“时间之箭”的版本间的差异

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'''<font color="#ff8000"> 热力学时间箭头The thermodynamicarrow of time</font>'''和'''<font color="#ff8000"> 热力学第二定律the second law of thermodynamics</font>'''被视为宇宙早期初始条件下的结果。因此，最终它们是宇宙学的设置引发的。
 
'''<font color="#ff8000"> 热力学时间箭头The thermodynamicarrow of time</font>'''和'''<font color="#ff8000"> 热力学第二定律the second law of thermodynamics</font>'''被视为宇宙早期初始条件下的结果。因此，最终它们是宇宙学的设置引发的。
  
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=== Radiative arrow of time ===
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=== 辐射时间之箭 ===
  
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=== Radiative arrow of time ===
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虽然波动方程包含了会聚波和辐射波的解，但所有的波，从无线电波到声波，再到石头扔进池塘里产生的波，都是从源头向外扩展。这个方向在精心设计的产生收敛波的实验中被颠倒过来，<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www4.ncsu.edu/~fouque/fink.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051231022842/http://www4.ncsu.edu/~fouque/fink.pdf |archive-date=31 December 2005 |url-status=dead |title=Time-Reversed Acoustic |author=Mathias Fink |date=30 November 1999 |access-date=27 May 2016 |author-link=Mathias Fink }}</ref> 所以这个方向可能来自热力学方向，因为满足产生收敛波的条件比产生辐射波的条件需要更多的次序。换句话说，产生会聚波初始条件的概率远低于产生辐射波初始条件的概率。事实上，正常情况下，辐射波会增加熵，而会聚波会减少熵，<ref>{{cite book |author1=Nikolai Chernov |author2=Roberto Markarian |year=2006 |title=Chaotic Billiards |publisher=American Mathematical Soc. |page=207 |isbn=978-0-8218-4096-2}}</ref> 而后者与通常情况下的热力学第二定律相矛盾。
  
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辐射时间之箭
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=== 因果时间箭头 ===
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Waves, from [[radio waves]] to [[sound waves]] to those on a pond from throwing a stone, expand outward from their source, even though the [[wave equation]]s accommodate solutions of convergent waves as well as radiative ones. This arrow has been reversed in carefully worked experiments that created convergent waves,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www4.ncsu.edu/~fouque/fink.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051231022842/http://www4.ncsu.edu/~fouque/fink.pdf |archive-date=31 December 2005 |url-status=dead |title=Time-Reversed Acoustic |author=Mathias Fink |date=30 November 1999 |access-date=27 May 2016 |author-link=Mathias Fink }}</ref> so this arrow probably follows from the thermodynamic arrow in that meeting the conditions to produce a convergent wave requires more order than the conditions for a radiative wave. Put differently, the probability for initial conditions that produce a convergent wave is much lower than the probability for initial conditions that produce a radiative wave. In fact, normally a radiative wave increases entropy, while a convergent wave decreases it,{{Citation needed|date=May 2010}}<!-- ref>{{cite book |author1=Nikolai Chernov |author2=Roberto Markarian |year=2006 |title=Chaotic Billiards |publisher=American Mathematical Soc. |page=207 |isbn=978-0-8218-4096-2}}</ref --> making the latter contradictory to the second law of thermodynamics in usual circumstances.
 
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Waves, from radio waves to sound waves to those on a pond from throwing a stone, expand outward from their source, even though the wave equations accommodate solutions of convergent waves as well as radiative ones. This arrow has been reversed in carefully worked experiments that created convergent waves, so this arrow probably follows from the thermodynamic arrow in that meeting the conditions to produce a convergent wave requires more order than the conditions for a radiative wave. Put differently, the probability for initial conditions that produce a convergent wave is much lower than the probability for initial conditions that produce a radiative wave. In fact, normally a radiative wave increases entropy, while a convergent wave decreases it,<!-- ref></ref --> making the latter contradictory to the second law of thermodynamics in usual circumstances.
 
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虽然波动方程包含了会聚波和辐射波的解，但所有的波，从无线电波到声波，再到石头扔进池塘里产生的波，都是从源头向外扩展。这个方向在精心设计的产生收敛波的实验中被颠倒过来，所以这个方向可能来自热力学方向，因为满足产生收敛波的条件比产生辐射波的条件需要更多的次序。换句话说，产生会聚波初始条件的概率远低于产生辐射波初始条件的概率。事实上，正常情况下，辐射波会增加熵，而会聚波会减少熵，<!-- ref></ref -->而后者与通常情况下的热力学第二定律相矛盾。
 
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=== Causal arrow of time ===
 
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=== Causal arrow of time ===
 
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因果时间箭头
 
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A [[causality|cause]] precedes its effect: the causal event occurs before the event it causes or affects. Birth, for example, follows a successful conception and not vice versa. Thus causality is intimately bound up with time's arrow.
 
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A cause precedes its effect: the causal event occurs before the event it causes or affects. Birth, for example, follows a successful conception and not vice versa. Thus causality is intimately bound up with time's arrow.
 
  
 
原因先于结果: 原因发生在它引起或影响的事件之前。例如，出生遵循一个成功的概念，反之则为谬误。因此，因果关系与时间之箭密切相关。
 
原因先于结果: 原因发生在它引起或影响的事件之前。例如，出生遵循一个成功的概念，反之则为谬误。因此，因果关系与时间之箭密切相关。
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An [[epistemological]] problem with using causality as an arrow of time is that, as [[David Hume]] maintained, the causal relation per se cannot be perceived; one only perceives sequences of events. Furthermore, it is surprisingly difficult to provide a clear explanation of what the terms cause and effect really mean, or to define the events to which they refer. However, it does seem evident that dropping a cup of water is a cause while the cup subsequently shattering and spilling the water is the effect.
 
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An epistemological problem with using causality as an arrow of time is that, as David Hume maintained, the causal relation per se cannot be perceived; one only perceives sequences of events. Furthermore, it is surprisingly difficult to provide a clear explanation of what the terms cause and effect really mean, or to define the events to which they refer. However, it does seem evident that dropping a cup of water is a cause while the cup subsequently shattering and spilling the water is the effect.
 
  
 
用因果关系作为时间箭头的认识论问题在于，正如大卫 · 休谟所坚持的那样，因果关系本身不能被感知; 人们只能感知事件的序列。此外，要对因果这两个术语的真正含义提供一个清晰的解释，或者定义它们所指的事件，是非常困难的。然而，我们可以明确分辨，装有水的杯子掉落是一个原因，而随后杯子粉碎和溢出水是影响。
 
用因果关系作为时间箭头的认识论问题在于，正如大卫 · 休谟所坚持的那样，因果关系本身不能被感知; 人们只能感知事件的序列。此外，要对因果这两个术语的真正含义提供一个清晰的解释，或者定义它们所指的事件，是非常困难的。然而，我们可以明确分辨，装有水的杯子掉落是一个原因，而随后杯子粉碎和溢出水是影响。
  
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从物理学上讲，杯子掉落的例子中对因果关系的感知是一种热力学时间箭头的现象，是热力学第二定律的结果。<ref>''Physical Origins of Time Asymmetry'', chapter 6</ref>控制未来，或者引发某些事情，这会在行动者<ref>''Physical Origins of Time Asymmetry'', pp. 109–111.</ref>和结果之间建立相关性，而这些相关性只能在我们向前而不是向后推进时间的时候产生。
  
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=== 粒子物理学(弱)时间之箭 ===
  
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某些涉及弱核力的亚原子相互作用违反了宇称守恒和电荷共轭守恒，但这种情况很少发生。一个例子是K中介子衰变。<ref>{{cite web|url=https://physicsworld.com/p/|title=Home|website=Physics World}}</ref>根据 CPT 定理，它们也应该是时间不可逆的，由此建立了一个时间之箭。应该是这样的过程产生了早期宇宙中物质。
  
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奇偶性和电荷共轭的结合很少被破坏，这意味着这个箭头仅仅“勉强”指向一个方向，这正是它有别于其他方向更明显的箭头的地方。直到琼·瓦卡罗的研究成果发表后，这个箭头才被与任何大规模的时间行为联系起来，他的研究表明时间逆反可能是守恒定律和动力学的原因。<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Vaccaro|first=Joan|date=2016|title=Quantum asymmetry between time and space|journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society A|doi=10.1098/rspa.2015.0670|pmid=26997899|pmc=4786044|volume=472|issue=2185|pages=20150670|arxiv = 1502.04012 |bibcode = 2016RSPSA.47250670V }}</ref>
  
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Physically speaking, the perception of cause and effect in the dropped cup example is a phenomenon of the [[thermodynamic]] arrow of time, a consequence of the second law of thermodynamics.<ref>''Physical Origins of Time Asymmetry'', chapter 6</ref> Controlling the [[future]], or causing something to happen, creates [[Entropy (arrow of time)#Correlations|correlations]] between the doer and the effect,<ref>''Physical Origins of Time Asymmetry'', pp. 109–111.</ref> and these can only be created as we move forwards in time, not backwards.
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=== 量子时间之箭 ===
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Physically speaking, the perception of cause and effect in the dropped cup example is a phenomenon of the thermodynamic arrow of time, a consequence of the second law of thermodynamics. Controlling the future, or causing something to happen, creates correlations between the doer and the effect, and these can only be created as we move forwards in time, not backwards.
 
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从物理学上讲，杯子掉落的例子中对因果关系的感知是一种热力学时间箭头的现象，是热力学第二定律的结果。控制未来，或者引发某些事情，这会在行动者和结果之间建立相关性，而这些相关性只能在我们向前而不是向后推进时间的时候产生。
 
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=== Particle physics (weak) arrow of time ===
 
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=== Particle physics (weak) arrow of time ===
 
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粒子物理学(弱)时间之箭
 
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{{Main|CP violation}}
 
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Certain subatomic interactions involving the [[weak nuclear force]] violate the conservation of both [[Parity (physics)|parity]] and [[charge conjugation]], but only very rarely. An example is the [[kaon]] [[Particle decay|decay]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://physicsworld.com/p/|title=Home|website=Physics World}}</ref> According to the [[CPT symmetry|CPT theorem]], this means they should also be time irreversible, and so establish an arrow of time. Such processes should be responsible for [[Baryogenesis|matter creation]] in the early universe.
 
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Certain subatomic interactions involving the weak nuclear force violate the conservation of both parity and charge conjugation, but only very rarely. An example is the kaon decay. According to the CPT theorem, this means they should also be time irreversible, and so establish an arrow of time. Such processes should be responsible for matter creation in the early universe.
 
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某些涉及弱核力的亚原子相互作用违反了宇称守恒和电荷共轭守恒，但这种情况很少发生。一个例子是K中介子衰变。根据 CPT 定理，它们也应该是时间不可逆的，由此建立了一个时间之箭。应该是这样的过程产生了早期宇宙中物质。
 
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That the combination of parity and charge conjugation is broken so rarely means that this arrow only "barely" points in one direction, setting it apart from the other arrows whose direction is much more obvious. This arrow had not been linked to any large scale temporal behaviour until the work of [[Joan Vaccaro]], who showed that T violation could be responsible for conservation laws and dynamics.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Vaccaro|first=Joan|date=2016|title=Quantum asymmetry between time and space|journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society A|doi=10.1098/rspa.2015.0670|pmid=26997899|pmc=4786044|volume=472|issue=2185|pages=20150670|arxiv = 1502.04012 |bibcode = 2016RSPSA.47250670V }}</ref>
 
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That the combination of parity and charge conjugation is broken so rarely means that this arrow only "barely" points in one direction, setting it apart from the other arrows whose direction is much more obvious. This arrow had not been linked to any large scale temporal behaviour until the work of Joan Vaccaro, who showed that T violation could be responsible for conservation laws and dynamics.
 
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奇偶性和电荷共轭的结合很少被破坏，这意味着这个箭头仅仅“勉强”指向一个方向，这正是它有别于其他方向更明显的箭头的地方。直到琼·瓦卡罗的研究成果发表后，这个箭头才被与任何大规模的时间行为联系起来，他的研究表明时间逆反可能是守恒定律和动力学的原因。
 
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=== Quantum arrow of time ===
 
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=== Quantum arrow of time ===
 
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量子时间之箭
 
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{{unsolved|physics|What links the quantum arrow of time to the thermodynamic arrow?}}
 
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According to the [[Copenhagen interpretation]] of [[quantum mechanics]], quantum evolution is governed by the [[Schrödinger equation]], which is time-symmetric, and by [[wave function collapse]], which is time irreversible. As the mechanism of wave function collapse is [[Interpretations of quantum mechanics|philosophically obscure]], it is not completely clear how this arrow links to the others. Despite the post-measurement state being entirely stochastic in formulations of quantum mechanics, a link to the thermodynamic arrow has been proposed, noting that the second law of thermodynamics amounts to an observation that nature shows a bias for collapsing wave functions into higher entropy states versus lower ones, and the claim that this is merely due to more possible states being high entropy runs afoul of [[Loschmidt's paradox]]. According to one physical view of [[wave function collapse]], the theory of [[quantum decoherence]], the quantum arrow of time is a consequence of the [[Entropy (arrow of time)|thermodynamic arrow of time]].{{citation needed|date=August 2013}}
 
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According to the Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics, quantum evolution is governed by the Schrödinger equation, which is time-symmetric, and by wave function collapse, which is time irreversible. As the mechanism of wave function collapse is philosophically obscure, it is not completely clear how this arrow links to the others. Despite the post-measurement state being entirely stochastic in formulations of quantum mechanics, a link to the thermodynamic arrow has been proposed, noting that the second law of thermodynamics amounts to an observation that nature shows a bias for collapsing wave functions into higher entropy states versus lower ones, and the claim that this is merely due to more possible states being high entropy runs afoul of Loschmidt's paradox. According to one physical view of wave function collapse, the theory of quantum decoherence, the quantum arrow of time is a consequence of the thermodynamic arrow of time.
 
  
 
根据哥本哈根诠释的量子力学，量子进化是由时间对称的薛定谔方程和不可逆的波函数崩溃控制的。由于波函数崩塌的机制在哲学上是模糊的，所以我们并不完全清楚这个箭头是如何与其他箭头联系起来的。尽管由量子力学的公式计算得出的状态是完全随机的，但是科学家们已经指出了它与热力学箭头的联系并注意到热力学第二定律相当于一个观测工具，它自然表现出一种倾向，倾向于坍缩波函数到更高的熵状态而不是更低的熵状态，同时他们也声称这仅仅是由于更多的可能状态是高熵状态，但这与洛西米特可逆吊诡相冲突。根据波函数坍缩的一个物理观点---- 量子退相干理论，时间的量子箭头是热力学时间箭头的结果。
 
根据哥本哈根诠释的量子力学，量子进化是由时间对称的薛定谔方程和不可逆的波函数崩溃控制的。由于波函数崩塌的机制在哲学上是模糊的，所以我们并不完全清楚这个箭头是如何与其他箭头联系起来的。尽管由量子力学的公式计算得出的状态是完全随机的，但是科学家们已经指出了它与热力学箭头的联系并注意到热力学第二定律相当于一个观测工具，它自然表现出一种倾向，倾向于坍缩波函数到更高的熵状态而不是更低的熵状态，同时他们也声称这仅仅是由于更多的可能状态是高熵状态，但这与洛西米特可逆吊诡相冲突。根据波函数坍缩的一个物理观点---- 量子退相干理论，时间的量子箭头是热力学时间箭头的结果。
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[[Relational quantum mechanics]] proposes that there is no such thing as an absolute wave function collapse, and that what an observer sees as wave function collapse is in fact the observer becoming entangled with the measured state. The thermodynamic arrow is an increase in entanglement over time; in this way, relational quantum mechanics relates the quantum arrow to the thermodynamic arrow.
 
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Relational quantum mechanics proposes that there is no such thing as an absolute wave function collapse, and that what an observer sees as wave function collapse is in fact the observer becoming entangled with the measured state. The thermodynamic arrow is an increase in entanglement over time; in this way, relational quantum mechanics relates the quantum arrow to the thermodynamic arrow.
 
  
 
关系性量子力学提出，绝对波函数崩溃是不存在的，观察者所看到的波函数崩溃实际上是观察者与被测量的状态纠缠在一起。热力学箭头是纠缠随着时间的推移而增加; 通过这种方式，关系性量子力学将量子箭头与热力学箭头联系起来。
 
关系性量子力学提出，绝对波函数崩溃是不存在的，观察者所看到的波函数崩溃实际上是观察者与被测量的状态纠缠在一起。热力学箭头是纠缠随着时间的推移而增加; 通过这种方式，关系性量子力学将量子箭头与热力学箭头联系起来。
  
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2019年，一组俄罗斯科学家报告了 IBM 量子计算机上量子时间之箭的反转。<ref name="nature">{{cite journal |authors=G. B. Lesovik, I. A. Sadovskyy, M. V. Suslov, A. V. Lebedev, V. M. Vinokur | title=Arrow of time and its reversal on the IBM quantum computer|journal=Nature|volume=9 |doi=10.1038/s41598-019-40765-6| date=13 March 2019|arxiv=1712.10057}}</ref>通过观察由两个或三个超导量子位组成的量子计算机的状态，他们发现在85% 的情况下，两个量子位的计算机返回到初始状态。<ref name="phys">{{cite web | url =https://phys.org/news/2019-03-physicists-reverse-quantum.html |title=Physicists reverse time using quantum computer|publisher=[[Phys.org]]| date=13 March 2019| accessdate =13 March 2019}}</ref>这种状态的反转是通过一个特殊的程序实现的，类似于电子的随机微波背景起伏。然而，根据测算，在整个宇宙的年龄(137亿年) ，这种电子状态的逆转只会发生一次，持续0.06纳秒。科学家们的实验表明通过复杂共轭反转给定量子态的量子算法是可能的。
  
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=== 时间的量子源 ===
  
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物理学家声称量子不确定性引起的纠缠是假定的时间之箭的来源。“纠缠”可能解释时间之箭的想法是由赛思·劳埃德在20世纪80年代提出的。劳埃德认为，量子不确定性，以及它随着粒子变得越来越纠缠而扩散的方式，可以取代古老的经典证明中人类的不确定性，并由此成为时间之箭的真正来源。按照劳埃德的说法，“时间之箭是一个增加相关性的箭头。”<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wired.com/2014/04/quantum-theory-flow-time/|title=New Quantum Theory Could Explain the Flow of Time|first=Natalie|last=Wolchover|date=25 April 2014|via=www.wired.com}}</ref>
  
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=== 心理 / 感知时间之箭 ===
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In 2019, a team of Russian scientists reported the reversal of the quantum arrow of time on an [[IBM]] [[quantum computer]].<ref name="nature">{{cite journal |authors=G. B. Lesovik, I. A. Sadovskyy, M. V. Suslov, A. V. Lebedev, V. M. Vinokur | title=Arrow of time and its reversal on the IBM quantum computer|journal=Nature|volume=9 |doi=10.1038/s41598-019-40765-6| date=13 March 2019|arxiv=1712.10057}}</ref> By observing the state of the quantum computer made of two and later three [[Superconducting quantum computing#Qubit archetypes|superconducting qubits]], they found that in 85% of the cases, the two-qubit computer returned into the initial state.<ref name="phys">{{cite web | url =https://phys.org/news/2019-03-physicists-reverse-quantum.html |title=Physicists reverse time using quantum computer|publisher=[[Phys.org]]| date=13 March 2019| accessdate =13 March 2019}}</ref> The state's reversal was made by a special program, similarly to the random [[microwave background]] fluctuation in the case of the [[electron]].<ref name="phys" /> However, according to the estimations, throughout the [[age of the universe]] (13.7 billion years) such a reversal of the electron's state would only happen once, for 0.06 [[nanoseconds]].<ref name="phys" /> The scientists' experiment led to the possibility of a [[quantum algorithm]] that reverses a given [[quantum state]] through [[complex conjugation]].<ref name="nature" />
 
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In 2019, a team of Russian scientists reported the reversal of the quantum arrow of time on an IBM quantum computer. By observing the state of the quantum computer made of two and later three superconducting qubits, they found that in 85% of the cases, the two-qubit computer returned into the initial state. The state's reversal was made by a special program, similarly to the random microwave background fluctuation in the case of the electron. However, according to the estimations, throughout the age of the universe (13.7 billion years) such a reversal of the electron's state would only happen once, for 0.06 nanoseconds. The scientists' experiment led to the possibility of a quantum algorithm that reverses a given quantum state through complex conjugation.
 
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2019年，一组俄罗斯科学家报告了 IBM 量子计算机上量子时间之箭的反转。通过观察由两个或三个超导量子位组成的量子计算机的状态，他们发现在85% 的情况下，两个量子位的计算机返回到初始状态。这种状态的反转是通过一个特殊的程序实现的，类似于电子的随机微波背景起伏。然而，根据测算，在整个宇宙的年龄(137亿年) ，这种电子状态的逆转只会发生一次，持续0.06纳秒。科学家们的实验表明通过复杂共轭反转给定量子态的量子算法是可能的。
 
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=== Quantum source of time ===
 
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=== Quantum source of time ===
 
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时间的量子源
 
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Physicists say that [[quantum uncertainty]] gives rise to [[quantum entanglement|entanglement]], the putative source of the arrow of time.{{citation needed|date=September 2018}} The idea that entanglement might explain the arrow of time was proposed by [[Seth Lloyd]] in the 1980s. Lloyd argues that quantum uncertainty, and the way it spreads as particles become increasingly entangled, could replace human uncertainty in the old classical proofs as the true source of the arrow of time. According to Lloyd, "The arrow of time is an arrow of increasing correlations."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wired.com/2014/04/quantum-theory-flow-time/|title=New Quantum Theory Could Explain the Flow of Time|first=Natalie|last=Wolchover|date=25 April 2014|via=www.wired.com}}</ref>
 
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Physicists say that quantum uncertainty gives rise to entanglement, the putative source of the arrow of time. The idea that entanglement might explain the arrow of time was proposed by Seth Lloyd in the 1980s. Lloyd argues that quantum uncertainty, and the way it spreads as particles become increasingly entangled, could replace human uncertainty in the old classical proofs as the true source of the arrow of time. According to Lloyd, "The arrow of time is an arrow of increasing correlations."
 
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物理学家声称量子不确定性引起的纠缠是假定的时间之箭的来源。“纠缠”可能解释时间之箭的想法是由赛思·劳埃德在20世纪80年代提出的。劳埃德认为，量子不确定性，以及它随着粒子变得越来越纠缠而扩散的方式，可以取代古老的经典证明中人类的不确定性，并由此成为时间之箭的真正来源。按照劳埃德的说法，“时间之箭是一个增加相关性的箭头。”
 
−
 
 
−
=== Psychological/perceptual arrow of time ===
 
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=== Psychological/perceptual arrow of time ===
 
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−
心理 / 感知时间之箭
 
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{{Main|Time perception}}
 
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A related mental arrow arises because one has the sense that one's perception is a continuous movement from the known (past) to the unknown (future). Anticipating the unknown forms the psychological future, which always seems to be something one is moving towards. However, like a projection in a mirror, it makes what is actually already a part of memory, such as desires, dreams, and hopes, seem ahead of the observer.
 
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A related mental arrow arises because one has the sense that one's perception is a continuous movement from the known (past) to the unknown (future). Anticipating the unknown forms the psychological future, which always seems to be something one is moving towards. However, like a projection in a mirror, it makes what is actually already a part of memory, such as desires, dreams, and hopes, seem ahead of the observer.
 
  
 
精神之箭的出现是因为一个人的感知是一个从已知(过去)到未知(未来)的连续运动。期待未知的形式是心理学的未来，这似乎总是一个人正在走向的东西。然而，就像镜子里的投影一样，它使实际上已经是记忆的一部分的东西，比如欲望、梦想和希望，看起来超越了观察者。
 
精神之箭的出现是因为一个人的感知是一个从已知(过去)到未知(未来)的连续运动。期待未知的形式是心理学的未来，这似乎总是一个人正在走向的东西。然而，就像镜子里的投影一样，它使实际上已经是记忆的一部分的东西，比如欲望、梦想和希望，看起来超越了观察者。
  
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“未来⇔过去”和“过去⇔未来”的联系本身是由文化决定的。<ref>[http://www.albionmonitor.com/0606a/aymara.html ''For Andes tribe, it's back to the future''] — accessed 2006-09-26</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cogsci.ucsd.edu/~nunez/web/FINALpblshd.pdf|title=With the Future Behind Them: Convergent Evidence From Aymara Language and Gesture in the Crosslinguistic Comparison of Spatial Construals of Time|last=Núñez Rafael E.|first=Sweetser Eve|date=|website=Department of Cognitive Science, University of California at San Diego|url-status=live|archive-url=|archivedate=|accessdate=8 March 2020}}</ref>例如，艾马拉语将“未来⇔过去”和“过去⇔未来”联系起来。中国词语“后天”也与之类似，“后天”字面上意思是“某天之后”, 而“前天” 字面上意思是“某天之前”。<ref>[https://www.mdbg.net/chindict/chindict.php?page=worddict&wdrst=0&wdqb=day+before+yesterday mbdg.net Chinese-English Dictionary] — accessed 2017-01-11</ref>
  
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“昨天”和“明天”这两个词在印地语中翻译成同一个词:कल ("kal")，<ref>{{cite book|last=Bahri|first=Hardev|title=Learners' Hindi-English Dictionary|year=1989|publisher=Rajpal & Sons|location=Delhi|isbn=978-81-7028-002-6|page=95}}</ref>意思是“离今天还有一天”。歧义是通过动词时态来解决的。परसों ("parsoⁿ")既用于“前天” ，<ref>{{cite book|last=Alexiadou|first=Artemis|title=Adverb placement : a case study in antisymmetric syntax|year=1997|publisher=Benjamins|location=Amsterdam [u.a.]|isbn=978-90-272-2739-3|page=108}}</ref>也用于“后天” ，或“从今天起两天”。<ref>[http://hindi-english.org/index.php?input=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%82&trans=Translate&direction=AU Hindi-English.org Hindi English Dictionary परसों] — accessed 2017-01-11</ref> नरसों ("narsoⁿ")是“三天后”的意思<ref>[http://shabdkosh.raftaar.in/Meaning-of-%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%82-in-English Shabdkosk.Raftaar.in Hindi English Dictionary नरसों] — accessed 2017-01-11</ref>
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The association of "behind ⇔ past" and "ahead ⇔ future" is itself culturally determined. For example, the [[Aymara language idiosyncrasies|Aymara language]] associates "ahead ⇔ past" and "behind ⇔ future".<ref>[http://www.albionmonitor.com/0606a/aymara.html ''For Andes tribe, it's back to the future''] — accessed 2006-09-26</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cogsci.ucsd.edu/~nunez/web/FINALpblshd.pdf|title=With the Future Behind Them: Convergent Evidence From Aymara Language and Gesture in the Crosslinguistic Comparison of Spatial Construals of Time|last=Núñez Rafael E.|first=Sweetser Eve|date=|website=Department of Cognitive Science, University of California at San Diego|url-status=live|archive-url=|archivedate=|accessdate=8 March 2020}}</ref> Similarly, the Chinese term for "the day after tomorrow" 後天 ("hòu tiān") literally means "after (or behind) day", whereas "the day before yesterday" 前天 ("qián tiān") is literally "preceding (or in front) day."<ref>[https://www.mdbg.net/chindict/chindict.php?page=worddict&wdrst=0&wdqb=day+before+yesterday mbdg.net Chinese-English Dictionary] — accessed 2017-01-11</ref>
 
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−
The association of "behind ⇔ past" and "ahead ⇔ future" is itself culturally determined. For example, the Aymara language associates "ahead ⇔ past" and "behind ⇔ future". Similarly, the Chinese term for "the day after tomorrow" 後天 ("hòu tiān") literally means "after (or behind) day", whereas "the day before yesterday" 前天 ("qián tiān") is literally "preceding (or in front) day."
 
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−
“未来⇔过去”和“过去⇔未来”的联系本身是由文化决定的。例如，艾马拉语将“未来⇔过去”和“过去⇔未来”联系起来。中国词语“后天”也与之类似，“后天”字面上意思是“某天之后”, 而“前天” 字面上意思是“某天之前”。
 
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The words "yesterday" and "tomorrow" both translate to the same word in [[Hindi]]: कल ("kal"),<ref>{{cite book|last=Bahri|first=Hardev|title=Learners' Hindi-English Dictionary|year=1989|publisher=Rajpal & Sons|location=Delhi|isbn=978-81-7028-002-6|page=95}}</ref> meaning "[one] day remote from today."<ref>{{cite book|last=Alexiadou|first=Artemis|title=Adverb placement : a case study in antisymmetric syntax|year=1997|publisher=Benjamins|location=Amsterdam [u.a.]|isbn=978-90-272-2739-3|page=108}}</ref> The ambiguity is resolved by verb tense. परसों ("parsoⁿ") is used for both "day before yesterday" and "day after tomorrow", or "two days from today".<ref>[http://hindi-english.org/index.php?input=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%82&trans=Translate&direction=AU Hindi-English.org Hindi English Dictionary परसों] — accessed 2017-01-11</ref> नरसों ("narsoⁿ") is used for "three days from today."<ref>[http://shabdkosh.raftaar.in/Meaning-of-%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%82-in-English Shabdkosk.Raftaar.in Hindi English Dictionary नरसों] — accessed 2017-01-11</ref>
 
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The words "yesterday" and "tomorrow" both translate to the same word in Hindi: कल ("kal"), meaning "[one] day remote from today." The ambiguity is resolved by verb tense. परसों ("parsoⁿ") is used for both "day before yesterday" and "day after tomorrow", or "two days from today". नरसों ("narsoⁿ") is used for "three days from today."
 
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−
“昨天”和“明天”这两个词在印地语中翻译成同一个词:कल ("kal")，意思是“离今天还有一天”。歧义是通过动词时态来解决的。परसों ("parsoⁿ")既用于“前天” ，也用于“后天” ，或“从今天起两天”。 नरसों ("narsoⁿ")是“三天后”的意思
 
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The other side of the psychological passage of time is in the realm of volition and action. We plan and often execute actions intended to affect the course of events in the future. From the [[Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam|Rubaiyat]]:
 
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−
The other side of the psychological passage of time is in the realm of volition and action. We plan and often execute actions intended to affect the course of events in the future. From the Rubaiyat:
 
  
 
心理上的时间流逝的另一面是意志和行动。我们计划并经常执行旨在影响未来事件进程的行动。——鲁拜集团
 
心理上的时间流逝的另一面是意志和行动。我们计划并经常执行旨在影响未来事件进程的行动。——鲁拜集团
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<blockquote>
 
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<blockquote>
 
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<blockquote>
 
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<poem>
 
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<poem>
 
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−
诗
 
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The Moving Finger writes; and, having writ,
 
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The Moving Finger writes; and, having writ,
 
  
 
移动的手指写道,
 
移动的手指写道,
−
 
−
&nbsp; Moves on: nor all thy Piety nor Wit
 
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−
&nbsp; Moves on: nor all thy Piety nor Wit
 
  
 
继续前行：不再有你全部的虔诚和智慧
 
继续前行：不再有你全部的虔诚和智慧
−
 
−
Shall lure it back to cancel half a Line,
 
−
 
−
Shall lure it back to cancel half a Line,
 
  
 
将引诱它回来取消半行,
 
将引诱它回来取消半行,
−
 
−
&nbsp; Nor all thy Tears wash out a Word of it.
 
−
 
−
&nbsp; Nor all thy Tears wash out a Word of it.
 
  
 
你的眼泪也不能洗去一句话。
 
你的眼泪也不能洗去一句话。
  
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</poem>
+
— 爱德华·菲茨杰拉德
  
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</poem>
+
== 另请参见 ==
−
 
 
−
/ 诗歌
 
−
 
 
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— [[Omar Khayyám]] (translation by [[Edward FitzGerald (poet)|Edward Fitzgerald]]).
 
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— Omar Khayyám (translation by Edward Fitzgerald).
 
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— Omar Khayyám (翻译: 爱德华·菲茨杰拉德)。
 
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</blockquote>
 
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</blockquote>
 
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</blockquote>
 
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== See also ==
 
−
 
 
−
== See also ==
 
−
 
 
−
另请参见
 
  
 
* ''[[A Brief History of Time]]''
 
* ''[[A Brief History of Time]]''
−
 
−
 
  
 
* [[Anthropic bias]]
 
* [[Anthropic bias]]
−
 
−
 
  
 
* [[Ilya Prigogine]]
 
* [[Ilya Prigogine]]
−
 
−
 
  
 
* [[Loschmidt's paradox]]
 
* [[Loschmidt's paradox]]
−
 
−
 
  
 
* [[Maxwell's demon]]
 
* [[Maxwell's demon]]
−
 
−
 
  
 
* [[Royal Institution Christmas Lectures|Royal Institution Christmas Lectures 1999]]
 
* [[Royal Institution Christmas Lectures|Royal Institution Christmas Lectures 1999]]
−
 
−
 
  
 
* [[Samay chakra]]
 
* [[Samay chakra]]
−
 
−
 
  
 
* [[Time evolution]]
 
* [[Time evolution]]
−
 
−
 
  
 
* [[Time reversal signal processing]]
 
* [[Time reversal signal processing]]
−
 
−
 
  
 
* [[Wheeler–Feynman absorber theory]]
 
* [[Wheeler–Feynman absorber theory]]
  
−
== References ==
+
== 参考资料 ==
−
 
 
−
== References ==
 
−
 
 
−
参考资料
 
  
 
{{Reflist}}
 
{{Reflist}}
  
−
 
+
== 延伸阅读 ==
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== Further reading ==
 
−
 
 
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== Further reading ==
 
−
 
 
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延伸阅读
 
  
 
* {{cite journal | last1 = Lebowitz | first1 = Joel L. | authorlink = Joel L. Lebowitz | year = 2008| title = Time's arrow and Boltzmann's entropy | journal = [[Scholarpedia]] | volume = 3 | issue = 4| page = 3448 | doi = 10.4249/scholarpedia.3448 |bibcode = 2008SchpJ...3.3448L | doi-access = free }}
 
* {{cite journal | last1 = Lebowitz | first1 = Joel L. | authorlink = Joel L. Lebowitz | year = 2008| title = Time's arrow and Boltzmann's entropy | journal = [[Scholarpedia]] | volume = 3 | issue = 4| page = 3448 | doi = 10.4249/scholarpedia.3448 |bibcode = 2008SchpJ...3.3448L | doi-access = free }}
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* {{cite book | first = Ludwig | last = Boltzmann | authorlink = Ludwig Boltzmann | title = Lectures On Gas Theory | publisher = University Of California Press | year = 1964}} Translated from the original German by Stephen G. Brush. Originally published 1896/1898.
 
* {{cite book | first = Ludwig | last = Boltzmann | authorlink = Ludwig Boltzmann | title = Lectures On Gas Theory | publisher = University Of California Press | year = 1964}} Translated from the original German by Stephen G. Brush. Originally published 1896/1898.
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−
 
  
 
* {{cite book | first = Sean | last = Carroll | authorlink = Sean M. Carroll | title = [[From Eternity to Here: The Quest for the Ultimate Theory of Time]] | publisher = Dutton | year = 2010}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20170516034619/http://eternitytohere.com/ Website]
 
* {{cite book | first = Sean | last = Carroll | authorlink = Sean M. Carroll | title = [[From Eternity to Here: The Quest for the Ultimate Theory of Time]] | publisher = Dutton | year = 2010}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20170516034619/http://eternitytohere.com/ Website]
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−
 
  
 
* {{citation |year=1990 |last=Coveney |first=Peter |authorlink=Peter Coveney |last2=Highfield |first2=Roger |title=The Arrow of Time: A voyage through science to solve time's greatest mystery |place=London |publisher=W. H. Allen |isbn=978-1-85227-197-8 }}
 
* {{citation |year=1990 |last=Coveney |first=Peter |authorlink=Peter Coveney |last2=Highfield |first2=Roger |title=The Arrow of Time: A voyage through science to solve time's greatest mystery |place=London |publisher=W. H. Allen |isbn=978-1-85227-197-8 }}
−
 
−
 
  
 
* {{cite book | first = Richard | last = Feynman | authorlink = Richard Feynman | title = The Character of Physical Law | publisher = BBC Publications | year = 1965| title-link = The Character of Physical Law }} Chapter 5.
 
* {{cite book | first = Richard | last = Feynman | authorlink = Richard Feynman | title = The Character of Physical Law | publisher = BBC Publications | year = 1965| title-link = The Character of Physical Law }} Chapter 5.
−
 
−
 
  
 
* {{cite book | first = J. J. | last = Halliwell | title = Physical Origins of Time Asymmetry| publisher = Cambridge | year = 1994| isbn = 978-0-521-56837-1|display-authors=etal}} (technical).
 
* {{cite book | first = J. J. | last = Halliwell | title = Physical Origins of Time Asymmetry| publisher = Cambridge | year = 1994| isbn = 978-0-521-56837-1|display-authors=etal}} (technical).
−
 
−
 
  
 
* Mersini-Houghton, L., Vaas, R. (eds.) (2012) {{cite book | title = The Arrows of Time. A Debate in Cosmology | publisher = Springer| isbn = 978-3-642-23258-9| date = 2012-06-22}} (partly technical).
 
* Mersini-Houghton, L., Vaas, R. (eds.) (2012) {{cite book | title = The Arrows of Time. A Debate in Cosmology | publisher = Springer| isbn = 978-3-642-23258-9| date = 2012-06-22}} (partly technical).
−
 
−
 
  
 
* {{cite book | first = R | last = Peierls | title = Surprises in Theoretical Physics | publisher = Princeton | year = 1979}} Section 3.8.
 
* {{cite book | first = R | last = Peierls | title = Surprises in Theoretical Physics | publisher = Princeton | year = 1979}} Section 3.8.
−
 
−
 
  
 
* {{cite book | first = Roger | last = Penrose | authorlink = Roger Penrose | title = The Emperor's New Mind | url = https://archive.org/details/emperorsnewmind00penr | url-access = registration | publisher = Oxford University Press | year = 1989 | isbn = 978-0-19-851973-7}} Chapter 7.
 
* {{cite book | first = Roger | last = Penrose | authorlink = Roger Penrose | title = The Emperor's New Mind | url = https://archive.org/details/emperorsnewmind00penr | url-access = registration | publisher = Oxford University Press | year = 1989 | isbn = 978-0-19-851973-7}} Chapter 7.
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−
 
  
 
* {{cite book | first = Roger | last = Penrose | authorlink = Roger Penrose | title = The Road to Reality | publisher = Jonathan Cape | year = 2004 | isbn = 978-0-224-04447-9}} Chapter 27.
 
* {{cite book | first = Roger | last = Penrose | authorlink = Roger Penrose | title = The Road to Reality | publisher = Jonathan Cape | year = 2004 | isbn = 978-0-224-04447-9}} Chapter 27.
−
 
−
 
  
 
* {{cite book | first = Huw | last = Price | title = Time's Arrow and Archimedes' Point | year = 1996 | isbn = 978-0-19-510095-2}} [http://www.usyd.edu.au/time/price/TAAP.html Website]
 
* {{cite book | first = Huw | last = Price | title = Time's Arrow and Archimedes' Point | year = 1996 | isbn = 978-0-19-510095-2}} [http://www.usyd.edu.au/time/price/TAAP.html Website]
−
 
−
 
  
 
* {{cite book | first = H. D | last = Zeh | title = The Physical Basis of The Direction of Time | year = 2010 | isbn = 978-3-540-42081-1}} [http://www.time-direction.de/ Official website for the book]
 
* {{cite book | first = H. D | last = Zeh | title = The Physical Basis of The Direction of Time | year = 2010 | isbn = 978-3-540-42081-1}} [http://www.time-direction.de/ Official website for the book]
−
 
−
 
  
 
* {{cite web | title = BaBar Experiment Confirms Time Asymmetry | url = http://www6.slac.stanford.edu/news/2012-11-19-babar-trv.aspx }}
 
* {{cite web | title = BaBar Experiment Confirms Time Asymmetry | url = http://www6.slac.stanford.edu/news/2012-11-19-babar-trv.aspx }}
  
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== External links ==
+
== 外部链接 ==
−
 
 
−
== External links ==
 
−
 
 
−
外部链接
 
  
 
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081205025737/http://www.datasync.com/~rsf1/rtzein.htm The Ritz-Einstein Agreement to Disagree], a review of historical perspectives of the subject, prior to the evolvement of [[quantum field theory]].
 
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081205025737/http://www.datasync.com/~rsf1/rtzein.htm The Ritz-Einstein Agreement to Disagree], a review of historical perspectives of the subject, prior to the evolvement of [[quantum field theory]].
−
 
−
 
  
 
* [http://www.usyd.edu.au/time/price/preprints/Price2.pdf The Thermodynamic Arrow: Puzzles and Pseudo-Puzzles] Huw Price on Time's Arrow
 
* [http://www.usyd.edu.au/time/price/preprints/Price2.pdf The Thermodynamic Arrow: Puzzles and Pseudo-Puzzles] Huw Price on Time's Arrow
−
 
−
 
  
 
* [https://archive.is/20121216121427/http://www.scientificblogging.com/hammock_physicist/fibonacci_chaos_and_times_arrow Arrow of time in a discrete toy model]
 
* [https://archive.is/20121216121427/http://www.scientificblogging.com/hammock_physicist/fibonacci_chaos_and_times_arrow Arrow of time in a discrete toy model]
−
 
−
 
  
 
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080123072626/http://www.ipod.org.uk/reality/reality_arrow_of_time.asp The Arrow of Time]
 
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080123072626/http://www.ipod.org.uk/reality/reality_arrow_of_time.asp The Arrow of Time]
−
 
−
 
  
 
* [http://www.bbc.com/earth/story/20150309-why-does-time-only-run-forwards Why Does Time Run Only Forwards], by [[Adam Becker]], bbc.com.
 
* [http://www.bbc.com/earth/story/20150309-why-does-time-only-run-forwards Why Does Time Run Only Forwards], by [[Adam Becker]], bbc.com.
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==编辑推荐==
 
==编辑推荐==
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[[File:Last1.png|400px|thumb|right|[https://swarma.org/?p=13364 用神经学习模型计算海量实际网络中的节点中心性度量 | 论文速递1篇|集智俱乐部]]]
 
[https://campus.swarma.org/course/643集智学园课程：《时间与进化》]
 
[https://campus.swarma.org/course/643集智学园课程：《时间与进化》]
  
第467行： 第222行：
 
[https://swarma.org/?p=19708集智俱乐部推文：什么是熵]
 
[https://swarma.org/?p=19708集智俱乐部推文：什么是熵]
  
 +
本中文词条由[[用户:Gravity PHY|Gravity PHY]] 参与编译， [[用户:苏格兰|苏格兰]] 审校，[[用户:不是海绵宝宝|不是海绵宝宝]]、[[用户:薄荷|薄荷]]编辑，欢迎在讨论页面留言。
  
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{{Time Topics}}
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'''本词条内容源自wikipedia及公开资料，遵守 CC3.0协议。'''
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[[分类: 不对称]] [[分类: 物理概念]] [[分类: 非平衡态热力学]] [[分类: 哲学类比]] [[分类: 热力学和统计物理学哲学]] [[分类: 时间哲学]] [[分类: 物理时间]]
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CecileLi
 
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[[Category:Asymmetry]]
 
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Category:Asymmetry
 
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分类: 不对称
 
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[[Category:Concepts in physics]]
 
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Category:Concepts in physics
 
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[[Category:Non-equilibrium thermodynamics]]
 
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Category:Non-equilibrium thermodynamics
 
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类别: 非平衡态热力学
 
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[[Category:Philosophical analogies]]
 
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Category:Philosophical analogies
 
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范畴: 哲学类比
 
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[[Category:Philosophy of thermal and statistical physics]]
 
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Category:Philosophy of thermal and statistical physics
 
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类别: 热力学和统计物理学哲学
 
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[[Category:Philosophy of time]]
 
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类别: 时间哲学
 
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[[Category:Time in physics]]
 
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2020年12月13日 (日) 21:19的版本

Arthur Stanley Eddington


时间之箭The arrow of time是一个假定时间是“单向方向”或“不对称”的概念。此概念源自英国天体物理学家亚瑟·爱丁顿在1927年提出的一个普通物理学问题，但至今仍未被解决。按照爱丁顿的说法，研究原子、分子和物体的组织既可以确定时间的方向，又可以把它绘制在一张四维的相对论世界地图上(“一整张纸”)。

[书籍：The scientist as philosopher: philosophical consequences of great scientific discoveries《作为哲学家的科学家: 伟大科学发现的哲学影响》]

通常，人们认为，微观层面上的物理过程是全部或部分时间对称的。因此，即使时间的方向逆转，描述它们的理论仍然正确。然而，在宏观层面上，情况往往并非如此， 时间存在明显的方向(或流动)。

概览

时间对称性The symmetry of time可以简单地理解为: 如果时间是完全对称的，那么一段真实事件的视频，无论从前往后播放还是从后往前播放，都会显得很真实。例如，重力是一种时间可逆的力。一个球被抛起，然后下降、减速直至停止，在这种情况下正放和倒放看起来同样真实。该系统具有 时间对称性The symmetry of time。然而，球反弹并最终停止的过程是不可逆的。在前进过程中，动能耗散，熵增加。熵可能是少数几个处于时间不可逆的过程之一。根据熵增的统计概念，时间之箭被确定为自由能的减少。

引用错误：没有找到与</ref>对应的<ref>标签

|doi=10.1098/rspa.2008.0494|bibcode = 2009RSPSA.465.1173T | doi-access=free }}</ref>

| doi 10.1098 / rspa. 2008.0494 | bibcode 2009RSPSA. 465.1173 t | doi-access free } </ref>

爱丁顿

在1928年出版的《物理世界的本质》一书中，爱丁顿推广了这个概念，他说:

“让我们任意画一个箭头。如果我们跟着箭头走，在这个世界中会发现越来越多随机元素，那么时间之箭就指向未来; 如果发现的随机元素越来越少，那么时间之箭就指向过去。这是物理学领域中我们对时间之箭已知的唯一区别。如果我们的这一基本论点得到承认，随机性的引入是唯一不可撤销的事情，那么这一点就立刻得到了证实。我会用“时间之箭”这个词来表达时间的这种单向性质，这种性质在空间上没有类似的东西”

关于这个箭头，爱丁顿指出了三个特点:

意识能够生动地认识并理解它

我们的推理能力也同样可以证实这一点，它告诉我们，箭头的反转会使外部世界变得荒谬。

除了在研究一些个体的组织结构外时，它在自然科学中没有出现。(他的意思是时间之箭只有在熵中才能观察到，而熵是一个系统产生的统计力学现象。）

根据爱丁顿的说法，箭头表示随机元素逐渐增加的方向。在对热力学性质进行了长时间的争论之后，他得出结论，就物理学而言，时间之箭是只属于熵的属性。

箭头分类

热力学时间之箭

时间之箭是指时间的“单向”或“不对称”。热力学的时间之箭是依据 热力学第二定律the second law of thermodynamics，它在一个孤立的系统中，熵倾向于随着时间而增加。熵可以看作是一种对微观无序的度量; 因此，这就意味着在一个孤立的系统中，相对于有序的数量而言，时间是不对称的: 当一个系统随着时间推进时，它会变得更加无序。尽管测量熵并不能准确地测量时间，但这种不对称性可以用作区分未来和过去的经验。而且，在一个开放的系统中，熵会随着时间增加而减少。

英国物理学家阿尔弗雷德·布莱恩·派帕德爵士写道: “经常油嘴滑舌地重复没有依据的观点是没有说服力的，尽管热力学第二定律理论只在统计学上是正确的，但是在微观世界中的相悖时常发生，且从未发生任何严重程度的相悖。相反，从来没有任何证据表明第二定律在任何情况下失效。”[1] 然而，一些违反热力学第二定律的悖论的确存在，其中一个是庞加莱始态复现定理the Poincaré recurrence theorem。

热力学时间之箭似乎与其它所有的时间之箭有关，并且可以说是除了弱时间之箭之外的一些之箭的基础。

Harold Blum's 1951 book Time's Arrow and Evolution[2] "explored the relationship between time's arrow (the second law of thermodynamics) and organic evolution." This influential text explores "irreversibility and direction in evolution and order, negentropy, and evolution."[3] Blum argues that evolution followed specific patterns predetermined by the inorganic nature of the earth and its thermodynamic processes.[4]

Harold Blum's 1951 book Time's Arrow and Evolution "explored the relationship between time's arrow (the second law of thermodynamics) and organic evolution." This influential text explores "irreversibility and direction in evolution and order, negentropy, and evolution." Blum argues that evolution followed specific patterns predetermined by the inorganic nature of the earth and its thermodynamic processes.

哈罗德·布鲁姆（音译）在1951年出版的《时间之箭与进化》一书中“探索了时间之箭(热力学第二定律)与有机进化之间的关系。”这个有影响力的文本探索“不可逆性和方向的进化和秩序，负熵，和进化。”布鲁姆认为，进化遵循特定的模式，这种模式由地球的无机性质及其热力学过程预先确定。

Cosmological arrow of time

Cosmological arrow of time

宇宙时间之箭

See also: Entropy and Entropy (arrow of time)


The cosmological arrow of time points in the direction of the universe's expansion. It may be linked to the thermodynamic arrow, with the universe heading towards a heat death (Big Chill) as the amount of usable energy becomes negligible. Alternatively, it may be an artifact of our place in the universe's evolution (see the Anthropic bias), with this arrow reversing as gravity pulls everything back into a Big Crunch.

The cosmological arrow of time points in the direction of the universe's expansion. It may be linked to the thermodynamic arrow, with the universe heading towards a heat death (Big Chill) as the amount of usable energy becomes negligible. Alternatively, it may be an artifact of our place in the universe's evolution (see the Anthropic bias), with this arrow reversing as gravity pulls everything back into a Big Crunch.

宇宙时间之箭The cosmological arrow of time指向宇宙膨胀的方向。它可能与热力学箭头有关，当可用能量变得微不足道时，宇宙正走向热灭亡（ 和大冷寂Big Chill）。或者，它可能是我们在宇宙演化中所处位置的人工制品(见 人择偏差the Anthropic bias) ，随着重力将一切拉回大坍缩，这个箭头发生了逆转。



If this arrow of time is related to the other arrows of time, then the future is by definition the direction towards which the universe becomes bigger. Thus, the universe expands—rather than shrinks—by definition.

If this arrow of time is related to the other arrows of time, then the future is by definition the direction towards which the universe becomes bigger. Thus, the universe expands—rather than shrinks—by definition.

如果这个 时间箭头arrow of time与时间的其他箭头相关，那么根据定义，宇宙是膨胀的，而不是缩小的，所以，未来宇宙将变得更大。



The thermodynamic arrow of time and the second law of thermodynamics are thought to be a consequence of the initial conditions in the early universe.[5] Therefore, they ultimately result from the cosmological set-up.

The thermodynamic arrow of time and the second law of thermodynamics are thought to be a consequence of the initial conditions in the early universe. Therefore, they ultimately result from the cosmological set-up.

热力学时间箭头The thermodynamicarrow of time和 热力学第二定律the second law of thermodynamics被视为宇宙早期初始条件下的结果。因此，最终它们是宇宙学的设置引发的。

辐射时间之箭

虽然波动方程包含了会聚波和辐射波的解，但所有的波，从无线电波到声波，再到石头扔进池塘里产生的波，都是从源头向外扩展。这个方向在精心设计的产生收敛波的实验中被颠倒过来，[6] 所以这个方向可能来自热力学方向，因为满足产生收敛波的条件比产生辐射波的条件需要更多的次序。换句话说，产生会聚波初始条件的概率远低于产生辐射波初始条件的概率。事实上，正常情况下，辐射波会增加熵，而会聚波会减少熵，[7] 而后者与通常情况下的热力学第二定律相矛盾。

因果时间箭头

原因先于结果: 原因发生在它引起或影响的事件之前。例如，出生遵循一个成功的概念，反之则为谬误。因此，因果关系与时间之箭密切相关。

用因果关系作为时间箭头的认识论问题在于，正如大卫 · 休谟所坚持的那样，因果关系本身不能被感知; 人们只能感知事件的序列。此外，要对因果这两个术语的真正含义提供一个清晰的解释，或者定义它们所指的事件，是非常困难的。然而，我们可以明确分辨，装有水的杯子掉落是一个原因，而随后杯子粉碎和溢出水是影响。

从物理学上讲，杯子掉落的例子中对因果关系的感知是一种热力学时间箭头的现象，是热力学第二定律的结果。[8]控制未来，或者引发某些事情，这会在行动者[9]和结果之间建立相关性，而这些相关性只能在我们向前而不是向后推进时间的时候产生。

粒子物理学(弱)时间之箭

某些涉及弱核力的亚原子相互作用违反了宇称守恒和电荷共轭守恒，但这种情况很少发生。一个例子是K中介子衰变。[10]根据 CPT 定理，它们也应该是时间不可逆的，由此建立了一个时间之箭。应该是这样的过程产生了早期宇宙中物质。

奇偶性和电荷共轭的结合很少被破坏，这意味着这个箭头仅仅“勉强”指向一个方向，这正是它有别于其他方向更明显的箭头的地方。直到琼·瓦卡罗的研究成果发表后，这个箭头才被与任何大规模的时间行为联系起来，他的研究表明时间逆反可能是守恒定律和动力学的原因。[11]

量子时间之箭

根据哥本哈根诠释的量子力学，量子进化是由时间对称的薛定谔方程和不可逆的波函数崩溃控制的。由于波函数崩塌的机制在哲学上是模糊的，所以我们并不完全清楚这个箭头是如何与其他箭头联系起来的。尽管由量子力学的公式计算得出的状态是完全随机的，但是科学家们已经指出了它与热力学箭头的联系并注意到热力学第二定律相当于一个观测工具，它自然表现出一种倾向，倾向于坍缩波函数到更高的熵状态而不是更低的熵状态，同时他们也声称这仅仅是由于更多的可能状态是高熵状态，但这与洛西米特可逆吊诡相冲突。根据波函数坍缩的一个物理观点---- 量子退相干理论，时间的量子箭头是热力学时间箭头的结果。

关系性量子力学提出，绝对波函数崩溃是不存在的，观察者所看到的波函数崩溃实际上是观察者与被测量的状态纠缠在一起。热力学箭头是纠缠随着时间的推移而增加; 通过这种方式，关系性量子力学将量子箭头与热力学箭头联系起来。

2019年，一组俄罗斯科学家报告了 IBM 量子计算机上量子时间之箭的反转。[12]通过观察由两个或三个超导量子位组成的量子计算机的状态，他们发现在85% 的情况下，两个量子位的计算机返回到初始状态。[13]这种状态的反转是通过一个特殊的程序实现的，类似于电子的随机微波背景起伏。然而，根据测算，在整个宇宙的年龄(137亿年) ，这种电子状态的逆转只会发生一次，持续0.06纳秒。科学家们的实验表明通过复杂共轭反转给定量子态的量子算法是可能的。

时间的量子源

物理学家声称量子不确定性引起的纠缠是假定的时间之箭的来源。“纠缠”可能解释时间之箭的想法是由赛思·劳埃德在20世纪80年代提出的。劳埃德认为，量子不确定性，以及它随着粒子变得越来越纠缠而扩散的方式，可以取代古老的经典证明中人类的不确定性，并由此成为时间之箭的真正来源。按照劳埃德的说法，“时间之箭是一个增加相关性的箭头。”[14]

心理 / 感知时间之箭

精神之箭的出现是因为一个人的感知是一个从已知(过去)到未知(未来)的连续运动。期待未知的形式是心理学的未来，这似乎总是一个人正在走向的东西。然而，就像镜子里的投影一样，它使实际上已经是记忆的一部分的东西，比如欲望、梦想和希望，看起来超越了观察者。

“未来⇔过去”和“过去⇔未来”的联系本身是由文化决定的。[15][16]例如，艾马拉语将“未来⇔过去”和“过去⇔未来”联系起来。中国词语“后天”也与之类似，“后天”字面上意思是“某天之后”, 而“前天” 字面上意思是“某天之前”。[17]

“昨天”和“明天”这两个词在印地语中翻译成同一个词:कल ("kal")，[18]意思是“离今天还有一天”。歧义是通过动词时态来解决的。परसों ("parsoⁿ")既用于“前天” ，[19]也用于“后天” ，或“从今天起两天”。[20] नरसों ("narsoⁿ")是“三天后”的意思[21]

心理上的时间流逝的另一面是意志和行动。我们计划并经常执行旨在影响未来事件进程的行动。——鲁拜集团

移动的手指写道,

继续前行：不再有你全部的虔诚和智慧

将引诱它回来取消半行,

你的眼泪也不能洗去一句话。

— 爱德华·菲茨杰拉德

另请参见

参考资料

  1. ↑ A. B. Pippard, Elements of Chemical Thermodynamics for Advanced Students of Physics (1966), p.100.
  2. ↑ Blum, Harold F. (1951). Time's Arrow and Evolution (First ed.). ISBN 978-0-691-02354-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=tmcNnwEACAAJ. 
  3. ↑ Morowitz, Harold J. (September 1969). "Book review: Time's arrow and evolution: Third Edition". Icarus. 11 (2): 278–279. Bibcode:1969Icar...11..278M. doi:10.1016/0019-1035(69)90059-1. PMC 2599115.
  4. ↑ McN., W. P. (November 1951). "Book reviews: Time's Arrow and Evolution". Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine. 24 (2): 164. PMC 2599115.
  5. ↑ Susskind, Leonard. "Boltzmann and the Arrow of Time: A Recent Perspective". Cornell University. Cornell University. Retrieved June 1, 2016.
  6. ↑ Mathias Fink (30 November 1999). "Time-Reversed Acoustic" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 December 2005. Retrieved 27 May 2016.
  7. ↑ Nikolai Chernov; Roberto Markarian (2006). Chaotic Billiards. American Mathematical Soc.. p. 207. ISBN 978-0-8218-4096-2. 
  8. ↑ Physical Origins of Time Asymmetry, chapter 6
  9. ↑ Physical Origins of Time Asymmetry, pp. 109–111.
  10. ↑ "Home". Physics World.
  11. ↑ Vaccaro, Joan (2016). "Quantum asymmetry between time and space". Proceedings of the Royal Society A. 472 (2185): 20150670. arXiv:1502.04012. Bibcode:2016RSPSA.47250670V. doi:10.1098/rspa.2015.0670. PMC 4786044. PMID 26997899.
  12. ↑ G. B. Lesovik, I. A. Sadovskyy, M. V. Suslov, A. V. Lebedev, V. M. Vinokur (13 March 2019). "Arrow of time and its reversal on the IBM quantum computer". Nature. 9. arXiv:1712.10057. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-40765-6.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
  13. ↑ "Physicists reverse time using quantum computer". Phys.org. 13 March 2019. Retrieved 13 March 2019.
  14. ↑ Wolchover, Natalie (25 April 2014). "New Quantum Theory Could Explain the Flow of Time" – via www.wired.com.
  15. ↑ For Andes tribe, it's back to the future — accessed 2006-09-26
  16. ↑ Núñez Rafael E., Sweetser Eve. "With the Future Behind Them: Convergent Evidence From Aymara Language and Gesture in the Crosslinguistic Comparison of Spatial Construals of Time" (PDF). Department of Cognitive Science, University of California at San Diego. Retrieved 8 March 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  17. ↑ mbdg.net Chinese-English Dictionary — accessed 2017-01-11
  18. ↑ Bahri, Hardev (1989). Learners' Hindi-English Dictionary. Delhi: Rajpal & Sons. p. 95. ISBN 978-81-7028-002-6. 
  19. ↑ Alexiadou, Artemis (1997). Adverb placement : a case study in antisymmetric syntax. Amsterdam [u.a.]: Benjamins. p. 108. ISBN 978-90-272-2739-3. 
  20. ↑ Hindi-English.org Hindi English Dictionary परसों — accessed 2017-01-11
  21. ↑ Shabdkosk.Raftaar.in Hindi English Dictionary नरसों — accessed 2017-01-11

延伸阅读

  • Boltzmann, Ludwig (1964). Lectures On Gas Theory. University Of California Press.  Translated from the original German by Stephen G. Brush. Originally published 1896/1898.
  • Feynman, Richard (1965). The Character of Physical Law. BBC Publications.  Chapter 5.
  • Halliwell, J. J. (1994). Physical Origins of Time Asymmetry. Cambridge. ISBN 978-0-521-56837-1.  (technical).
  • Mersini-Houghton, L., Vaas, R. (eds.) (2012) The Arrows of Time. A Debate in Cosmology. Springer. 2012-06-22. ISBN 978-3-642-23258-9.  (partly technical).
  • Peierls, R (1979). Surprises in Theoretical Physics. Princeton.  Section 3.8.

外部链接

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