]
[[Molecular structure of DNA DNA分子结构]]
[ DNA 的分子结构]
[ DNA 的分子结构]
==Overview 综述==
==Overview 综述==
===Theory 理论===
===Theory 理论===
===Classes of self-replication 自复制的类别===
===Classes of self-replication 自复制的类别===
===A self-replicating computer program 一种自复制的电脑程序===
===A self-replicating computer program 一种自复制的电脑程序===
===Self-replicating tiling 自复制式平铺===
===Self-replicating tiling 自复制式平铺===
在几何学中，自复制式平铺是一种平铺方法，其中几个全等的瓷砖可以连接在一起，形成一个较大的类似于原来的瓷砖。这是一个被称为镶嵌的研究领域的一个方面。“狮身人面像”六面双锥体是已知唯一能自复制的五角形。
在几何学中，自复制式平铺是一种平铺方法，其中几个全等的瓷砖可以连接在一起，形成一个较大的类似于原来的瓷砖。这是一个被称为镶嵌的研究领域的一个方面。“狮身人面像”六面双锥体是已知唯一能自复制的五角形。
例如，四个这样的凹形五边形可以连接在一起，形成一个尺寸是原来两倍的五边形。所罗门·W·格伦布(Solomon W. Golomb)创造了术语 rep-tiles 来描述自复制式平铺。
例如，四个这样的凹形五边形可以连接在一起，形成一个尺寸是原来两倍的五边形。所罗门·W·格伦布(Solomon W. Golomb)创造了术语 rep-tiles 来描述自复制式平铺。
--[[用户:粲兰|袁一博]]（[[用户讨论:粲兰|讨论]]）“‘狮身人面像’双锥六面体是已知唯一能自复制的五角形。”这句对应原句"The 'sphinx' hexiamond is the only known self-replicating pentagon."疑似存在几何上的逻辑错误，hexiamond并不是一个平面几何图形。
In 2012, [[Lee Sallows]] identified rep-tiles as a special instance of a [[self-tiling tile set]] or setiset. A setiset of order ''n'' is a set of ''n'' shapes that can be assembled in ''n'' different ways so as to form larger replicas of themselves. Setisets in which every shape is distinct are called 'perfect'. A rep-''n'' rep-tile is just a setiset composed of ''n'' identical pieces.
In 2012, [[Lee Sallows]] identified rep-tiles as a special instance of a [[self-tiling tile set]] or setiset. A setiset of order ''n'' is a set of ''n'' shapes that can be assembled in ''n'' different ways so as to form larger replicas of themselves. Setisets in which every shape is distinct are called 'perfect'. A rep-''n'' rep-tile is just a setiset composed of ''n'' identical pieces.
In 2012, Lee Sallows identified rep-tiles as a special instance of a self-tiling tile set or setiset. A setiset of order n is a set of n shapes that can be assembled in n different ways so as to form larger replicas of themselves. Setisets in which every shape is distinct are called 'perfect'. A rep-n rep-tile is just a setiset composed of n identical pieces.
In 2012, Lee Sallows identified rep-tiles as a special instance of a self-tiling tile set or '''<font color="#32CD32">setiset</font>'''. A setiset of order n is a set of n shapes that can be assembled in n different ways so as to form larger replicas of themselves. Setisets in which every shape is distinct are called 'perfect'. A rep-n rep-tile is just a setiset composed of n identical pieces.
2012年，李·萨洛斯(Lee Sallows) 将 rep-tiles 定义为一种特殊的自平铺纹样集。一组 ''n'' 阶的复制品是一组 ''n'' 个形状的复制品，它们可以以 ''n'' 种不同的方式组合，以便形成更大的自复制产物。每个形状各不相同的 setiset 被称为“完美的”。n次重复的 rep-tile 只是由 n 个相同部分组成的一个集合。
--[[用户:粲兰|袁一博]]（[[用户讨论:粲兰|讨论]]）“setiset”找不到合适的翻译。
{|
{|
|-style“ vertical-align: bottom; ”
|-style“ vertical-align: bottom; ”
[[File:Self-replication of sphynx hexidiamonds.svg|thumb|A rep-tile-based setiset of order 4|thumb|left|text-bottom|260px|Four '[[Sphinx tiling|sphinx]]' hexiamonds can be put together to form another sphinx.]]
[[File:Self-replication of sphynx hexidiamonds.svg|thumb|A rep-tile-based setiset of order 4|thumb|left|text-bottom|260px|Four '[[Sphinx tiling|sphinx]]' hexiamonds can be put together to form another sphinx. 四个“人面狮身像”双锥六面体可以拼凑成另一个人面狮身像]]
sphinx' hexiamonds can be put together to form another sphinx.]]
sphinx' hexiamonds can be put together to form another sphinx.]]
[[File:A rep-tile-based setiset of order 4.png|thumb|A rep-tile-based setiset of order 9|thumb|right|text-bottom|290px|A perfect [[Self-tiling tile set|setiset]] of order 4]]
[[File:A rep-tile-based setiset of order 4.png|thumb|A rep-tile-based setiset of order 9|thumb|right|text-bottom|290px|A perfect [[Self-tiling tile set|setiset]] of order 4 一个完美的四阶setiset]]
setiset of order 4]]
setiset of order 4]]
===Self replicating clay crystals 自复制的粘土晶体===
One form of natural self-replication that isn't based on DNA or RNA occurs in clay crystals.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.com/earth/story/20160823-the-idea-that-life-began-as-clay-crystals-is-50-years-old |title=The idea that life began as clay crystals is 50 years old |publisher=bbc.com |date=2016-08-24 |accessdate=2019-11-10}}</ref> Clay consists of a large number of small crystals, and clay is an environment that promotes crystal growth. Crystals consist of a regular lattice of atoms and are able to grow if e.g. placed in a water solution containing the crystal components; automatically arranging atoms at the crystal boundary into the crystalline form. Crystals may have irregularities where the regular atomic structure is broken, and when crystals grow, these irregularities may propagate, creating a form of self-replication of crystal irregularities. Because these irregularities may affect the probability of a crystal breaking apart to form new crystals, crystals with such irregularities could even be considered to undergo evolutionary development.
One form of natural self-replication that isn't based on DNA or RNA occurs in clay crystals.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.com/earth/story/20160823-the-idea-that-life-began-as-clay-crystals-is-50-years-old |title=The idea that life began as clay crystals is 50 years old |publisher=bbc.com |date=2016-08-24 |accessdate=2019-11-10}}</ref> Clay consists of a large number of small crystals, and clay is an environment that promotes crystal growth. Crystals consist of a regular lattice of atoms and are able to grow if e.g. placed in a water solution containing the crystal components; automatically arranging atoms at the crystal boundary into the crystalline form. Crystals may have irregularities where the regular atomic structure is broken, and when crystals grow, these irregularities may propagate, creating a form of self-replication of crystal irregularities. Because these irregularities may affect the probability of a crystal breaking apart to form new crystals, crystals with such irregularities could even be considered to undergo evolutionary development.
One form of natural self-replication that isn't based on DNA or RNA occurs in clay crystals. Clay consists of a large number of small crystals, and clay is an environment that promotes crystal growth. Crystals consist of a regular lattice of atoms and are able to grow if e.g. placed in a water solution containing the crystal components; automatically arranging atoms at the crystal boundary into the crystalline form. Crystals may have irregularities where the regular atomic structure is broken, and when crystals grow, these irregularities may propagate, creating a form of self-replication of crystal irregularities. Because these irregularities may affect the probability of a crystal breaking apart to form new crystals, crystals with such irregularities could even be considered to undergo evolutionary development.
One form of natural self-replication that isn't based on DNA or RNA occurs in clay crystals. Clay consists of a large number of small crystals, and clay is an environment that promotes crystal growth. Crystals consist of a regular lattice of atoms and are able to grow if e.g. placed in a water solution containing the crystal components; automatically arranging atoms at the crystal boundary into the crystalline form. Crystals may have irregularities where the regular atomic structure is broken, and when crystals grow, these irregularities may propagate, creating a form of self-replication of crystal irregularities. Because these irregularities may affect the probability of a crystal breaking apart to form new crystals, crystals with such irregularities could even be considered to undergo evolutionary development.
粘土晶体中存在一种不基于 DNA 或 RNA 的天然自复制。粘土由大量的小晶体组成，粘土是促进晶体生长的环境。晶体是由规则的原子晶格组成的，将其放置在含有晶体成分的水溶液中能够生长，并自动地将晶体边界上的原子排列成晶体形式。当正常的原子结构被破坏时，晶体可能具有不规则性，当晶体生长时，这些不规则性可能会传播，形成一种晶体不规则性的自我复制。由于这些不规则结构可能会影响晶体分裂形成新晶体的概率，因此这种不规则结构的晶体甚至可以被认为是在进化过程中形成的。
===Applications===
===Applications 应用===
It is a long-term goal of some engineering sciences to achieve a [[clanking replicator]], a material device that can self-replicate. The usual reason is to achieve a low cost per item while retaining the utility of a manufactured good. Many authorities say that in the limit, the cost of self-replicating items should approach the cost-per-weight of wood or other biological substances, because self-replication avoids the costs of [[labour (economics)|labor]], [[Capital (economics)|capital]] and [[distribution (business)|distribution]] in conventional [[factory|manufactured goods]].
It is a long-term goal of some engineering sciences to achieve a [[clanking replicator]], a material device that can self-replicate. The usual reason is to achieve a low cost per item while retaining the utility of a manufactured good. Many authorities say that in the limit, the cost of self-replicating items should approach the cost-per-weight of wood or other biological substances, because self-replication avoids the costs of [[labour (economics)|labor]], [[Capital (economics)|capital]] and [[distribution (business)|distribution]] in conventional [[factory|manufactured goods]].
It is a long-term goal of some engineering sciences to achieve a clanking replicator, a material device that can self-replicate. The usual reason is to achieve a low cost per item while retaining the utility of a manufactured good. Many authorities say that in the limit, the cost of self-replicating items should approach the cost-per-weight of wood or other biological substances, because self-replication avoids the costs of labor, capital and distribution in conventional manufactured goods.
It is a long-term goal of some engineering sciences to achieve a clanking replicator, a material device that can self-replicate. The usual reason is to achieve a low cost per item while retaining the utility of a manufactured good. Many authorities say that in the limit, the cost of self-replicating items should approach the cost-per-weight of wood or other biological substances, because self-replication avoids the costs of labor, capital and distribution in conventional manufactured goods.
一些工程科学的长期目标是制造出一种可以自我复制的铿锵复制机器。通常的原因是为了在保证生产品的功效的同时降低每件商品的成本。许多权威人士表示，在这个限度内，自复制产品的成本应该接近木材或其他生物材质的单位重量成本，因为自我复制不需要传统工业产品所需的劳动力、资本和分销成本。
A fully novel artificial replicator is a reasonable near-term goal.
A fully novel artificial replicator is a reasonable near-term goal.
建立一个全新的人工复制因子是一个合理的近期目标。
A [[NASA]] study recently placed the complexity of a [[clanking replicator]] at approximately that of [[Intel]]'s [[Pentium (brand)|Pentium]] 4 CPU.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.niac.usra.edu/files/studies/final_report/883Toth-Fejel.pdf |title=Modeling Kinematic Cellular Automata Final Report |publisher= |date=April 30, 2004 |accessdate=2013-10-22}}</ref> That is, the technology is achievable with a relatively small engineering group in a reasonable commercial time-scale at a reasonable cost.
A [[NASA]] study recently placed the complexity of a [[clanking replicator]] at approximately that of [[Intel]]'s [[Pentium (brand)|Pentium]] 4 CPU.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.niac.usra.edu/files/studies/final_report/883Toth-Fejel.pdf |title=Modeling Kinematic Cellular Automata Final Report |publisher= |date=April 30, 2004 |accessdate=2013-10-22}}</ref> That is, the technology is achievable with a relatively small engineering group in a reasonable commercial time-scale at a reasonable cost.
A NASA study recently placed the complexity of a clanking replicator at approximately that of Intel's Pentium 4 CPU. That is, the technology is achievable with a relatively small engineering group in a reasonable commercial time-scale at a reasonable cost.
A NASA study recently placed the complexity of a clanking replicator at approximately that of Intel's Pentium 4 CPU. That is, the technology is achievable with a relatively small engineering group in a reasonable commercial time-scale at a reasonable cost.
美国宇航局最近的一项研究表明，铿锵复制因子的复杂度大约相当于英特尔奔腾4处理器的复杂度。也就是说，这项技术在一个合理的商业时间规模内，是可以由一个相对较小的工程团队以一个合理的成本实现的。
Given the currently keen interest in biotechnology and the high levels of funding in that field, attempts to exploit the replicative ability of existing cells are timely, and may easily lead to significant insights and advances.
Given the currently keen interest in biotechnology and the high levels of funding in that field, attempts to exploit the replicative ability of existing cells are timely, and may easily lead to significant insights and advances.
鉴于目前学术界对生物技术的浓厚兴趣和这一领域的大量资金，利用现有细胞的复制能力的尝试是适时的，而且易产生重大的理解和进展。
A variation of self replication is of practical relevance in compiler construction, where a similar bootstrapping problem occurs as in natural self replication. A compiler (phenotype) can be applied on the compiler's own source code (genotype) producing the compiler itself. During compiler development, a modified (mutated) source is used to create the next generation of the compiler. This process differs from natural self-replication in that the process is directed by an engineer, not by the subject itself.
A variation of self replication is of practical relevance in compiler construction, where a similar bootstrapping problem occurs as in natural self replication. A compiler (phenotype) can be applied on the compiler's own source code (genotype) producing the compiler itself. During compiler development, a modified (mutated) source is used to create the next generation of the compiler. This process differs from natural self-replication in that the process is directed by an engineer, not by the subject itself.
自复制的一种变体在编译器构造中具有实际意义，在天然自复制中也会出现类似的自举问题。编译器(表型)可以应用于编译器自身的源代码(基因型) ，从而产生编译器本身。在编译器开发过程中，一般使用修改(变异)的源代码来创建下一代编译器。这个过程不同于自然自我复制，因为这个过程是由工程师指导的，而不是主体本身。
==Mechanical self-replication 机械自复制==
{{Main|Self-replicating machine}}
{{Main|Self-replicating machine}}
An activity in the field of robots is the self-replication of machines. Since all robots (at least in modern times) have a fair number of the same features, a self-replicating robot (or possibly a hive of robots) would need to do the following:
An activity in the field of robots is the self-replication of machines. Since all robots (at least in modern times) have a fair number of the same features, a self-replicating robot (or possibly a hive of robots) would need to do the following:
机器人领域的一项活动就是机器的自复制。由于所有机器人(至少在现代)都有相当数量的相同特性，一个自复制机器人(或者可能是一群机器人)需要做到以下几点:
*Obtain construction materials
*Obtain construction materials
*获得结构材料
*Manufacture new parts including its smallest parts and thinking apparatus
*Manufacture new parts including its smallest parts and thinking apparatus
*制造新零件，包括最小的零件和思维组件
*Provide a consistent power source
*Provide a consistent power source
*提供一个已存在的动力源
*Program the new members
*Program the new members
*为新成员编程
*error correct any mistakes in the offspring
*error correct any mistakes in the offspring
*改正子代产物的任何错误
On a nano scale, assemblers might also be designed to self-replicate under their own power. This, in turn, has given rise to the "grey goo" version of Armageddon, as featured in such science fiction novels as Bloom, Prey, and Recursion.
On a nano scale, assemblers might also be designed to self-replicate under their own power. This, in turn, has given rise to the "grey goo" version of Armageddon, as featured in such science fiction novels as Bloom, Prey, and Recursion.
在纳米级别上，组装者也可能被设计成在自身能量下进行自复制。这反过来又导致了“灰色粘质”版本的世界末日，就像在诸如《花开》，《掠食》和《递归》这样的科幻小说中描述的那样。
The Foresight Institute has published guidelines for researchers in mechanical self-replication. The guidelines recommend that researchers use several specific techniques for preventing mechanical replicators from getting out of control, such as using a broadcast architecture.
The Foresight Institute has published guidelines for researchers in mechanical self-replication. The guidelines recommend that researchers use several specific techniques for preventing mechanical replicators from getting out of control, such as using a broadcast architecture.
美国前瞻学会协会已经为机械自复制的研究人员发布了指导方针。指导方针建议研究人员使用一些特定的技术来防止机械复制因子失控，比如使用广播结构。
For a detailed article on mechanical reproduction as it relates to the industrial age see mass production.
For a detailed article on mechanical reproduction as it relates to the industrial age see mass production.
有关与工业时代有关的机械复制的详细文章，请参阅'''<font color="#ff8000">大规模生产(mass production)</font>'''。
==Fields 研究领域==
{{refimprove section|date=August 2017}}
{{refimprove section|date=August 2017}}
在工业界
==In industry 在工业界==
太空探索和制造业
===Space exploration and manufacturing 太空探索和制造业===
The goal of self-replication in space systems is to exploit large amounts of matter with a low launch mass. For example, an [[autotroph]]ic self-replicating machine could cover a moon or planet with solar cells, and beam the power to the Earth using microwaves. Once in place, the same machinery that built itself could also produce raw materials or manufactured objects, including transportation systems to ship the products. [[Von Neumann Probe|Another model]] of self-replicating machine would copy itself through the galaxy and universe, sending information back.
The goal of self-replication in space systems is to exploit large amounts of matter with a low launch mass. For example, an [[autotroph]]ic self-replicating machine could cover a moon or planet with solar cells, and beam the power to the Earth using microwaves. Once in place, the same machinery that built itself could also produce raw materials or manufactured objects, including transportation systems to ship the products. [[Von Neumann Probe|Another model]] of self-replicating machine would copy itself through the galaxy and universe, sending information back.
===Molecular manufacturing===
===Molecular manufacturing===
==See also 请参阅==
* [[Artificial life]]
* [[Artificial life]]