“自发秩序”的版本间的差异

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本词条由11初步翻译
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此词条暂由彩云小译翻译，翻译字数共378，未经人工整理和审校，带来阅读不便，请见谅。
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https://wiki.swarma.org/index.php?title=%E5%B9%B3%E8%A1%A1%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA#:~:text=%E6%9C%AC%E8%AF%8D%E6%9D%A1%E7%94%B1,11%E5%88%9D%E6%AD%A5%E7%BF%BB%E8%AF%91
 
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{{short description|Spontaneous emergence of order out of seeming chaos}}
 
{{short description|Spontaneous emergence of order out of seeming chaos}}
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{{简述|从看似混乱中自发出现的秩序}}
 
  
 
{{Refimprove|date=January 2017}}
 
{{Refimprove|date=January 2017}}
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Spontaneous order, also named self-organization in the hard sciences, is the spontaneous emergence of order out of seeming chaos. It is a process in social networks including economics, though the term "self-organization" is more often used for physical changes and biological processes, while "spontaneous order" is typically used to describe the emergence of various kinds of social orders from a combination of self-interested individuals who are not intentionally trying to create order through planning. The evolution of life on Earth, language, crystal structure, the Internet and a free market economy have all been proposed as examples of systems which evolved through spontaneous order. Thus in this view by acting on information with greater detail and accuracy than possible for any centralized authority, a more efficient economy is created to the benefit of a whole society.
 
Spontaneous order, also named self-organization in the hard sciences, is the spontaneous emergence of order out of seeming chaos. It is a process in social networks including economics, though the term "self-organization" is more often used for physical changes and biological processes, while "spontaneous order" is typically used to describe the emergence of various kinds of social orders from a combination of self-interested individuals who are not intentionally trying to create order through planning. The evolution of life on Earth, language, crystal structure, the Internet and a free market economy have all been proposed as examples of systems which evolved through spontaneous order. Thus in this view by acting on information with greater detail and accuracy than possible for any centralized authority, a more efficient economy is created to the benefit of a whole society.
  
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'''<font color="#ff8000"> 自发秩序spontaneous order</font>'''，在自然科学中也被称为自我组织，是从表面上的混乱中自发出现的秩序。这是包括经济学在内的社会网络中的一个过程，不过“自我组织”一词更多地用于物理变化和生物过程，而“自发秩序”通常用于描述由一群自利的个体组合而产生的各种社会秩序，这些个体并不是有意地试图通过计划来创造秩序。地球上生命的进化、语言、晶体结构、互联网和自由市场经济都被认为是通过自发秩序进化而来的系统的例子。因此，按照这种观点，通过以比任何中央权威机构更详细、更准确的信息采取行动，就能创造出更高效的经济，使整个社会受益。
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自发秩序，在自然科学中也被称为自我组织，是从表面上的混乱中自发出现的秩序。这是包括经济学在内的社会网络中的一个过程，尽管“自我组织”一词更多地用于物理变化和生物过程，而“自发秩序”通常用于描述由一群自私自利的个体组合而产生的各种社会秩序，这些个体并不是有意地试图通过计划来创造秩序。地球上生命的进化、语言、晶体结构、互联网和自由市场经济都被认为是通过自发秩序进化而来的系统的例子。因此，按照这种观点，通过比任何中央权力机构更为详细和准确地处理信息，创造了更为有效的经济，造福于整个社会。
  
  
  
 
Spontaneous orders are to be distinguished from organizations. Spontaneous orders are distinguished by being [[scale-free networks]], while organizations are hierarchical networks. Further, organizations can be and often are a part of spontaneous social orders, but the reverse is not true. Further, while organizations are created and controlled by humans, spontaneous orders are created, controlled, ''and controllable'' by no one.{{citation needed|date=January 2012}} In economics and the social sciences, spontaneous order is defined as "the result of human actions, not of human design".<ref>{{Cite book|title=Studies in Philosophy, Politics and Economics|last=Hayek|first=Friedrich A.|publisher=Touchstone|year=1969|isbn=978-0671202460|location=|page=97|quote=}}</ref>
 
Spontaneous orders are to be distinguished from organizations. Spontaneous orders are distinguished by being [[scale-free networks]], while organizations are hierarchical networks. Further, organizations can be and often are a part of spontaneous social orders, but the reverse is not true. Further, while organizations are created and controlled by humans, spontaneous orders are created, controlled, ''and controllable'' by no one.{{citation needed|date=January 2012}} In economics and the social sciences, spontaneous order is defined as "the result of human actions, not of human design".<ref>{{Cite book|title=Studies in Philosophy, Politics and Economics|last=Hayek|first=Friedrich A.|publisher=Touchstone|year=1969|isbn=978-0671202460|location=|page=97|quote=}}</ref>
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自发的秩序要与组织区分开来。自发秩序的区别在于它是[[无规模的网络]]，而组织是等级网络。此外，组织可以是而且往往是自发的社会秩序的一部分，但反之则不然。此外，组织是由人类创造和控制的，而自发的秩序则是由任何人创造、控制、''和可控的''。在经济学和社会科学中，自发秩序被定义为 “人类行动的结果，而非人类设计的结果”。
 
  
 
Lawrence Reed, president of the Foundation for Economic Education, describes spontaneous order as follows:
 
Lawrence Reed, president of the Foundation for Economic Education, describes spontaneous order as follows:
  
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经济教育基金会主席劳伦斯•里德Lawrence Reed对自发秩序的描述如下:
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经济教育基金会(Foundation for Economic Education)主席劳伦斯•里德(Lawrence Reed)对自发秩序的描述如下:
  
  
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Spontaneous order is what happens when you leave people alone—when entrepreneurs... see the desires of people... and then provide for them.
 
Spontaneous order is what happens when you leave people alone—when entrepreneurs... see the desires of people... and then provide for them.
  
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自发秩序就是当你不去管别人的时候——当企业家......看到别人的欲望......然后提供给他们的时候。
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自发秩序就是当你不去管别人的时候---- 当企业家... ... 看到别人的欲望... ... 然后提供给他们的时候。
  
 
==History==
 
==History==
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历史
 
  
 
According to [[Murray Rothbard]], [[Zhuang Zhou|Zhuangzi]] (369–286 BCE) was the first to work out the idea of spontaneous order. The philosopher rejected the authoritarianism of [[Confucianism]], writing that there "has been such a thing as letting mankind alone; there has never been such a thing as governing mankind [with success]." He articulated an early form of spontaneous order,  asserting that "good order results spontaneously when things are let alone", a concept later "developed particularly by [[Pierre-Joseph Proudhon|Proudhon]] in the nineteenth [century]".<ref>Rothbard, Murray. [https://www.mises.org/journals/jls/9_2/9_2_3.pdf ''Concepts of the Role of Intellectuals in Social Change Toward Laissez Faire''], The Journal of Libertarian Studies, Vol. IX No. 2 (Fall 1990)</ref>
 
According to [[Murray Rothbard]], [[Zhuang Zhou|Zhuangzi]] (369–286 BCE) was the first to work out the idea of spontaneous order. The philosopher rejected the authoritarianism of [[Confucianism]], writing that there "has been such a thing as letting mankind alone; there has never been such a thing as governing mankind [with success]." He articulated an early form of spontaneous order,  asserting that "good order results spontaneously when things are let alone", a concept later "developed particularly by [[Pierre-Joseph Proudhon|Proudhon]] in the nineteenth [century]".<ref>Rothbard, Murray. [https://www.mises.org/journals/jls/9_2/9_2_3.pdf ''Concepts of the Role of Intellectuals in Social Change Toward Laissez Faire''], The Journal of Libertarian Studies, Vol. IX No. 2 (Fall 1990)</ref>
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根据[[默里罗斯·巴德Murray Rothbard]]，[[庄周|庄子]]公元前369-286年）是第一个提出自发秩序思想的人。这位哲学家反对[[儒家]]的专制主义，他写道：“从来没有过让人类独善其身的事情；从来没有过治理人类[成功]的事情”。他阐述了一种早期的自发秩序形式，断言 "当事物被放任自流时，良好的秩序就会自发地产生"，这一概念后来 “由[[皮埃尔·约瑟夫·蒲鲁东Pierre-Joseph Proudhon|Proudhon|蒲鲁东]]在19[世纪]特别发展起来”。
 
  
 
They respond to market signals, to prices. Prices tell them what's needed and how urgently and where. And it's infinitely better and more productive than relying on a handful of elites in some distant bureaucracy.
 
They respond to market signals, to prices. Prices tell them what's needed and how urgently and where. And it's infinitely better and more productive than relying on a handful of elites in some distant bureaucracy.
  
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它们对市场信号、价格作出反应。价格告诉他们需要什么，有多紧迫，在哪里。这比依靠遥远的官僚机构中的少数精英要好得多，也更有成效。
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它们对市场信号和价格做出反应。价格告诉他们需要什么，如何紧急，在哪里。而且这比依赖一小撮偏远官僚机构的精英要好得多，效率也高得多。
  
  
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By analyzing datasets of household income from 66 countries and Hong Kong SAR, ranging from Europe to Latin America, North America and Asia, Tao et al found that, for all of these countries, the income distribution for the great majority of populations (low and middle income classes) follows an exponential income distribution.
 
By analyzing datasets of household income from 66 countries and Hong Kong SAR, ranging from Europe to Latin America, North America and Asia, Tao et al found that, for all of these countries, the income distribution for the great majority of populations (low and middle income classes) follows an exponential income distribution.
  
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通过分析来自66个国家和香港特别行政区的家庭收入数据，从欧洲到拉丁美洲、北美和亚洲，陶Tao等人发现，在所有这些国家中，绝大多数人口（中低收入阶层）的收入分配都遵循指数型收入分配。
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通过分析来自66个国家和香港特别行政区的家庭收入数据，从欧洲到拉丁美洲、北美和亚洲，陶等人发现，对于所有这些国家，绝大多数人口(低收入和中等收入阶层)的收入分布都遵循指数分布。
  
 
The thinkers of the [[Scottish Enlightenment]] developed and inquired into the idea of the market as a spontaneous order. In 1767, the sociologist and historian [[Adam Ferguson]] described society as the "result of human action, but not the execution of any human design".<ref>[http://cepa.newschool.edu/het/profiles/ferguson.htm Adam Ferguson] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070509054323/http://cepa.newschool.edu/het/profiles/ferguson.htm |date=2007-05-09 }} on The History of Economic Thought Website</ref><ref name="Ferguson1767">{{cite book
 
The thinkers of the [[Scottish Enlightenment]] developed and inquired into the idea of the market as a spontaneous order. In 1767, the sociologist and historian [[Adam Ferguson]] described society as the "result of human action, but not the execution of any human design".<ref>[http://cepa.newschool.edu/het/profiles/ferguson.htm Adam Ferguson] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070509054323/http://cepa.newschool.edu/het/profiles/ferguson.htm |date=2007-05-09 }} on The History of Economic Thought Website</ref><ref name="Ferguson1767">{{cite book
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[[苏格兰启蒙运动]]的思想家们发展并探讨了市场作为一种自发秩序的思想。1767年，社会学家和历史学家[[亚当·弗格森Adam Ferguson]]将社会描述为 “人类行动的结果，但不是任何人类设计的执行”。
 
  
 
   | last = Ferguson
 
   | last = Ferguson
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One commentator states that (Hayek's) theory of spontaneous order, “the  foundations  of  Hayek’s  liberalism  are  so  incoherent” because the “idea  of  spontaneous order lacks distinctness and internal structure.”. The three components: lack of intentionality,  the  “primacy  of  tacit  or  practical  knowledge,” and  the  “natural  selection  of  competitive  traditions.”. While  the  first  feature,  that  social  institutions  may  arise in some unintended fashion, is indeed an essential element of spontaneous order, the second two are only implications, not essential elements.
 
One commentator states that (Hayek's) theory of spontaneous order, “the  foundations  of  Hayek’s  liberalism  are  so  incoherent” because the “idea  of  spontaneous order lacks distinctness and internal structure.”. The three components: lack of intentionality,  the  “primacy  of  tacit  or  practical  knowledge,” and  the  “natural  selection  of  competitive  traditions.”. While  the  first  feature,  that  social  institutions  may  arise in some unintended fashion, is indeed an essential element of spontaneous order, the second two are only implications, not essential elements.
  
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一位评论家评论(哈耶克Hayek的)自发秩序理论：“哈耶克自由主义的基础是如此不连贯” ，因为“自发秩序的理念缺乏明确性和内在结构”。三个组成部分: 缺乏意向性，“隐性或实用性知识的首要地位” ，以及“竞争传统的自然选择”。虽然第一个特征，即社会制度可能以某种意想不到的方式出现的确是自发秩序的一个基本要素，但后两个特征只是影响，而不是基本要素。
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一位评论家认为(哈耶克的)自发秩序理论“哈耶克自由主义的基础是如此不连贯” ，因为“自发秩序的理念缺乏明确性和内在结构”.三个组成部分: 缺乏意向性，“隐性或实用性知识的首要地位” ，以及“竞争传统的自然选择”.虽然第一个特征，即社会制度可能以某种意想不到的方式出现，的确是自发秩序的一个基本要素，但第二个特征只是含义，而不是基本要素。
  
 
   | publisher = T. Cadell, London
 
   | publisher = T. Cadell, London
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Hayek's theory has also been criticized for not offering a moral argument, and his overall outlook contains “incompatible strands that he never seeks to reconcile in a systematic manner.” .  
 
Hayek's theory has also been criticized for not offering a moral argument, and his overall outlook contains “incompatible strands that he never seeks to reconcile in a systematic manner.” .  
  
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哈耶克的理论也因为没有提供道德论证而受到批评，他的整体观点包含了“他从未寻求以系统的方式调和的不兼容的部分”。
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哈耶克的理论也因为没有提供道德论据而受到批评，他的整体观点包含了“他从未寻求以系统的方式调和的不兼容的部分”.
  
 
   | location = The Online Library of Liberty
 
   | location = The Online Library of Liberty
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However, the term “spontaneous order” seems to have been coined by Michael Polanyi in his essay, “The Growth of Thought in Society,” Economica 8 (November 1941): 428–456.<ref>Straun Jacobs, “Michael Polanyi’s Theory of Spontaneous Orders,” Review of Austrian Economics 11, nos. 1–2 (1999): 111–127</ref>.
 
However, the term “spontaneous order” seems to have been coined by Michael Polanyi in his essay, “The Growth of Thought in Society,” Economica 8 (November 1941): 428–456.<ref>Straun Jacobs, “Michael Polanyi’s Theory of Spontaneous Orders,” Review of Austrian Economics 11, nos. 1–2 (1999): 111–127</ref>.
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然而，“自发秩序 ”一词似乎是由迈克尔·波兰尼Michael Polanyi在他的文章《社会中思想的增长》中创造的，《经济学》8期（1941年11月）：428-456.<ref>Straun Jacobs，"迈克尔-波兰尼的自发秩序理论"，《奥地利经济学评论》11期1-2号（1999年）：111-127</ref>。
 
  
  
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The [[Austrian School of Economics]], led by [[Carl Menger]], [[Ludwig von Mises]] and [[Friedrich Hayek]] made it a centerpiece in its social and economic thought. Hayek's theory of spontaneous order is the product of two related but distinct influences that do  not always tend in the same direction. As an economic theorist, his explanations can be given a rational explanation. But as a legal and social theorist, he leans, by contrast, very heavily on a conservative and traditionalist approach which instructs us  to submit blindly to a flow of events over which we can have little control.<ref>Barry, Norman (University of Buckingham) - Literature of Liberty; Vol. v, no. 2, pp. 7-58. Arlington, VA: Institute for Humane Studies Pub. Date 1982</ref>
 
The [[Austrian School of Economics]], led by [[Carl Menger]], [[Ludwig von Mises]] and [[Friedrich Hayek]] made it a centerpiece in its social and economic thought. Hayek's theory of spontaneous order is the product of two related but distinct influences that do  not always tend in the same direction. As an economic theorist, his explanations can be given a rational explanation. But as a legal and social theorist, he leans, by contrast, very heavily on a conservative and traditionalist approach which instructs us  to submit blindly to a flow of events over which we can have little control.<ref>Barry, Norman (University of Buckingham) - Literature of Liberty; Vol. v, no. 2, pp. 7-58. Arlington, VA: Institute for Humane Studies Pub. Date 1982</ref>
  
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以[[卡尔·门格尔Carl Menger]]、[[路德维希·冯·米塞斯Ludwig von Mises]]和[[弗里德里希·哈耶克Friedrich Hayek]]为首的[[奥地利经济学派]]把它作为其社会和经济思想的核心。哈耶克的自发秩序理论是两种相关而又不同的影响的产物，这些影响并不总是倾向于同一个方向。作为一个经济理论家，他的解释可以得到合理的解释。但作为一个法律和社会理论家，他却非常倾向于一种保守和传统主义的方法，这种方法指示我们盲目地服从于我们几乎无法控制的事件流。
 
  
  
 
==Examples==
 
==Examples==
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案例
 
  
  
  
 
===Markets===
 
===Markets===
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市场
 
  
 
Many conservative theorists<ref>MACCORMICK, D.N. (1989), Spontaneous Order and the Rule of Law: Some Problems. Ratio Juris, 2: 41-54. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9337.1989.tb00025.x</ref>, such as Hayek, have argued that [[Market economy|market economies]] are a spontaneous order, "a more efficient allocation of societal resources than any design could achieve."<ref>Hayek cited. Petsoulas, Christian. Hayek's Liberalism and Its Origins: His Idea of Spontaneous Order and the Scottish Enlightenment. Routledge. 2001. p. 2</ref> They claim this spontaneous order (referred to as the [[extended order]] in Hayek's ''[[The Fatal Conceit]]'') is superior to any order a human mind can design due to the specifics of the information required.<ref>Hayek, F.A. ''The Fatal Conceit: The Errors of Socialism''. The University of Chicago Press. 1991. p. 6.</ref> Centralized statistical data, they suppose, cannot convey this information because the statistics are created by abstracting away from the particulars of the situation.<ref>Hayek cited. Boaz, David. ''The Libertarian Reader''. The Free Press. 1997. p. 220</ref>
 
Many conservative theorists<ref>MACCORMICK, D.N. (1989), Spontaneous Order and the Rule of Law: Some Problems. Ratio Juris, 2: 41-54. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9337.1989.tb00025.x</ref>, such as Hayek, have argued that [[Market economy|market economies]] are a spontaneous order, "a more efficient allocation of societal resources than any design could achieve."<ref>Hayek cited. Petsoulas, Christian. Hayek's Liberalism and Its Origins: His Idea of Spontaneous Order and the Scottish Enlightenment. Routledge. 2001. p. 2</ref> They claim this spontaneous order (referred to as the [[extended order]] in Hayek's ''[[The Fatal Conceit]]'') is superior to any order a human mind can design due to the specifics of the information required.<ref>Hayek, F.A. ''The Fatal Conceit: The Errors of Socialism''. The University of Chicago Press. 1991. p. 6.</ref> Centralized statistical data, they suppose, cannot convey this information because the statistics are created by abstracting away from the particulars of the situation.<ref>Hayek cited. Boaz, David. ''The Libertarian Reader''. The Free Press. 1997. p. 220</ref>
  
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许多保守的理论家如哈耶克，认为[[市场经济|市场经济]]是一种自发的秩序，“比任何设计都能实现的社会资源更有效的配置。”他们声称这种自发秩序（在哈耶克的[[致命的自负]]中被称为[[扩展的秩序]]）由于所需信息的特殊性而优于人类头脑所能设计的任何秩序。他们认为，集中的统计数据无法传达这种信息，因为统计数据是通过抽象地脱离具体的情况而产生的。
 
  
  
 
For Hayek, prices in a market economy are the aggregation of information acquired when the people who own resources are free to use their [[dispersed knowledge|individual knowledge]]. Price then allows everyone dealing in a commodity or its substitutes to make decisions based on more information than he or she could personally acquire, information not statistically conveyable to a centralized authority.  Interference from a central authority which affects price will have consequences they could not foresee because they do not know all of the particulars involved.
 
For Hayek, prices in a market economy are the aggregation of information acquired when the people who own resources are free to use their [[dispersed knowledge|individual knowledge]]. Price then allows everyone dealing in a commodity or its substitutes to make decisions based on more information than he or she could personally acquire, information not statistically conveyable to a centralized authority.  Interference from a central authority which affects price will have consequences they could not foresee because they do not know all of the particulars involved.
  
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哈耶克认为，市场经济中的价格是拥有资源的人自由使用其[[分散知识|个人知识]]时获得的信息的集合。价格就可以让每一个从事商品或其替代品交易的人根据更多的信息做出决策，而这些信息是他或她个人无法获得的，这些信息无法通过统计传达给中央权威机构。来自中央当局的干预如果影响到价格，将会产生他们无法预见的后果，因为他们不知道所有相关的细节。
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According to Barry this is illustrated in the concept of the [[invisible hand]] proposed by [[Adam Smith]] in ''[[The Wealth of Nations]]''.<ref name=Barry1982 /> Thus in this view by acting on information with greater detail and accuracy than possible for any centralized authority, a more efficient economy is created to the benefit of a whole society.
 
According to Barry this is illustrated in the concept of the [[invisible hand]] proposed by [[Adam Smith]] in ''[[The Wealth of Nations]]''.<ref name=Barry1982 /> Thus in this view by acting on information with greater detail and accuracy than possible for any centralized authority, a more efficient economy is created to the benefit of a whole society.
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根据巴里的观点，[[亚当·斯密Adam Smith]]在''[[国富论]]中提出的[[看不见的手]]的概念就说明了这一点。因此，在这种观点中，通过比任何中央集权机构更详细、更准确地对信息采取行动，就能创造出更有效率的经济，使整个社会受益。
 
  
  
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Hayek, or at least his followers on the contemporary British and American political scene ‐ have wrongly inferred strong conclusions from these theories which are inimical to the welfare state by failing to reconcile the rule of law to social justice.<ref>MACCORMICK, D.N. (1989), Spontaneous Order and the Rule of Law: Some Problems. Ratio Juris, 2: 41-54. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9337.1989.tb00025.x</ref>
 
Hayek, or at least his followers on the contemporary British and American political scene ‐ have wrongly inferred strong conclusions from these theories which are inimical to the welfare state by failing to reconcile the rule of law to social justice.<ref>MACCORMICK, D.N. (1989), Spontaneous Order and the Rule of Law: Some Problems. Ratio Juris, 2: 41-54. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9337.1989.tb00025.x</ref>
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哈耶克，或者至少是他在当代英美政治舞台上的追随者--从这些理论中错误地推断出了强烈的结论，这些结论因未能调和法治与社会正义而与福利国家相悖。
 
  
 
Category:Systems theory
 
Category:Systems theory
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===Game studies===
 
===Game studies===
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游戏研究
 
  
 
Category:Austrian School
 
Category:Austrian School
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===Anarchism===
 
===Anarchism===
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无政府主义
 
  
 
Category:Pattern formation
 
Category:Pattern formation

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Spontaneous order, also named self-organization in the hard sciences, is the spontaneous emergence of order out of seeming chaos. It is a process in social networks including economics, though the term "self-organization" is more often used for physical changes and biological processes, while "spontaneous order" is typically used to describe the emergence of various kinds of social orders from a combination of self-interested individuals who are not intentionally trying to create order through planning. The evolution of life on Earth, language, crystal structure, the Internet and a free market economy have all been proposed as examples of systems which evolved through spontaneous order.[1]

Spontaneous order, also named self-organization in the hard sciences, is the spontaneous emergence of order out of seeming chaos. It is a process in social networks including economics, though the term "self-organization" is more often used for physical changes and biological processes, while "spontaneous order" is typically used to describe the emergence of various kinds of social orders from a combination of self-interested individuals who are not intentionally trying to create order through planning. The evolution of life on Earth, language, crystal structure, the Internet and a free market economy have all been proposed as examples of systems which evolved through spontaneous order. Thus in this view by acting on information with greater detail and accuracy than possible for any centralized authority, a more efficient economy is created to the benefit of a whole society.

自发秩序，在自然科学中也被称为自我组织，是从表面上的混乱中自发出现的秩序。这是包括经济学在内的社会网络中的一个过程，尽管“自我组织”一词更多地用于物理变化和生物过程，而“自发秩序”通常用于描述由一群自私自利的个体组合而产生的各种社会秩序，这些个体并不是有意地试图通过计划来创造秩序。地球上生命的进化、语言、晶体结构、互联网和自由市场经济都被认为是通过自发秩序进化而来的系统的例子。因此，按照这种观点，通过比任何中央权力机构更为详细和准确地处理信息，创造了更为有效的经济，造福于整个社会。


Spontaneous orders are to be distinguished from organizations. Spontaneous orders are distinguished by being scale-free networks, while organizations are hierarchical networks. Further, organizations can be and often are a part of spontaneous social orders, but the reverse is not true. Further, while organizations are created and controlled by humans, spontaneous orders are created, controlled, and controllable by no one.[citation needed] In economics and the social sciences, spontaneous order is defined as "the result of human actions, not of human design".[2]

Lawrence Reed, president of the Foundation for Economic Education, describes spontaneous order as follows:

经济教育基金会(Foundation for Economic Education)主席劳伦斯•里德(Lawrence Reed)对自发秩序的描述如下:


Spontaneous order is an equilibrium behavior between self-interested individuals, which is most likely to evolve and survive, obeying the natural selection process "survival of the likeliest".[3]

< 封锁报价 >


Spontaneous order is what happens when you leave people alone—when entrepreneurs... see the desires of people... and then provide for them.

自发秩序就是当你不去管别人的时候---- 当企业家... ... 看到别人的欲望... ... 然后提供给他们的时候。

History

According to Murray Rothbard, Zhuangzi (369–286 BCE) was the first to work out the idea of spontaneous order. The philosopher rejected the authoritarianism of Confucianism, writing that there "has been such a thing as letting mankind alone; there has never been such a thing as governing mankind [with success]." He articulated an early form of spontaneous order, asserting that "good order results spontaneously when things are let alone", a concept later "developed particularly by Proudhon in the nineteenth [century]".[4]

They respond to market signals, to prices. Prices tell them what's needed and how urgently and where. And it's infinitely better and more productive than relying on a handful of elites in some distant bureaucracy.

它们对市场信号和价格做出反应。价格告诉他们需要什么，如何紧急，在哪里。而且这比依赖一小撮偏远官僚机构的精英要好得多，效率也高得多。


By analyzing datasets of household income from 66 countries and Hong Kong SAR, ranging from Europe to Latin America, North America and Asia, Tao et al found that, for all of these countries, the income distribution for the great majority of populations (low and middle income classes) follows an exponential income distribution.

通过分析来自66个国家和香港特别行政区的家庭收入数据，从欧洲到拉丁美洲、北美和亚洲，陶等人发现，对于所有这些国家，绝大多数人口(低收入和中等收入阶层)的收入分布都遵循指数分布。

The thinkers of the Scottish Enlightenment developed and inquired into the idea of the market as a spontaneous order. In 1767, the sociologist and historian Adam Ferguson described society as the "result of human action, but not the execution of any human design".[5][6]


However, the term “spontaneous order” seems to have been coined by Michael Polanyi in his essay, “The Growth of Thought in Society,” Economica 8 (November 1941): 428–456.[7].


The Austrian School of Economics, led by Carl Menger, Ludwig von Mises and Friedrich Hayek made it a centerpiece in its social and economic thought. Hayek's theory of spontaneous order is the product of two related but distinct influences that do not always tend in the same direction. As an economic theorist, his explanations can be given a rational explanation. But as a legal and social theorist, he leans, by contrast, very heavily on a conservative and traditionalist approach which instructs us to submit blindly to a flow of events over which we can have little control.[8]


Examples

Markets

Many conservative theorists[9], such as Hayek, have argued that market economies are a spontaneous order, "a more efficient allocation of societal resources than any design could achieve."[10] They claim this spontaneous order (referred to as the extended order in Hayek's The Fatal Conceit) is superior to any order a human mind can design due to the specifics of the information required.[11] Centralized statistical data, they suppose, cannot convey this information because the statistics are created by abstracting away from the particulars of the situation.[12]


For Hayek, prices in a market economy are the aggregation of information acquired when the people who own resources are free to use their individual knowledge. Price then allows everyone dealing in a commodity or its substitutes to make decisions based on more information than he or she could personally acquire, information not statistically conveyable to a centralized authority. Interference from a central authority which affects price will have consequences they could not foresee because they do not know all of the particulars involved.


According to Barry this is illustrated in the concept of the invisible hand proposed by Adam Smith in The Wealth of Nations.[1] Thus in this view by acting on information with greater detail and accuracy than possible for any centralized authority, a more efficient economy is created to the benefit of a whole society.


Lawrence Reed, president of the Foundation for Economic Education, describes spontaneous order as follows:


Spontaneous order is what happens when you leave people alone—when entrepreneurs... see the desires of people... and then provide for them.


They respond to market signals, to prices. Prices tell them what's needed and how urgently and where. And it's infinitely better and more productive than relying on a handful of elites in some distant bureaucracy.[13]


Category:Anarcho-capitalism

类别: 无政府资本主义

Hayek, or at least his followers on the contemporary British and American political scene ‐ have wrongly inferred strong conclusions from these theories which are inimical to the welfare state by failing to reconcile the rule of law to social justice.[14]

Category:Systems theory

范畴: 系统论


Category:Self-organization

类别: 自我组织

Game studies

Category:Austrian School

类别: 奥地利学派

The concept of spontaneous order is closely related with modern game studies. As early as the 1940s, historian Johan Huizinga wrote that "in myth and ritual the great instinctive forces of civilized life have their origin: law and order, commerce and profit, craft and art, poetry, wisdom and science. All are rooted in the primeval soil of play." Following on this in his book The Fatal Conceit, Hayek notably wrote that "a game is indeed a clear instance of a process wherein obedience to common rules by elements pursuing different and even conflicting purposes results in overall order."

Category:Anarchist theory

类别: 无政府主义理论


Category:Libertarian theory

范畴: 自由意志主义理论

Anarchism

Category:Pattern formation

类别: 模式形成


This page was moved from wikipedia:en:Spontaneous order. Its edit history can be viewed at 自发秩序/edithistory

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Barry, Norman (1982). "The Tradition of Spontaneous Order". Literature of Liberty. 5 (2).
  2. ↑ Hayek, Friedrich A. (1969). Studies in Philosophy, Politics and Economics. Touchstone. p. 97. ISBN 978-0671202460. 
  3. ↑ Yong Tao, Spontaneous economic order, Journal of Evolutionary Economics (2016) 26 (3): 467-500 https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00191-015-0432-6
  4. ↑ Rothbard, Murray. Concepts of the Role of Intellectuals in Social Change Toward Laissez Faire, The Journal of Libertarian Studies, Vol. IX No. 2 (Fall 1990)
  5. ↑ Adam Ferguson -{zh-cn:互联网档案馆; zh-tw:網際網路檔案館; zh-hk:互聯網檔案館;}-的存檔，存档日期2007-05-09. on The History of Economic Thought Website
  6. ↑ Ferguson, Adam (1767 Hayek's theory has also been criticized for not offering a moral argument, and his overall outlook contains “incompatible strands that he never seeks to reconcile in a systematic manner.” . 哈耶克的理论也因为没有提供道德论据而受到批评，他的整体观点包含了“他从未寻求以系统的方式调和的不兼容的部分”.). [http://oll.libertyfund.org/index.php?option=com_staticxt&staticfile=show.php%3Ftitle=1428&Itemid=28 An Essay on the History of Civil Society One commentator states that (Hayek's) theory of spontaneous order, “the foundations of Hayek’s liberalism are so incoherent” because the “idea of spontaneous order lacks distinctness and internal structure.”. The three components: lack of intentionality, the “primacy of tacit or practical knowledge,” and the “natural selection of competitive traditions.”. While the first feature, that social institutions may arise in some unintended fashion, is indeed an essential element of spontaneous order, the second two are only implications, not essential elements. 一位评论家认为(哈耶克的)自发秩序理论“哈耶克自由主义的基础是如此不连贯” ，因为“自发秩序的理念缺乏明确性和内在结构”.三个组成部分: 缺乏意向性，“隐性或实用性知识的首要地位” ，以及“竞争传统的自然选择”.虽然第一个特征，即社会制度可能以某种意想不到的方式出现，的确是自发秩序的一个基本要素，但第二个特征只是含义，而不是基本要素。]. The Online Library of Liberty: T. Cadell, London. p. 205. http://oll.libertyfund.org/index.php?option=com_staticxt&staticfile=show.php%3Ftitle=1428&Itemid=28. 
  7. ↑ Straun Jacobs, “Michael Polanyi’s Theory of Spontaneous Orders,” Review of Austrian Economics 11, nos. 1–2 (1999): 111–127
  8. ↑ Barry, Norman (University of Buckingham) - Literature of Liberty; Vol. v, no. 2, pp. 7-58. Arlington, VA: Institute for Humane Studies Pub. Date 1982
  9. ↑ MACCORMICK, D.N. (1989), Spontaneous Order and the Rule of Law: Some Problems. Ratio Juris, 2: 41-54. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9337.1989.tb00025.x
  10. ↑ Hayek cited. Petsoulas, Christian. Hayek's Liberalism and Its Origins: His Idea of Spontaneous Order and the Scottish Enlightenment. Routledge. 2001. p. 2
  11. ↑ Hayek, F.A. The Fatal Conceit: The Errors of Socialism. The University of Chicago Press. 1991. p. 6.
  12. ↑ Hayek cited. Boaz, David. The Libertarian Reader. The Free Press. 1997. p. 220
  13. ↑ Stossel, John (2011-02-10) Spontaneous Order, Reason
  14. ↑ MACCORMICK, D.N. (1989), Spontaneous Order and the Rule of Law: Some Problems. Ratio Juris, 2: 41-54. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9337.1989.tb00025.x
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