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{{short description|French mathematician, physicist, engineer, and philosopher of science}}
 
{{short description|French mathematician, physicist, engineer, and philosopher of science}}
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{{简述}法国数学家、物理学家、工程师和科学哲学家}}
 
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Jules Henri Poincaré ( [US: stress final syllable], ; 29 April 1854 – 17 July 1912) was a French mathematician, theoretical physicist, engineer, and philosopher of science. He is often described as a polymath, and in mathematics as "The Last Universalist", since he excelled in all fields of the discipline as it existed during his lifetime.
 
Jules Henri Poincaré ( [US: stress final syllable], ; 29 April 1854 – 17 July 1912) was a French mathematician, theoretical physicist, engineer, and philosopher of science. He is often described as a polymath, and in mathematics as "The Last Universalist", since he excelled in all fields of the discipline as it existed during his lifetime.
  
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儒勒·昂利·庞加莱是法国数学家、理论物理学家、工程师和科学哲学家。他经常被描述为一个博学者，在数学方面被称为“最后的普遍主义者” ，因为他在所有领域的学科，因为它存在于他的一生。
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<font color="#ff8000"> 儒勒·昂利·庞加莱Jules Henri Poincaré</font> 是法国数学家、理论物理学家、工程师和科学哲学家。他经常被描述为一个博学者，在数学方面被称为“最后的普遍主义者” ，因为他在他有生之年在所有学科领域都表现出色。
  
  
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As a mathematician and physicist, he made many original fundamental contributions to pure and applied mathematics, mathematical physics, and celestial mechanics. In his research on the three-body problem, Poincaré became the first person to discover a chaotic deterministic system which laid the foundations of modern chaos theory. He is also considered to be one of the founders of the field of topology.
 
As a mathematician and physicist, he made many original fundamental contributions to pure and applied mathematics, mathematical physics, and celestial mechanics. In his research on the three-body problem, Poincaré became the first person to discover a chaotic deterministic system which laid the foundations of modern chaos theory. He is also considered to be one of the founders of the field of topology.
  
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作为一名数学家和物理学家，他对纯粹数学和应用数学、数学物理学和天体力学做出了许多原创性的基础性贡献。在他对三体的研究中，庞加莱成为第一个发现混沌确定性模型的人，它奠定了现代混沌理论的基础。他也被认为是拓扑学领域的创始人之一。
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作为一名数学家和物理学家，他对<font color="#ff8000"> 纯粹数学</font>和<font color="#ff8000">应用数学、数学物理学和</font><font color="#ff8000"> 天体力学</font>做出了许多原创性的基础性贡献。在他对<font color="#ff8000"> 三体问题</font>的研究中，庞加莱成为第一个发现<font color="#ff8000"> 混沌确定性模型</font>的人，它奠定了现代<font color="#ff8000"> 混沌理论</font>的基础。他也被认为是<font color="#ff8000"> 拓扑学Topology</font>领域的创始人之一。
  
  
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Poincaré made clear the importance of paying attention to the invariance of laws of physics under different transformations, and was the first to present the Lorentz transformations in their modern symmetrical form. Poincaré discovered the remaining relativistic velocity transformations and recorded them in a letter to Hendrik Lorentz in 1905. Thus he obtained perfect invariance of all of Maxwell's equations, an important step in the formulation of the theory of special relativity. In 1905, Poincaré first proposed gravitational waves (ondes gravifiques) emanating from a body and propagating at the speed of light as being required by the Lorentz transformations.
 
Poincaré made clear the importance of paying attention to the invariance of laws of physics under different transformations, and was the first to present the Lorentz transformations in their modern symmetrical form. Poincaré discovered the remaining relativistic velocity transformations and recorded them in a letter to Hendrik Lorentz in 1905. Thus he obtained perfect invariance of all of Maxwell's equations, an important step in the formulation of the theory of special relativity. In 1905, Poincaré first proposed gravitational waves (ondes gravifiques) emanating from a body and propagating at the speed of light as being required by the Lorentz transformations.
  
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庞加莱阐明了物理定律在不同变换下的不变性的重要性，并率先提出了洛伦兹变换的现代对称形式。庞加莱发现了剩下的相对论速度变换，并在1905年写给亨德里克 · 洛伦兹的信中记录了它们。因此，他得到了所有麦克斯韦方程的完美不变性，这是狭义相对论理论形成过程中的重要一步。1905年，庞加莱首次提出引力波(ondes 引力波) ，它从物体中发射出来，并按照洛伦兹变换的要求以光速传播。
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庞加莱阐明了物理定律在不同变换下的不变性的重要性，并率先提出了<font color="#ff8000"> 洛伦兹变换</font>的现代对称形式。庞加莱发现了剩下的相对论速度变换，并在1905年写给亨德里克 · 洛伦兹的信中记录了它们。因此，他得到了所有<font color="#ff8000">麦克斯韦方程</font>的完美不变性，这是<font color="#ff8000">狭义相对论理论 </font>形成过程中的重要一步。1905年，庞加莱首次提出<font color="#ff8000">引力波(ondes 引力波)</font>，它从物体中发射出来，并按照<font color="#ff8000"> 洛伦兹变换</font>的要求以光速传播。
  
  
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Early in the 20th century he formulated the Poincaré conjecture that became over time one of the famous unsolved problems in mathematics until it was solved in 2002–2003 by Grigori Perelman.
 
Early in the 20th century he formulated the Poincaré conjecture that became over time one of the famous unsolved problems in mathematics until it was solved in 2002–2003 by Grigori Perelman.
  
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在20世纪早期，他制定了庞加莱猜想，随着时间的推移，这成为著名的未解决的数学问题之一，直到2002年至2003年被格里戈里·佩雷尔曼解决。
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在20世纪早期，他制定了<font color="#ff8000"> 庞加莱猜想Poincaré conjecture</font>，随着时间的推移，这成为著名的悬而未决的数学问题之一，直到2002年至2003年被<font color="#ff8000">格里戈里·佩雷尔曼Grigori Perelman解</font>决。
  
  
  
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==Life==
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==Life生平==
  
 
Poincaré was born on 29 April 1854 in Cité Ducale neighborhood, [[Nancy, Meurthe-et-Moselle]], into an influential French family.<ref>Belliver, 1956</ref> His father Léon Poincaré (1828–1892) was a professor of medicine at the [[University of Nancy]].<ref>Sagaret, 1911</ref> His younger sister Aline married the spiritual philosopher [[Émile Boutroux]]. Another notable member of Henri's family was his cousin, [[Raymond Poincaré]], a fellow member of the [[Académie française]], who would serve as President of France from 1913 to 1920.<ref name="IEP">[http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/p/poincare.htm The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy] Jules Henri Poincaré article by Mauro Murzi&nbsp;– Retrieved November 2006.</ref>
 
Poincaré was born on 29 April 1854 in Cité Ducale neighborhood, [[Nancy, Meurthe-et-Moselle]], into an influential French family.<ref>Belliver, 1956</ref> His father Léon Poincaré (1828–1892) was a professor of medicine at the [[University of Nancy]].<ref>Sagaret, 1911</ref> His younger sister Aline married the spiritual philosopher [[Émile Boutroux]]. Another notable member of Henri's family was his cousin, [[Raymond Poincaré]], a fellow member of the [[Académie française]], who would serve as President of France from 1913 to 1920.<ref name="IEP">[http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/p/poincare.htm The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy] Jules Henri Poincaré article by Mauro Murzi&nbsp;– Retrieved November 2006.</ref>
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Poincaré was born on 29 April 1854 in Cité Ducale neighborhood, Nancy, Meurthe-et-Moselle, into an influential French family. His father Léon Poincaré (1828–1892) was a professor of medicine at the University of Nancy. His younger sister Aline married the spiritual philosopher Émile Boutroux. Another notable member of Henri's family was his cousin, Raymond Poincaré, a fellow member of the Académie française, who would serve as President of France from 1913 to 1920.
 
Poincaré was born on 29 April 1854 in Cité Ducale neighborhood, Nancy, Meurthe-et-Moselle, into an influential French family. His father Léon Poincaré (1828–1892) was a professor of medicine at the University of Nancy. His younger sister Aline married the spiritual philosopher Émile Boutroux. Another notable member of Henri's family was his cousin, Raymond Poincaré, a fellow member of the Académie française, who would serve as President of France from 1913 to 1920.
  
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1854年4月29日，庞加莱出生在 Cité Ducale 一个有影响力的法国家庭，家住默尔特-摩泽尔省南希。他的父亲 Léon poincaré (1828-1892)是南希大学的医学教授。他的妹妹艾琳嫁给了精神哲学家埃米尔 · 布特鲁克斯。的家族中另一个著名的成员是他的表弟，雷蒙·普恩加莱，法兰西学术院的同事，他在1913年到1920年间担任法国总统。
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1854年4月29日，庞加莱出生在公爵城 Cité Ducale 一个有影响力的法国家庭，家住默尔特-摩泽尔省南希。他的父亲 莱翁·波因加Léon poincaré (1828-1892)是南希大学的医学教授。他的妹妹艾琳嫁给了精神哲学家埃米尔 · 布特鲁克斯。家族中另一个著名的成员是他的表弟，雷蒙·普恩加莱，法兰西学术院的同事，他在1913年到1920年间担任法国总统。
  
  
  
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===Education===
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===Education教育===
  
 
[[File:Henri Poincaré maison natale Nancy plaque.jpg|thumb|right|200px| Plaque on the birthplace of Henri Poincaré at house number 117 on the Grande Rue in the city of Nancy]]
 
[[File:Henri Poincaré maison natale Nancy plaque.jpg|thumb|right|200px| Plaque on the birthplace of Henri Poincaré at house number 117 on the Grande Rue in the city of Nancy]]

2020年11月22日 (日) 15:40的版本

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{{简述}法国数学家、物理学家、工程师和科学哲学家}} 模板:More citations needed {{更多引文{日期=2017年4月}} 模板:使用dmy日期


{{Infobox scientist

{{Infobox scientist

{信息盒科学家

|name = Henri Poincaré

|name = Henri Poincaré

|name = Henri Poincaré

|other_names = Jules Henri Poincaré

|other_names = Jules Henri Poincaré

其他名字 = 儒勒·昂利·庞加莱

|image = PSM V82 D416 Henri Poincare.png

|image = PSM V82 D416 Henri Poincare.png

82 D416 Henri Poincare.png

|caption = Henri Poincaré
(photograph published in 1913)

|caption = Henri Poincaré
(photograph published in 1913)

摄于1913年

|birth_date = (1854-模板:MONTHNUMBER-29)29 1854

|birth_date =

出生日期

|birth_place = Nancy, Meurthe-et-Moselle, France

|birth_place = Nancy, Meurthe-et-Moselle, France

出生地: 南希，默尔特-摩泽尔省，法国

|death_date = 17 July 1912(1912-07-17) (aged 58)

|death_date =

死亡日期

|death_place = Paris, France

|death_place = Paris, France

死亡地点: 法国巴黎

|residence = France

|residence = France

居住地: 法国

|nationality = French

|nationality = French

| 国籍: 法国

|fields = Mathematics and physics

|fields = Mathematics and physics

| fields = 数学和物理

|workplaces =

. The first systematic study of topology.

Http://www.maths.ed.ac.uk/~aar/papers/poincare2009.pdf.第一个系统的拓扑学研究。

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On celestial mechanics:

关于天体力学:

Poincaré believed that arithmetic is synthetic. He argued that Peano's axioms cannot be proven non-circularly with the principle of induction (Murzi, 1998), therefore concluding that arithmetic is a priori synthetic and not analytic. Poincaré then went on to say that mathematics cannot be deduced from logic since it is not analytic. His views were similar to those of Immanuel Kant (Kolak, 2001, Folina 1992). He strongly opposed Cantorian set theory, objecting to its use of impredicative definitions[citation needed].


However, Poincaré did not share Kantian views in all branches of philosophy and mathematics. For example, in geometry, Poincaré believed that the structure of non-Euclidean space can be known analytically. Poincaré held that convention plays an important role in physics. His view (and some later, more extreme versions of it) came to be known as "conventionalism".[1] Poincaré believed that Newton's first law was not empirical but is a conventional framework assumption for mechanics (Gargani, 2012).[2] He also believed that the geometry of physical space is conventional. He considered examples in which either the geometry of the physical fields or gradients of temperature can be changed, either describing a space as non-Euclidean measured by rigid rulers, or as a Euclidean space where the rulers are expanded or shrunk by a variable heat distribution. However, Poincaré thought that we were so accustomed to Euclidean geometry that we would prefer to change the physical laws to save Euclidean geometry rather than shift to a non-Euclidean physical geometry.[3]


On the philosophy of mathematics:

关于数学哲学:

Free will

Poincaré's famous lectures before the Société de Psychologie in Paris (published as Science and Hypothesis, The Value of Science, and Science and Method) were cited by Jacques Hadamard as the source for the idea that creativity and invention consist of two mental stages, first random combinations of possible solutions to a problem, followed by a critical evaluation.[4]


Although he most often spoke of a deterministic universe, Poincaré said that the subconscious generation of new possibilities involves chance.

It is certain that the combinations which present themselves to the mind in a kind of sudden illumination after a somewhat prolonged period of unconscious work are generally useful and fruitful combinations... all the combinations are formed as a result of the automatic action of the subliminal ego, but those only which are interesting find their way into the field of consciousness... A few only are harmonious, and consequently at once useful and beautiful, and they will be capable of affecting the geometrician's special sensibility I have been speaking of; which, once aroused, will direct our attention upon them, and will thus give them the opportunity of becoming conscious... In the subliminal ego, on the contrary, there reigns what I would call liberty, if one could give this name to the mere absence of discipline and to disorder born of chance.[5]


Poincaré's two stages—random combinations followed by selection—became the basis for Daniel Dennett's two-stage model of free will.[6]


Bibliography

Other:

其他:

Poincaré's writings in English translation

Popular writings on the philosophy of science:

  • Poincaré, Henri

Exhaustive bibliography of English translations:

详尽的英语翻译书目: (1902–1908), The Foundations of Science, New York: Science Press {{citation}}: line feed character in |author= at position 16 (help)CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link); reprinted in 1921; This book includes the English translations of Science and Hypothesis (1902), The Value of Science (1905), Science and Method (1908).

  • 1904. Science and Hypothesis, The Walter Scott Publishing Co.
  • 1913. "The New Mechanics," The Monist, Vol. XXIII.
  • 1913. "The Relativity of Space," The Monist, Vol. XXIII.
  • 1956. Chance. In James R. Newman, ed., The World of Mathematics (4 Vols).
  • 1958. The Value of Science, New York: Dover.


On algebraic topology:


On celestial mechanics:

  • 1892–99. New Methods of Celestial Mechanics, 3 vols. English trans., 1967.
    .
    • 1905. "The Capture Hypothesis of J. J. See," The Monist, Vol. XV.
    • 1905–10. Lessons of Celestial Mechanics.


    On the philosophy of mathematics:

    • Ewald, William B., ed., 1996. From Kant to Hilbert: A Source Book in the Foundations of Mathematics, 2 vols. Oxford Univ. Press. Contains the following works by Poincaré:
      • 1894, "On the Nature of Mathematical Reasoning," 972–81.
      • 1898, "On the Foundations of Geometry," 982–1011.
      • 1900, "Intuition and Logic in Mathematics," 1012–20.
      • 1905–06, "Mathematics and Logic, I–III," 1021–70.
      • 1910, "On Transfinite Numbers," 1071–74.
    • 1905. "The Principles of Mathematical Physics," The Monist, Vol. XV.
    • 1910. "The Future of Mathematics," The Monist, Vol. XX.
    • 1910. "Mathematical Creation," The Monist, Vol. XX.


    Other:

    • 1904. Maxwell's Theory and Wireless Telegraphy, New York, McGraw Publishing Company.
    • 1905. "The New Logics," The Monist, Vol. XV.
    • 1905. "The Latest Efforts of the Logisticians," The Monist, Vol. XV.


    Exhaustive bibliography of English translations:


    See also

    Concepts

    • Poincaré complex – an abstraction of the singular chain complex of a closed, orientable manifold


Theorems

|title=Henri Poincaré. A Life in the Service of Science

|title=Henri Poincaré.为科学服务的一生

|author=Jean Mawhin |journal=Notices of the AMS

作者: Jean Mawhin | journal = AMS 公告

  • Poincaré–Bendixson theorem: a statement about the long-term behaviour of orbits of continuous dynamical systems on the plane, cylinder, or two-sphere.

|date=October 2005 |volume=52 |issue=9 |pages=1036–1044 }}

| date = October 2005 | volume = 52 | issue = 9 | pages = 1036-1044}

  • Poincaré–Hopf theorem: a generalization of the hairy-ball theorem, which states that there is no smooth vector field on a sphere having no sources or sinks.
  • Poincaré separation theorem: gives the upper and lower bounds of eigenvalues of a real symmetric matrix B'AB that can be considered as the orthogonal projection of a larger real symmetric matrix A onto a linear subspace spanned by the columns of B.
  • Poincaré–Birkhoff theorem: every area-preserving, orientation-preserving homeomorphism of an annulus that rotates the two boundaries in opposite directions has at least two fixed points.
  • Poincaré conjecture (now a theorem): Every simply connected, closed 3-manifold is homeomorphic to the 3-sphere.


Other


References

Footnotes

  1. ↑ Yemima Ben-Menahem, Conventionalism: From Poincare to Quine, Cambridge University Press, 2006, p. 39.
  2. ↑ Gargani Julien (2012), Poincaré, le hasard et l'étude des systèmes complexes, L'Harmattan, p. 124, archived from the original on 4 March 2016, retrieved 5 June 2015
  3. ↑ Poincaré, Henri (2007), Science and Hypothesis, Cosimo, Inc. Press, p. 50, ISBN 978-1-60206-505-5
  4. ↑ Hadamard, Jacques. An Essay on the Psychology of Invention in the Mathematical Field. Princeton Univ Press (1945)
  5. ↑ Poincaré, Henri (1914). "3: Mathematical Creation". Science and Method. https://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/p/poincare/henri/science-and-method/book1.3.html. 
  6. ↑ Dennett, Daniel C. 1978. Brainstorms: Philosophical Essays on Mind and Psychology. The MIT Press, p.293
  7. ↑ "Structural Realism": entry by James Ladyman in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy


Sources

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