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If a disordered state is not in thermodynamic equilibrium, one speaks of quenched disorder. For instance, a glass is obtained by quenching (supercooling) a liquid. By extension, other quenched states are called spin glass, orientational glass. In some contexts, the opposite of quenched disorder is annealed disorder.
If a disordered state is not in thermodynamic equilibrium, one speaks of quenched disorder. For instance, a glass is obtained by quenching (supercooling) a liquid. By extension, other quenched states are called spin glass, orientational glass. In some contexts, the opposite of quenched disorder is annealed disorder.
如果一个无序的状态不存在于'''<font color="#ff8000">热力学平衡 Thermodynamic Equilibrium</font>'''，那么就是'''淬火无序'''。例如，'''<font color="#ff8000">玻璃 Glass</font>'''是通过淬火('''<font color="#ff8000">过冷却 Supercooling</font>''')液体获得的。推而广之，其它淬火态称为'''<font color="#ff8000">自旋玻璃 Spin Glass</font>'''、'''<font color="#ff8000">取向玻璃 Orientational Glass</font>'''。在某些情况下，淬火无序的对立面是'''退火无序'''。
如果一个无序的状态不存在于'''<font color="#ff8000">热力学平衡 Thermodynamic Equilibrium</font>'''，那么就是'''淬致无序'''。例如，'''<font color="#ff8000">玻璃 Glass</font>'''是通过淬火('''<font color="#ff8000">过冷却 Supercooling</font>''')液体获得的。推而广之，其它淬火态称为'''<font color="#ff8000">自旋玻璃 Spin Glass</font>'''、'''<font color="#ff8000">取向玻璃 Orientational Glass</font>'''。在某些情况下，淬致无序的对立面是'''退火无序'''。
Besides structural order, one may consider charge ordering, spin ordering, magnetic ordering, and compositional ordering. Magnetic ordering is observable in neutron diffraction.
Besides structural order, one may consider charge ordering, spin ordering, magnetic ordering, and compositional ordering. Magnetic ordering is observable in neutron diffraction.
除了结构有序外，还可以考虑'''<font color="#ff8000">电荷有序 Charge Ordering</font>'''、'''<font color="#ff8000">自旋 Spin</font>'''有序、'''<font color="#ff8000">磁有序 Magnetic Ordering</font>'''和成分有序。磁顺序可以在'''<font color="#ff8000">中子衍射 Neutron Diffraction</font>'''中观察到。
除了结构有序外，还可以考虑'''<font color="#ff8000">电荷有序 Charge Ordering</font>'''、'''<font color="#ff8000">自旋 Spin</font>'''有序、'''<font color="#ff8000">磁有序 Magnetic Ordering</font>'''和成分有序。磁有序可以在'''<font color="#ff8000">中子衍射 Neutron Diffraction</font>'''中观察到。
This function is equal to unity when <math>x=x'</math> and decreases as the distance <math>|x-x'|</math> increases. Typically, it decays exponentially to zero at large distances, and the system is considered to be disordered. But if the correlation function decays to a constant value at large <math>|x-x'|</math> then the system is said to possess long-range order. If it decays to zero as a power of the distance then it is called quasi-long-range order (for details see Chapter 11 in the textbook cited below. See also Berezinskii–Kosterlitz–Thouless transition). Note that what constitutes a large value of <math>|x-x'|</math> is understood in the sense of asymptotics.
This function is equal to unity when <math>x=x'</math> and decreases as the distance <math>|x-x'|</math> increases. Typically, it decays exponentially to zero at large distances, and the system is considered to be disordered. But if the correlation function decays to a constant value at large <math>|x-x'|</math> then the system is said to possess long-range order. If it decays to zero as a power of the distance then it is called quasi-long-range order (for details see Chapter 11 in the textbook cited below. See also Berezinskii–Kosterlitz–Thouless transition). Note that what constitutes a large value of <math>|x-x'|</math> is understood in the sense of asymptotics.
当<math>x=x'</math>时，这个函数等于单位数，当距离<math>|x-x'|</math>增加时，这个函数减少。通常情况下，它在很大距离上'''<font color="#ff8000">呈指数衰减 Decays Exponentially</font>'''为零，系统被认为是无序的。但是如果相关函数(量子场论)衰变为一个常数值，那么这个系统就被认为具有长程序。如果它衰变为零作为距离的幂，那么它被称为准长程序(详见下面引用的教科书第11章)。参见'''<font color="#ff8000">Berezinskii–Kosterlitz–Thouless过渡 Berezinskii–Kosterlitz–Thouless Transition</font>''')。请注意，构成较大的<math>|x-x'|</math>的值可以理解为渐近性。
==Quenched disorder==
==Quenched disorder==
淬致无序