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'''Complex systems biology''' ('''CSB''') is a branch or subfield of [[mathematical and theoretical biology]] concerned with [[complexity]] of both structure and function in biological organisms, as well as the emergence and evolution of organisms and species, with emphasis  being placed on the [[interconnectivity|complex interactions]] of, and within, [[Biological network inference|bionetworks]],<ref>{{cite book |author1=Sprites, P |author2=Glymour, C |author3=Scheines, R |year=2000 |title= Causation, Prediction, and Search: Adaptive Computation and Machine Learning |edition=2nd |publisher=[[MIT Press]] |isbn=}}</ref> and on the fundamental relations and [[Relational algebra|relational patterns]] that are essential to life.<ref>Donald Snooks, Graeme, "A general theory of complex living systems: Exploring the demand side of dynamics", ''Complexity'', vol. 13, no. 6, July/August 2008.</ref><ref name="Bonner">Bonner, J. T. 1988. The Evolution of Complexity by Means of Natural Selection. Princeton: Princeton University Press.</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite journal | last1 = Rosen | first1 = R. | year = 1958a | title = A Relational Theory of Biological Systems | url = | journal = Bulletin of Mathematical Biophysics | volume = 20 | issue = 3| pages = 245–260 | doi=10.1007/bf02478302}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Baianu | first1 = I. C. | year = 2006 | title = Robert Rosen's Work and Complex Systems Biology | url = | journal = Axiomathes | volume = 16 | issue = 1–2| pages = 25–34 | doi=10.1007/s10516-005-4204-z| s2cid = 4673166 }}</ref><ref name="Rosen">{{cite journal | last1 = Rosen | first1 = R. | year = 1958b | title = The Representation of Biological Systems from the Standpoint of the Theory of Categories | url = | journal = Bulletin of Mathematical Biophysics | volume = 20 | issue = 4| pages = 317–341 | doi=10.1007/bf02477890}}</ref> CSB is thus a field of theoretical sciences aimed at discovering and [[Relational model|modeling the relational patterns]] essential to life that has only a partial overlap with [[complex systems theory]],<ref name="springerlink">{{cite journal | last1 = Baianu | first1 = I. C. | last2 = Brown | first2 = R. | last3 = Glazebrook | first3 = J. F. | year = 2007 | title = Categorical Ontology of Complex Spacetime Structures: The Emergence of Life and Human Consciousness | url = | journal = Axiomathes | volume = 17 | issue = 3–4| pages = 223–352 | doi = 10.1007/s10516-007-9011-2 | citeseerx = 10.1.1.145.9486 | s2cid = 123179302 }}</ref> and also with the systems approach to biology called [[systems biology]]; this is because the latter is restricted primarily to simplified models of biological organization and organisms, as well as to only a general consideration of philosophical or semantic questions related to complexity in biology.{{citation needed|date=June 2012}}  Moreover, a wide range of abstract theoretical [[complex systems]] are studied as a field of [[applied mathematics]], with or without relevance to biology, chemistry or physics.

'''Complex systems biology''' ('''CSB''') is a branch or subfield of [[mathematical and theoretical biology]] concerned with [[complexity]] of both structure and function in biological organisms, as well as the emergence and evolution of organisms and species, with emphasis  being placed on the [[interconnectivity|complex interactions]] of, and within, [[Biological network inference|bionetworks]],<ref>{{cite book |author1=Sprites, P |author2=Glymour, C |author3=Scheines, R |year=2000 |title= Causation, Prediction, and Search: Adaptive Computation and Machine Learning |edition=2nd |publisher=[[MIT Press]] |isbn=}}</ref> and on the fundamental relations and [[Relational algebra|relational patterns]] that are essential to life.<ref>Donald Snooks, Graeme, "A general theory of complex living systems: Exploring the demand side of dynamics", ''Complexity'', vol. 13, no. 6, July/August 2008.</ref><ref name="Bonner">Bonner, J. T. 1988. The Evolution of Complexity by Means of Natural Selection. Princeton: Princeton University Press.</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite journal | last1 = Rosen | first1 = R. | year = 1958a | title = A Relational Theory of Biological Systems | url = | journal = Bulletin of Mathematical Biophysics | volume = 20 | issue = 3| pages = 245–260 | doi=10.1007/bf02478302}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Baianu | first1 = I. C. | year = 2006 | title = Robert Rosen's Work and Complex Systems Biology | url = | journal = Axiomathes | volume = 16 | issue = 1–2| pages = 25–34 | doi=10.1007/s10516-005-4204-z| s2cid = 4673166 }}</ref><ref name="Rosen">{{cite journal | last1 = Rosen | first1 = R. | year = 1958b | title = The Representation of Biological Systems from the Standpoint of the Theory of Categories | url = | journal = Bulletin of Mathematical Biophysics | volume = 20 | issue = 4| pages = 317–341 | doi=10.1007/bf02477890}}</ref> CSB is thus a field of theoretical sciences aimed at discovering and [[Relational model|modeling the relational patterns]] essential to life that has only a partial overlap with [[complex systems theory]],<ref name="springerlink">{{cite journal | last1 = Baianu | first1 = I. C. | last2 = Brown | first2 = R. | last3 = Glazebrook | first3 = J. F. | year = 2007 | title = Categorical Ontology of Complex Spacetime Structures: The Emergence of Life and Human Consciousness | url = | journal = Axiomathes | volume = 17 | issue = 3–4| pages = 223–352 | doi = 10.1007/s10516-007-9011-2 | citeseerx = 10.1.1.145.9486 | s2cid = 123179302 }}</ref> and also with the systems approach to biology called [[systems biology]]; this is because the latter is restricted primarily to simplified models of biological organization and organisms, as well as to only a general consideration of philosophical or semantic questions related to complexity in biology.{{citation needed|date=June 2012}}  Moreover, a wide range of abstract theoretical [[complex systems]] are studied as a field of [[applied mathematics]], with or without relevance to biology, chemistry or physics.

<font color="#ff8000"> 复杂系统生物学 Complex system biology （CSB）</font>是数学和理论生物学的一个分支或子领域，研究生物有机体结构和功能的复杂性，以及生物和物种的出现与进化，重点研究生物网络及其内部的复杂相互作用，以及生命所必须的基本关系与关系模式。因此，CBS是一个旨在发现和建模生命所必需的关系模式理论科学领域，它只与复杂系统理论和被称为系统生物学的生物学的系统方法有部分重叠;这是因为后者主要局限于生物组织和有机体的简化模型，以及对与生物学复杂性相关的哲学或语义问题的一般性考虑。此外，人们把广泛的抽象理论复杂系统作为应用数学的一个领域进行研究，无论其是否与生物学、化学或物理相关。

<font color="#ff8000"> 复杂系统生物学 Complex system biology （CSB）</font>是数学和理论生物学的一个分支或子领域，研究生物有机体结构和功能的复杂性，以及生物和物种的出现与进化，重点研究生物网络及其内部的复杂相互作用，以及生命所必须的基本关系与关系模式。因此，CBS是一个旨在发现和建模生命所必需的关系模式理论科学领域，它只与复杂系统理论和被称为系统生物学的生物学的系统方法有部分重叠；这是因为后者主要局限于生物组织和有机体的简化模型，以及对与生物学复杂性相关的哲学或语义问题的一般性考虑。此外，人们把广泛的抽象理论复杂系统作为应用数学的一个领域进行研究，无论其是否与生物学、化学或物理相关。

 

==生物体和生物圈的复杂性==

==生物体和生物圈的复杂性==

研究人员一直困扰于如何完整定义单个生物体、物种、生态系统、生物进化和生物圈的复杂性，而且这仍然是一个悬而未决的问题<ref name="Bonner" /><ref>Heylighen, Francis (2008). "Complexity and Self-Organization". In Bates, Marcia J.; Maack, Mary Niles. Encyclopedia of Library and Information Sciences. CRC.</ref>。

A complete definition of [[complexity]] for individual organisms, species, ecosystems, biological evolution and the biosphere has eluded researchers, and still is an ongoing issue.<ref name="Bonner" /><ref>Heylighen, Francis (2008). "Complexity and Self-Organization". In Bates, Marcia J.; Maack, Mary Niles. Encyclopedia of Library and Information Sciences. CRC.</ref>

[[File:Seawifs_global_biosphere.jpg|thumb|right]]

[[File:Seawifs_global_biosphere.jpg|thumb|right]]