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→特点 Characteristics
从建模的角度来看，Robert Axelrod和Michael D. Cohen<ref>Robert Axelrod & Michael D. Cohen, ''Harnessing Complexity''. Basic Books, 2001</ref> 还确定了一系列关键术语:
* '''策略 Strategy'''：一种有条件的行为模式，指示系统在什么情况下该做什么；
* '''策略 Strategy'''：一种有条件的行为模式，指示系统在什么情况下该做什么；
Turner和Baker<ref>Turner, J. R., & Baker, R. (in press). Just doing the do: A case study testing creativity and innovative processes as complex adaptive systems. New Horizons in Adult Education and Human Resource Development.</ref>从文献中综合了复杂适应系统的特征，并在创造力和创新的背景下测试了这些特征。这八个特点中的每一个都显示出在创造性和创新过程中存在:
* '''路径依赖 Path dependent'''：系统状态对初始条件敏感，相同的力在不同初始条件下可能会对系统产生不同的影响；<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Lindberg | first1 = C. | last2 = Schneider | first2 = M. | year = 2013 | title = Combating infections at Maine Medical Center: Insights into complexity-informed leadership from positive deviance | url = | journal = Leadership | volume = 9 | issue = 2| pages = 229–253 | doi = 10.1177/1742715012468784 }}</ref>
* '''路径依赖 Path dependent'''：系统状态对初始条件敏感，相同的作用在不同初始条件下可能会对系统产生不同的影响；<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Lindberg | first1 = C. | last2 = Schneider | first2 = M. | year = 2013 | title = Combating infections at Maine Medical Center: Insights into complexity-informed leadership from positive deviance | url = | journal = Leadership | volume = 9 | issue = 2| pages = 229–253 | doi = 10.1177/1742715012468784 }}</ref>
* '''系统具有历史 Systems have a history'''：系统的未来行为取决于其初始状态和后续的历史；<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Boal | first1 = K. B. | last2 = Schultz | first2 = P. L. | year = 2007 | title = Storytelling, time, and evolution: The role of strategic leadership in complex adaptive systems | url = | journal = The Leadership Quarterly | volume = 18 | issue = 4| pages = 411–428 | doi = 10.1016/j.leaqua.2007.04.008 }}</ref>
* '''系统具有历史记忆 Systems have a history'''：系统的未来行为取决于其初始状态和后续的历史；<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Boal | first1 = K. B. | last2 = Schultz | first2 = P. L. | year = 2007 | title = Storytelling, time, and evolution: The role of strategic leadership in complex adaptive systems | url = | journal = The Leadership Quarterly | volume = 18 | issue = 4| pages = 411–428 | doi = 10.1016/j.leaqua.2007.04.008 }}</ref>
* '''非线性 Non-linearity'''：对环境扰动的反应过大，结果与简单系统的结果不同；<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Lindberg | first1 = C. | last2 = Schneider | first2 = M. | year = 2013 | title = Combating infections at Maine Medical Center: Insights into complexity-informed leadership from positive deviance | url = | journal = Leadership | volume = 9 | issue = 2| pages = 229–253 | doi = 10.1177/1742715012468784 }}</ref> <ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Luoma | first1 = M | year = 2006 | title = A play of four arenas - How complexity can serve management development | url = | journal = Management Learning | volume = 37 | issue = | pages = 101–123 | doi = 10.1177/1350507606058136 }}</ref>
* '''非线性 Non-linearity'''：对环境扰动的反应过大，结果与简单系统的结果不同；<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Lindberg | first1 = C. | last2 = Schneider | first2 = M. | year = 2013 | title = Combating infections at Maine Medical Center: Insights into complexity-informed leadership from positive deviance | url = | journal = Leadership | volume = 9 | issue = 2| pages = 229–253 | doi = 10.1177/1742715012468784 }}</ref> <ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Luoma | first1 = M | year = 2006 | title = A play of four arenas - How complexity can serve management development | url = | journal = Management Learning | volume = 37 | issue = | pages = 101–123 | doi = 10.1177/1350507606058136 }}</ref>
* '''涌现 Emergence'''：每个系统内部动力学影响其状态改变和改变能力的方式，可能与其他系统完全不同；<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Lindberg | first1 = C. | last2 = Schneider | first2 = M. | year = 2013 | title = Combating infections at Maine Medical Center: Insights into complexity-informed leadership from positive deviance | url = | journal = Leadership | volume = 9 | issue = 2| pages = 229–253 | doi = 10.1177/1742715012468784 }}</ref>
* '''涌现 Emergence'''：每个系统内部动力学影响其状态改变和改变能力的方式，可能与其他系统完全不同；<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Lindberg | first1 = C. | last2 = Schneider | first2 = M. | year = 2013 | title = Combating infections at Maine Medical Center: Insights into complexity-informed leadership from positive deviance | url = | journal = Leadership | volume = 9 | issue = 2| pages = 229–253 | doi = 10.1177/1742715012468784 }}</ref>