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第98行： − + − + − 辐射时间之箭+ − − Waves, from [[radio waves]] to [[sound waves]] to those on a pond from throwing a stone, expand outward from their source, even though the [[wave equation]]s accommodate solutions of convergent waves as well as radiative ones. This arrow has been reversed in carefully worked experiments that created convergent waves,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www4.ncsu.edu/~fouque/fink.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051231022842/http://www4.ncsu.edu/~fouque/fink.pdf |archive-date=31 December 2005 |url-status=dead |title=Time-Reversed Acoustic |author=Mathias Fink |date=30 November 1999 |access-date=27 May 2016 |author-link=Mathias Fink }}</ref> so this arrow probably follows from the thermodynamic arrow in that meeting the conditions to produce a convergent wave requires more order than the conditions for a radiative wave. Put differently, the probability for initial conditions that produce a convergent wave is much lower than the probability for initial conditions that produce a radiative wave. In fact, normally a radiative wave increases entropy, while a convergent wave decreases it,{{Citation needed|date=May 2010}}<!-- ref>{{cite book |author1=Nikolai Chernov |author2=Roberto Markarian |year=2006 |title=Chaotic Billiards |publisher=American Mathematical Soc. |page=207 |isbn=978-0-8218-4096-2}}</ref --> making the latter contradictory to the second law of thermodynamics in usual circumstances. − − Waves, from radio waves to sound waves to those on a pond from throwing a stone, expand outward from their source, even though the wave equations accommodate solutions of convergent waves as well as radiative ones. This arrow has been reversed in carefully worked experiments that created convergent waves, so this arrow probably follows from the thermodynamic arrow in that meeting the conditions to produce a convergent wave requires more order than the conditions for a radiative wave. Put differently, the probability for initial conditions that produce a convergent wave is much lower than the probability for initial conditions that produce a radiative wave. In fact, normally a radiative wave increases entropy, while a convergent wave decreases it,<!-- ref></ref --> making the latter contradictory to the second law of thermodynamics in usual circumstances. − − 虽然波动方程包含了会聚波和辐射波的解，但所有的波，从无线电波到声波，再到石头扔进池塘里产生的波，都是从源头向外扩展。这个方向在精心设计的产生收敛波的实验中被颠倒过来，所以这个方向可能来自热力学方向，因为满足产生收敛波的条件比产生辐射波的条件需要更多的次序。换句话说，产生会聚波初始条件的概率远低于产生辐射波初始条件的概率。事实上，正常情况下，辐射波会增加熵，而会聚波会减少熵，<!-- ref></ref -->而后者与通常情况下的热力学第二定律相矛盾。 − − === Causal arrow of time === − − === Causal arrow of time === − − 因果时间箭头 − − A [[causality|cause]] precedes its effect: the causal event occurs before the event it causes or affects. Birth, for example, follows a successful conception and not vice versa. Thus causality is intimately bound up with time's arrow. − − A cause precedes its effect: the causal event occurs before the event it causes or affects. Birth, for example, follows a successful conception and not vice versa. Thus causality is intimately bound up with time's arrow. − − − − − − An [[epistemological]] problem with using causality as an arrow of time is that, as [[David Hume]] maintained, the causal relation per se cannot be perceived; one only perceives sequences of events. Furthermore, it is surprisingly difficult to provide a clear explanation of what the terms cause and effect really mean, or to define the events to which they refer. However, it does seem evident that dropping a cup of water is a cause while the cup subsequently shattering and spilling the water is the effect. − − An epistemological problem with using causality as an arrow of time is that, as David Hume maintained, the causal relation per se cannot be perceived; one only perceives sequences of events. Furthermore, it is surprisingly difficult to provide a clear explanation of what the terms cause and effect really mean, or to define the events to which they refer. However, it does seem evident that dropping a cup of water is a cause while the cup subsequently shattering and spilling the water is the effect. + + + + − Physically speaking, the perception of cause and effect in the dropped cup example is a phenomenon of the [[thermodynamic]] arrow of time, a consequence of the second law of thermodynamics.<ref>''Physical Origins of Time Asymmetry'', chapter 6</ref> Controlling the [[future]], or causing something to happen, creates [[Entropy (arrow of time)#Correlations|correlations]] between the doer and the effect,<ref>''Physical Origins of Time Asymmetry'', pp. 109–111.</ref> and these can only be created as we move forwards in time, not backwards.+ − − Physically speaking, the perception of cause and effect in the dropped cup example is a phenomenon of the thermodynamic arrow of time, a consequence of the second law of thermodynamics. Controlling the future, or causing something to happen, creates correlations between the doer and the effect, and these can only be created as we move forwards in time, not backwards. − − 从物理学上讲，杯子掉落的例子中对因果关系的感知是一种热力学时间箭头的现象，是热力学第二定律的结果。控制未来，或者引发某些事情，这会在行动者和结果之间建立相关性，而这些相关性只能在我们向前而不是向后推进时间的时候产生。 − − − − === Particle physics (weak) arrow of time === − − 粒子物理学(弱)时间之箭 − − {{Main|CP violation}} − − − − Certain subatomic interactions involving the [[weak nuclear force]] violate the conservation of both [[Parity (physics)|parity]] and [[charge conjugation]], but only very rarely. An example is the [[kaon]] [[Particle decay|decay]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://physicsworld.com/p/|title=Home|website=Physics World}}</ref> According to the [[CPT symmetry|CPT theorem]], this means they should also be time irreversible, and so establish an arrow of time. Such processes should be responsible for [[Baryogenesis|matter creation]] in the early universe. − − Certain subatomic interactions involving the weak nuclear force violate the conservation of both parity and charge conjugation, but only very rarely. An example is the kaon decay. According to the CPT theorem, this means they should also be time irreversible, and so establish an arrow of time. Such processes should be responsible for matter creation in the early universe. − − 某些涉及弱核力的亚原子相互作用违反了宇称守恒和电荷共轭守恒，但这种情况很少发生。一个例子是K中介子衰变。根据 CPT 定理，它们也应该是时间不可逆的，由此建立了一个时间之箭。应该是这样的过程产生了早期宇宙中物质。 − − − − − − That the combination of parity and charge conjugation is broken so rarely means that this arrow only "barely" points in one direction, setting it apart from the other arrows whose direction is much more obvious. This arrow had not been linked to any large scale temporal behaviour until the work of [[Joan Vaccaro]], who showed that T violation could be responsible for conservation laws and dynamics.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Vaccaro|first=Joan|date=2016|title=Quantum asymmetry between time and space|journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society A|doi=10.1098/rspa.2015.0670|pmid=26997899|pmc=4786044|volume=472|issue=2185|pages=20150670|arxiv = 1502.04012 |bibcode = 2016RSPSA.47250670V }}</ref> − − That the combination of parity and charge conjugation is broken so rarely means that this arrow only "barely" points in one direction, setting it apart from the other arrows whose direction is much more obvious. This arrow had not been linked to any large scale temporal behaviour until the work of Joan Vaccaro, who showed that T violation could be responsible for conservation laws and dynamics. − − 奇偶性和电荷共轭的结合很少被破坏，这意味着这个箭头仅仅“勉强”指向一个方向，这正是它有别于其他方向更明显的箭头的地方。直到琼·瓦卡罗的研究成果发表后，这个箭头才被与任何大规模的时间行为联系起来，他的研究表明时间逆反可能是守恒定律和动力学的原因。 − − === Quantum arrow of time === − − === Quantum arrow of time === − − 量子时间之箭 − − {{unsolved|physics|What links the quantum arrow of time to the thermodynamic arrow?}} − − − − According to the [[Copenhagen interpretation]] of [[quantum mechanics]], quantum evolution is governed by the [[Schrödinger equation]], which is time-symmetric, and by [[wave function collapse]], which is time irreversible. As the mechanism of wave function collapse is [[Interpretations of quantum mechanics|philosophically obscure]], it is not completely clear how this arrow links to the others. Despite the post-measurement state being entirely stochastic in formulations of quantum mechanics, a link to the thermodynamic arrow has been proposed, noting that the second law of thermodynamics amounts to an observation that nature shows a bias for collapsing wave functions into higher entropy states versus lower ones, and the claim that this is merely due to more possible states being high entropy runs afoul of [[Loschmidt's paradox]]. According to one physical view of [[wave function collapse]], the theory of [[quantum decoherence]], the quantum arrow of time is a consequence of the [[Entropy (arrow of time)|thermodynamic arrow of time]].{{citation needed|date=August 2013}} − − According to the Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics, quantum evolution is governed by the Schrödinger equation, which is time-symmetric, and by wave function collapse, which is time irreversible. As the mechanism of wave function collapse is philosophically obscure, it is not completely clear how this arrow links to the others. Despite the post-measurement state being entirely stochastic in formulations of quantum mechanics, a link to the thermodynamic arrow has been proposed, noting that the second law of thermodynamics amounts to an observation that nature shows a bias for collapsing wave functions into higher entropy states versus lower ones, and the claim that this is merely due to more possible states being high entropy runs afoul of Loschmidt's paradox. According to one physical view of wave function collapse, the theory of quantum decoherence, the quantum arrow of time is a consequence of the thermodynamic arrow of time. − − − − − − [[Relational quantum mechanics]] proposes that there is no such thing as an absolute wave function collapse, and that what an observer sees as wave function collapse is in fact the observer becoming entangled with the measured state. The thermodynamic arrow is an increase in entanglement over time; in this way, relational quantum mechanics relates the quantum arrow to the thermodynamic arrow. − − Relational quantum mechanics proposes that there is no such thing as an absolute wave function collapse, and that what an observer sees as wave function collapse is in fact the observer becoming entangled with the measured state. The thermodynamic arrow is an increase in entanglement over time; in this way, relational quantum mechanics relates the quantum arrow to the thermodynamic arrow. + + + − + − In 2019, a team of Russian scientists reported the reversal of the quantum arrow of time on an [[IBM]] [[quantum computer]].<ref name="nature">{{cite journal |authors=G. B. Lesovik, I. A. Sadovskyy, M. V. Suslov, A. V. Lebedev, V. M. Vinokur | title=Arrow of time and its reversal on the IBM quantum computer|journal=Nature|volume=9 |doi=10.1038/s41598-019-40765-6| date=13 March 2019|arxiv=1712.10057}}</ref> By observing the state of the quantum computer made of two and later three [[Superconducting quantum computing#Qubit archetypes|superconducting qubits]], they found that in 85% of the cases, the two-qubit computer returned into the initial state.<ref name="phys">{{cite web | url =https://phys.org/news/2019-03-physicists-reverse-quantum.html |title=Physicists reverse time using quantum computer|publisher=[[Phys.org]]| date=13 March 2019| accessdate =13 March 2019}}</ref> The state's reversal was made by a special program, similarly to the random [[microwave background]] fluctuation in the case of the [[electron]].<ref name="phys" /> However, according to the estimations, throughout the [[age of the universe]] (13.7 billion years) such a reversal of the electron's state would only happen once, for 0.06 [[nanoseconds]].<ref name="phys" /> The scientists' experiment led to the possibility of a [[quantum algorithm]] that reverses a given [[quantum state]] through [[complex conjugation]].<ref name="nature" /> − − In 2019, a team of Russian scientists reported the reversal of the quantum arrow of time on an IBM quantum computer. By observing the state of the quantum computer made of two and later three superconducting qubits, they found that in 85% of the cases, the two-qubit computer returned into the initial state. The state's reversal was made by a special program, similarly to the random microwave background fluctuation in the case of the electron. However, according to the estimations, throughout the age of the universe (13.7 billion years) such a reversal of the electron's state would only happen once, for 0.06 nanoseconds. The scientists' experiment led to the possibility of a quantum algorithm that reverses a given quantum state through complex conjugation. − − 2019年，一组俄罗斯科学家报告了 IBM 量子计算机上量子时间之箭的反转。通过观察由两个或三个超导量子位组成的量子计算机的状态，他们发现在85% 的情况下，两个量子位的计算机返回到初始状态。这种状态的反转是通过一个特殊的程序实现的，类似于电子的随机微波背景起伏。然而，根据测算，在整个宇宙的年龄(137亿年) ，这种电子状态的逆转只会发生一次，持续0.06纳秒。科学家们的实验表明通过复杂共轭反转给定量子态的量子算法是可能的。 − − === Quantum source of time === − − === Quantum source of time === − − 时间的量子源 − − Physicists say that [[quantum uncertainty]] gives rise to [[quantum entanglement|entanglement]], the putative source of the arrow of time.{{citation needed|date=September 2018}} The idea that entanglement might explain the arrow of time was proposed by [[Seth Lloyd]] in the 1980s. Lloyd argues that quantum uncertainty, and the way it spreads as particles become increasingly entangled, could replace human uncertainty in the old classical proofs as the true source of the arrow of time. According to Lloyd, "The arrow of time is an arrow of increasing correlations."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wired.com/2014/04/quantum-theory-flow-time/|title=New Quantum Theory Could Explain the Flow of Time|first=Natalie|last=Wolchover|date=25 April 2014|via=www.wired.com}}</ref> − − Physicists say that quantum uncertainty gives rise to entanglement, the putative source of the arrow of time. The idea that entanglement might explain the arrow of time was proposed by Seth Lloyd in the 1980s. Lloyd argues that quantum uncertainty, and the way it spreads as particles become increasingly entangled, could replace human uncertainty in the old classical proofs as the true source of the arrow of time. According to Lloyd, "The arrow of time is an arrow of increasing correlations." − − 物理学家声称量子不确定性引起的纠缠是假定的时间之箭的来源。“纠缠”可能解释时间之箭的想法是由赛思·劳埃德在20世纪80年代提出的。劳埃德认为，量子不确定性，以及它随着粒子变得越来越纠缠而扩散的方式，可以取代古老的经典证明中人类的不确定性，并由此成为时间之箭的真正来源。按照劳埃德的说法，“时间之箭是一个增加相关性的箭头。” − − === Psychological/perceptual arrow of time === − − === Psychological/perceptual arrow of time === − − 心理 / 感知时间之箭 − − {{Main|Time perception}} − − − − − − − − A related mental arrow arises because one has the sense that one's perception is a continuous movement from the known (past) to the unknown (future). Anticipating the unknown forms the psychological future, which always seems to be something one is moving towards. However, like a projection in a mirror, it makes what is actually already a part of memory, such as desires, dreams, and hopes, seem ahead of the observer. − − A related mental arrow arises because one has the sense that one's perception is a continuous movement from the known (past) to the unknown (future). Anticipating the unknown forms the psychological future, which always seems to be something one is moving towards. However, like a projection in a mirror, it makes what is actually already a part of memory, such as desires, dreams, and hopes, seem ahead of the observer. + − + − − − The association of "behind ⇔ past" and "ahead ⇔ future" is itself culturally determined. For example, the [[Aymara language idiosyncrasies|Aymara language]] associates "ahead ⇔ past" and "behind ⇔ future".<ref>[http://www.albionmonitor.com/0606a/aymara.html ''For Andes tribe, it's back to the future''] — accessed 2006-09-26</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cogsci.ucsd.edu/~nunez/web/FINALpblshd.pdf|title=With the Future Behind Them: Convergent Evidence From Aymara Language and Gesture in the Crosslinguistic Comparison of Spatial Construals of Time|last=Núñez Rafael E.|first=Sweetser Eve|date=|website=Department of Cognitive Science, University of California at San Diego|url-status=live|archive-url=|archivedate=|accessdate=8 March 2020}}</ref> Similarly, the Chinese term for "the day after tomorrow" 後天 ("hòu tiān") literally means "after (or behind) day", whereas "the day before yesterday" 前天 ("qián tiān") is literally "preceding (or in front) day."<ref>[https://www.mdbg.net/chindict/chindict.php?page=worddict&wdrst=0&wdqb=day+before+yesterday mbdg.net Chinese-English Dictionary] — accessed 2017-01-11</ref> − − The association of "behind ⇔ past" and "ahead ⇔ future" is itself culturally determined. For example, the Aymara language associates "ahead ⇔ past" and "behind ⇔ future". Similarly, the Chinese term for "the day after tomorrow" 後天 ("hòu tiān") literally means "after (or behind) day", whereas "the day before yesterday" 前天 ("qián tiān") is literally "preceding (or in front) day." − − “未来⇔过去”和“过去⇔未来”的联系本身是由文化决定的。例如，艾马拉语将“未来⇔过去”和“过去⇔未来”联系起来。中国词语“后天”也与之类似，“后天”字面上意思是“某天之后”, 而“前天” 字面上意思是“某天之前”。 − − − − − − The words "yesterday" and "tomorrow" both translate to the same word in [[Hindi]]: कल ("kal"),<ref>{{cite book|last=Bahri|first=Hardev|title=Learners' Hindi-English Dictionary|year=1989|publisher=Rajpal & Sons|location=Delhi|isbn=978-81-7028-002-6|page=95}}</ref> meaning "[one] day remote from today."<ref>{{cite book|last=Alexiadou|first=Artemis|title=Adverb placement : a case study in antisymmetric syntax|year=1997|publisher=Benjamins|location=Amsterdam [u.a.]|isbn=978-90-272-2739-3|page=108}}</ref> The ambiguity is resolved by verb tense. परसों ("parsoⁿ") is used for both "day before yesterday" and "day after tomorrow", or "two days from today".<ref>[http://hindi-english.org/index.php?input=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%82&trans=Translate&direction=AU Hindi-English.org Hindi English Dictionary परसों] — accessed 2017-01-11</ref> नरसों ("narsoⁿ") is used for "three days from today."<ref>[http://shabdkosh.raftaar.in/Meaning-of-%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%82-in-English Shabdkosk.Raftaar.in Hindi English Dictionary नरसों] — accessed 2017-01-11</ref> − − The words "yesterday" and "tomorrow" both translate to the same word in Hindi: कल ("kal"), meaning "[one] day remote from today." The ambiguity is resolved by verb tense. परसों ("parsoⁿ") is used for both "day before yesterday" and "day after tomorrow", or "two days from today". नरसों ("narsoⁿ") is used for "three days from today." − − “昨天”和“明天”这两个词在印地语中翻译成同一个词:कल ("kal")，意思是“离今天还有一天”。歧义是通过动词时态来解决的。परसों ("parsoⁿ")既用于“前天” ，也用于“后天” ，或“从今天起两天”。 नरसों ("narsoⁿ")是“三天后”的意思 − − − − − − The other side of the psychological passage of time is in the realm of volition and action. We plan and often execute actions intended to affect the course of events in the future. From the [[Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam|Rubaiyat]]: − − The other side of the psychological passage of time is in the realm of volition and action. We plan and often execute actions intended to affect the course of events in the future. From the Rubaiyat: − − <blockquote> − − <blockquote> − − <blockquote> − − <poem> − − <poem> − − 诗 − − The Moving Finger writes; and, having writ, − − The Moving Finger writes; and, having writ, − − Moves on: nor all thy Piety nor Wit − − Moves on: nor all thy Piety nor Wit − − Shall lure it back to cancel half a Line, − − Shall lure it back to cancel half a Line, − − Nor all thy Tears wash out a Word of it. − − Nor all thy Tears wash out a Word of it. − </poem>+ − </poem>+ − − / 诗歌 − − — [[Omar Khayyám]] (translation by [[Edward FitzGerald (poet)|Edward Fitzgerald]]). − − — Omar Khayyám (translation by Edward Fitzgerald). − − — Omar Khayyám (翻译: 爱德华·菲茨杰拉德)。 − − </blockquote> − − </blockquote> − − </blockquote> − − − − == See also == − − 另请参见 − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − + − − == References == − − 参考资料 − + − − − − − − − − == Further reading == − − 延伸阅读 − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − + − − == External links == − − 外部链接 − − − − − − − − − − + 第467行：
第222行： + − {{Time Topics}}+ − + − − Agnes − CecileLi − − − − − − Category:Asymmetry − − 分类: 不对称 − − − − Category:Concepts in physics − − − − [[Category:Non-equilibrium thermodynamics]] − − Category:Non-equilibrium thermodynamics − − 类别: 非平衡态热力学 − − − − Category:Philosophical analogies − − 范畴: 哲学类比 − − − − Category:Philosophy of thermal and statistical physics − − 类别: 热力学和统计物理学哲学 − − − − Category:Philosophy of time − − 类别: 时间哲学 − − − − Category:Time in physics − − − − <noinclude> − − <small>This page was moved from [[wikipedia:en:Arrow of time]]. Its edit history can be viewed at [[时间之箭/edithistory]]</small></noinclude> − − [[Category:待整理页面]]
无编辑摘要
'''<font color="#ff8000"> 热力学时间箭头The thermodynamicarrow of time</font>'''和'''<font color="#ff8000"> 热力学第二定律the second law of thermodynamics</font>'''被视为宇宙早期初始条件下的结果。因此，最终它们是宇宙学的设置引发的。
'''<font color="#ff8000"> 热力学时间箭头The thermodynamicarrow of time</font>'''和'''<font color="#ff8000"> 热力学第二定律the second law of thermodynamics</font>'''被视为宇宙早期初始条件下的结果。因此，最终它们是宇宙学的设置引发的。
=== Radiative arrow of time ===
=== 辐射时间之箭 ===
=== Radiative arrow of time ===
虽然波动方程包含了会聚波和辐射波的解，但所有的波，从无线电波到声波，再到石头扔进池塘里产生的波，都是从源头向外扩展。这个方向在精心设计的产生收敛波的实验中被颠倒过来，<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www4.ncsu.edu/~fouque/fink.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051231022842/http://www4.ncsu.edu/~fouque/fink.pdf |archive-date=31 December 2005 |url-status=dead |title=Time-Reversed Acoustic |author=Mathias Fink |date=30 November 1999 |access-date=27 May 2016 |author-link=Mathias Fink }}</ref> 所以这个方向可能来自热力学方向，因为满足产生收敛波的条件比产生辐射波的条件需要更多的次序。换句话说，产生会聚波初始条件的概率远低于产生辐射波初始条件的概率。事实上，正常情况下，辐射波会增加熵，而会聚波会减少熵，<ref>{{cite book |author1=Nikolai Chernov |author2=Roberto Markarian |year=2006 |title=Chaotic Billiards |publisher=American Mathematical Soc. |page=207 |isbn=978-0-8218-4096-2}}</ref> 而后者与通常情况下的热力学第二定律相矛盾。
=== 因果时间箭头 ===
原因先于结果: 原因发生在它引起或影响的事件之前。例如，出生遵循一个成功的概念，反之则为谬误。因此，因果关系与时间之箭密切相关。
原因先于结果: 原因发生在它引起或影响的事件之前。例如，出生遵循一个成功的概念，反之则为谬误。因此，因果关系与时间之箭密切相关。
用因果关系作为时间箭头的认识论问题在于，正如大卫 · 休谟所坚持的那样，因果关系本身不能被感知; 人们只能感知事件的序列。此外，要对因果这两个术语的真正含义提供一个清晰的解释，或者定义它们所指的事件，是非常困难的。然而，我们可以明确分辨，装有水的杯子掉落是一个原因，而随后杯子粉碎和溢出水是影响。
用因果关系作为时间箭头的认识论问题在于，正如大卫 · 休谟所坚持的那样，因果关系本身不能被感知; 人们只能感知事件的序列。此外，要对因果这两个术语的真正含义提供一个清晰的解释，或者定义它们所指的事件，是非常困难的。然而，我们可以明确分辨，装有水的杯子掉落是一个原因，而随后杯子粉碎和溢出水是影响。
从物理学上讲，杯子掉落的例子中对因果关系的感知是一种热力学时间箭头的现象，是热力学第二定律的结果。<ref>''Physical Origins of Time Asymmetry'', chapter 6</ref>控制未来，或者引发某些事情，这会在行动者<ref>''Physical Origins of Time Asymmetry'', pp. 109–111.</ref>和结果之间建立相关性，而这些相关性只能在我们向前而不是向后推进时间的时候产生。
=== 粒子物理学(弱)时间之箭 ===
某些涉及弱核力的亚原子相互作用违反了宇称守恒和电荷共轭守恒，但这种情况很少发生。一个例子是K中介子衰变。<ref>{{cite web|url=https://physicsworld.com/p/|title=Home|website=Physics World}}</ref>根据 CPT 定理，它们也应该是时间不可逆的，由此建立了一个时间之箭。应该是这样的过程产生了早期宇宙中物质。
奇偶性和电荷共轭的结合很少被破坏，这意味着这个箭头仅仅“勉强”指向一个方向，这正是它有别于其他方向更明显的箭头的地方。直到琼·瓦卡罗的研究成果发表后，这个箭头才被与任何大规模的时间行为联系起来，他的研究表明时间逆反可能是守恒定律和动力学的原因。<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Vaccaro|first=Joan|date=2016|title=Quantum asymmetry between time and space|journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society A|doi=10.1098/rspa.2015.0670|pmid=26997899|pmc=4786044|volume=472|issue=2185|pages=20150670|arxiv = 1502.04012 |bibcode = 2016RSPSA.47250670V }}</ref>
=== 量子时间之箭 ===
=== Particle physics (weak) arrow of time ===
根据哥本哈根诠释的量子力学，量子进化是由时间对称的薛定谔方程和不可逆的波函数崩溃控制的。由于波函数崩塌的机制在哲学上是模糊的，所以我们并不完全清楚这个箭头是如何与其他箭头联系起来的。尽管由量子力学的公式计算得出的状态是完全随机的，但是科学家们已经指出了它与热力学箭头的联系并注意到热力学第二定律相当于一个观测工具，它自然表现出一种倾向，倾向于坍缩波函数到更高的熵状态而不是更低的熵状态，同时他们也声称这仅仅是由于更多的可能状态是高熵状态，但这与洛西米特可逆吊诡相冲突。根据波函数坍缩的一个物理观点---- 量子退相干理论，时间的量子箭头是热力学时间箭头的结果。
根据哥本哈根诠释的量子力学，量子进化是由时间对称的薛定谔方程和不可逆的波函数崩溃控制的。由于波函数崩塌的机制在哲学上是模糊的，所以我们并不完全清楚这个箭头是如何与其他箭头联系起来的。尽管由量子力学的公式计算得出的状态是完全随机的，但是科学家们已经指出了它与热力学箭头的联系并注意到热力学第二定律相当于一个观测工具，它自然表现出一种倾向，倾向于坍缩波函数到更高的熵状态而不是更低的熵状态，同时他们也声称这仅仅是由于更多的可能状态是高熵状态，但这与洛西米特可逆吊诡相冲突。根据波函数坍缩的一个物理观点---- 量子退相干理论，时间的量子箭头是热力学时间箭头的结果。
关系性量子力学提出，绝对波函数崩溃是不存在的，观察者所看到的波函数崩溃实际上是观察者与被测量的状态纠缠在一起。热力学箭头是纠缠随着时间的推移而增加; 通过这种方式，关系性量子力学将量子箭头与热力学箭头联系起来。
关系性量子力学提出，绝对波函数崩溃是不存在的，观察者所看到的波函数崩溃实际上是观察者与被测量的状态纠缠在一起。热力学箭头是纠缠随着时间的推移而增加; 通过这种方式，关系性量子力学将量子箭头与热力学箭头联系起来。
2019年，一组俄罗斯科学家报告了 IBM 量子计算机上量子时间之箭的反转。<ref name="nature">{{cite journal |authors=G. B. Lesovik, I. A. Sadovskyy, M. V. Suslov, A. V. Lebedev, V. M. Vinokur | title=Arrow of time and its reversal on the IBM quantum computer|journal=Nature|volume=9 |doi=10.1038/s41598-019-40765-6| date=13 March 2019|arxiv=1712.10057}}</ref>通过观察由两个或三个超导量子位组成的量子计算机的状态，他们发现在85% 的情况下，两个量子位的计算机返回到初始状态。<ref name="phys">{{cite web | url =https://phys.org/news/2019-03-physicists-reverse-quantum.html |title=Physicists reverse time using quantum computer|publisher=[[Phys.org]]| date=13 March 2019| accessdate =13 March 2019}}</ref>这种状态的反转是通过一个特殊的程序实现的，类似于电子的随机微波背景起伏。然而，根据测算，在整个宇宙的年龄(137亿年) ，这种电子状态的逆转只会发生一次，持续0.06纳秒。科学家们的实验表明通过复杂共轭反转给定量子态的量子算法是可能的。
=== 时间的量子源 ===
物理学家声称量子不确定性引起的纠缠是假定的时间之箭的来源。“纠缠”可能解释时间之箭的想法是由赛思·劳埃德在20世纪80年代提出的。劳埃德认为，量子不确定性，以及它随着粒子变得越来越纠缠而扩散的方式，可以取代古老的经典证明中人类的不确定性，并由此成为时间之箭的真正来源。按照劳埃德的说法，“时间之箭是一个增加相关性的箭头。”<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wired.com/2014/04/quantum-theory-flow-time/|title=New Quantum Theory Could Explain the Flow of Time|first=Natalie|last=Wolchover|date=25 April 2014|via=www.wired.com}}</ref>
=== 心理 / 感知时间之箭 ===
精神之箭的出现是因为一个人的感知是一个从已知(过去)到未知(未来)的连续运动。期待未知的形式是心理学的未来，这似乎总是一个人正在走向的东西。然而，就像镜子里的投影一样，它使实际上已经是记忆的一部分的东西，比如欲望、梦想和希望，看起来超越了观察者。
精神之箭的出现是因为一个人的感知是一个从已知(过去)到未知(未来)的连续运动。期待未知的形式是心理学的未来，这似乎总是一个人正在走向的东西。然而，就像镜子里的投影一样，它使实际上已经是记忆的一部分的东西，比如欲望、梦想和希望，看起来超越了观察者。
“未来⇔过去”和“过去⇔未来”的联系本身是由文化决定的。<ref>[http://www.albionmonitor.com/0606a/aymara.html ''For Andes tribe, it's back to the future''] — accessed 2006-09-26</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cogsci.ucsd.edu/~nunez/web/FINALpblshd.pdf|title=With the Future Behind Them: Convergent Evidence From Aymara Language and Gesture in the Crosslinguistic Comparison of Spatial Construals of Time|last=Núñez Rafael E.|first=Sweetser Eve|date=|website=Department of Cognitive Science, University of California at San Diego|url-status=live|archive-url=|archivedate=|accessdate=8 March 2020}}</ref>例如，艾马拉语将“未来⇔过去”和“过去⇔未来”联系起来。中国词语“后天”也与之类似，“后天”字面上意思是“某天之后”, 而“前天” 字面上意思是“某天之前”。<ref>[https://www.mdbg.net/chindict/chindict.php?page=worddict&wdrst=0&wdqb=day+before+yesterday mbdg.net Chinese-English Dictionary] — accessed 2017-01-11</ref>
“昨天”和“明天”这两个词在印地语中翻译成同一个词:कल ("kal")，<ref>{{cite book|last=Bahri|first=Hardev|title=Learners' Hindi-English Dictionary|year=1989|publisher=Rajpal & Sons|location=Delhi|isbn=978-81-7028-002-6|page=95}}</ref>意思是“离今天还有一天”。歧义是通过动词时态来解决的。परसों ("parsoⁿ")既用于“前天” ，<ref>{{cite book|last=Alexiadou|first=Artemis|title=Adverb placement : a case study in antisymmetric syntax|year=1997|publisher=Benjamins|location=Amsterdam [u.a.]|isbn=978-90-272-2739-3|page=108}}</ref>也用于“后天” ，或“从今天起两天”。<ref>[http://hindi-english.org/index.php?input=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%82&trans=Translate&direction=AU Hindi-English.org Hindi English Dictionary परसों] — accessed 2017-01-11</ref> नरसों ("narsoⁿ")是“三天后”的意思<ref>[http://shabdkosh.raftaar.in/Meaning-of-%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%82-in-English Shabdkosk.Raftaar.in Hindi English Dictionary नरसों] — accessed 2017-01-11</ref>
心理上的时间流逝的另一面是意志和行动。我们计划并经常执行旨在影响未来事件进程的行动。——鲁拜集团
心理上的时间流逝的另一面是意志和行动。我们计划并经常执行旨在影响未来事件进程的行动。——鲁拜集团
移动的手指写道,
移动的手指写道,
继续前行：不再有你全部的虔诚和智慧
继续前行：不再有你全部的虔诚和智慧
将引诱它回来取消半行,
将引诱它回来取消半行,
你的眼泪也不能洗去一句话。
你的眼泪也不能洗去一句话。
— 爱德华·菲茨杰拉德
== 另请参见 ==
== See also ==
* ''[[A Brief History of Time]]''
* ''[[A Brief History of Time]]''
* [[Anthropic bias]]
* [[Anthropic bias]]
* [[Ilya Prigogine]]
* [[Ilya Prigogine]]
* [[Loschmidt's paradox]]
* [[Loschmidt's paradox]]
* [[Maxwell's demon]]
* [[Maxwell's demon]]
* [[Royal Institution Christmas Lectures|Royal Institution Christmas Lectures 1999]]
* [[Royal Institution Christmas Lectures|Royal Institution Christmas Lectures 1999]]
* [[Samay chakra]]
* [[Samay chakra]]
* [[Time evolution]]
* [[Time evolution]]
* [[Time reversal signal processing]]
* [[Time reversal signal processing]]
* [[Wheeler–Feynman absorber theory]]
* [[Wheeler–Feynman absorber theory]]
== References ==
== 参考资料 ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}
== 延伸阅读 ==
== Further reading ==
* {{cite journal | last1 = Lebowitz | first1 = Joel L. | authorlink = Joel L. Lebowitz | year = 2008| title = Time's arrow and Boltzmann's entropy | journal = [[Scholarpedia]] | volume = 3 | issue = 4| page = 3448 | doi = 10.4249/scholarpedia.3448 |bibcode = 2008SchpJ...3.3448L | doi-access = free }}
* {{cite journal | last1 = Lebowitz | first1 = Joel L. | authorlink = Joel L. Lebowitz | year = 2008| title = Time's arrow and Boltzmann's entropy | journal = [[Scholarpedia]] | volume = 3 | issue = 4| page = 3448 | doi = 10.4249/scholarpedia.3448 |bibcode = 2008SchpJ...3.3448L | doi-access = free }}
* {{cite book | first = Ludwig | last = Boltzmann | authorlink = Ludwig Boltzmann | title = Lectures On Gas Theory | publisher = University Of California Press | year = 1964}} Translated from the original German by Stephen G. Brush. Originally published 1896/1898.
* {{cite book | first = Ludwig | last = Boltzmann | authorlink = Ludwig Boltzmann | title = Lectures On Gas Theory | publisher = University Of California Press | year = 1964}} Translated from the original German by Stephen G. Brush. Originally published 1896/1898.
* {{cite book | first = Sean | last = Carroll | authorlink = Sean M. Carroll | title = [[From Eternity to Here: The Quest for the Ultimate Theory of Time]] | publisher = Dutton | year = 2010}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20170516034619/http://eternitytohere.com/ Website]
* {{cite book | first = Sean | last = Carroll | authorlink = Sean M. Carroll | title = [[From Eternity to Here: The Quest for the Ultimate Theory of Time]] | publisher = Dutton | year = 2010}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20170516034619/http://eternitytohere.com/ Website]
* {{citation |year=1990 |last=Coveney |first=Peter |authorlink=Peter Coveney |last2=Highfield |first2=Roger |title=The Arrow of Time: A voyage through science to solve time's greatest mystery |place=London |publisher=W. H. Allen |isbn=978-1-85227-197-8 }}
* {{citation |year=1990 |last=Coveney |first=Peter |authorlink=Peter Coveney |last2=Highfield |first2=Roger |title=The Arrow of Time: A voyage through science to solve time's greatest mystery |place=London |publisher=W. H. Allen |isbn=978-1-85227-197-8 }}
* {{cite book | first = Richard | last = Feynman | authorlink = Richard Feynman | title = The Character of Physical Law | publisher = BBC Publications | year = 1965| title-link = The Character of Physical Law }} Chapter 5.
* {{cite book | first = Richard | last = Feynman | authorlink = Richard Feynman | title = The Character of Physical Law | publisher = BBC Publications | year = 1965| title-link = The Character of Physical Law }} Chapter 5.
* {{cite book | first = J. J. | last = Halliwell | title = Physical Origins of Time Asymmetry| publisher = Cambridge | year = 1994| isbn = 978-0-521-56837-1|display-authors=etal}} (technical).
* {{cite book | first = J. J. | last = Halliwell | title = Physical Origins of Time Asymmetry| publisher = Cambridge | year = 1994| isbn = 978-0-521-56837-1|display-authors=etal}} (technical).
* Mersini-Houghton, L., Vaas, R. (eds.) (2012) {{cite book | title = The Arrows of Time. A Debate in Cosmology | publisher = Springer| isbn = 978-3-642-23258-9| date = 2012-06-22}} (partly technical).
* Mersini-Houghton, L., Vaas, R. (eds.) (2012) {{cite book | title = The Arrows of Time. A Debate in Cosmology | publisher = Springer| isbn = 978-3-642-23258-9| date = 2012-06-22}} (partly technical).
* {{cite book | first = R | last = Peierls | title = Surprises in Theoretical Physics | publisher = Princeton | year = 1979}} Section 3.8.
* {{cite book | first = R | last = Peierls | title = Surprises in Theoretical Physics | publisher = Princeton | year = 1979}} Section 3.8.
* {{cite book | first = Roger | last = Penrose | authorlink = Roger Penrose | title = The Emperor's New Mind | url = https://archive.org/details/emperorsnewmind00penr | url-access = registration | publisher = Oxford University Press | year = 1989 | isbn = 978-0-19-851973-7}} Chapter 7.
* {{cite book | first = Roger | last = Penrose | authorlink = Roger Penrose | title = The Emperor's New Mind | url = https://archive.org/details/emperorsnewmind00penr | url-access = registration | publisher = Oxford University Press | year = 1989 | isbn = 978-0-19-851973-7}} Chapter 7.
* {{cite book | first = Roger | last = Penrose | authorlink = Roger Penrose | title = The Road to Reality | publisher = Jonathan Cape | year = 2004 | isbn = 978-0-224-04447-9}} Chapter 27.
* {{cite book | first = Roger | last = Penrose | authorlink = Roger Penrose | title = The Road to Reality | publisher = Jonathan Cape | year = 2004 | isbn = 978-0-224-04447-9}} Chapter 27.
* {{cite book | first = Huw | last = Price | title = Time's Arrow and Archimedes' Point | year = 1996 | isbn = 978-0-19-510095-2}} [http://www.usyd.edu.au/time/price/TAAP.html Website]
* {{cite book | first = Huw | last = Price | title = Time's Arrow and Archimedes' Point | year = 1996 | isbn = 978-0-19-510095-2}} [http://www.usyd.edu.au/time/price/TAAP.html Website]
* {{cite book | first = H. D | last = Zeh | title = The Physical Basis of The Direction of Time | year = 2010 | isbn = 978-3-540-42081-1}} [http://www.time-direction.de/ Official website for the book]
* {{cite book | first = H. D | last = Zeh | title = The Physical Basis of The Direction of Time | year = 2010 | isbn = 978-3-540-42081-1}} [http://www.time-direction.de/ Official website for the book]
* {{cite web | title = BaBar Experiment Confirms Time Asymmetry | url = http://www6.slac.stanford.edu/news/2012-11-19-babar-trv.aspx }}
* {{cite web | title = BaBar Experiment Confirms Time Asymmetry | url = http://www6.slac.stanford.edu/news/2012-11-19-babar-trv.aspx }}
== External links ==
== 外部链接 ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081205025737/http://www.datasync.com/~rsf1/rtzein.htm The Ritz-Einstein Agreement to Disagree], a review of historical perspectives of the subject, prior to the evolvement of [[quantum field theory]].
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081205025737/http://www.datasync.com/~rsf1/rtzein.htm The Ritz-Einstein Agreement to Disagree], a review of historical perspectives of the subject, prior to the evolvement of [[quantum field theory]].
* [http://www.usyd.edu.au/time/price/preprints/Price2.pdf The Thermodynamic Arrow: Puzzles and Pseudo-Puzzles] Huw Price on Time's Arrow
* [http://www.usyd.edu.au/time/price/preprints/Price2.pdf The Thermodynamic Arrow: Puzzles and Pseudo-Puzzles] Huw Price on Time's Arrow
* [https://archive.is/20121216121427/http://www.scientificblogging.com/hammock_physicist/fibonacci_chaos_and_times_arrow Arrow of time in a discrete toy model]
* [https://archive.is/20121216121427/http://www.scientificblogging.com/hammock_physicist/fibonacci_chaos_and_times_arrow Arrow of time in a discrete toy model]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080123072626/http://www.ipod.org.uk/reality/reality_arrow_of_time.asp The Arrow of Time]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080123072626/http://www.ipod.org.uk/reality/reality_arrow_of_time.asp The Arrow of Time]
* [http://www.bbc.com/earth/story/20150309-why-does-time-only-run-forwards Why Does Time Run Only Forwards], by [[Adam Becker]], bbc.com.
* [http://www.bbc.com/earth/story/20150309-why-does-time-only-run-forwards Why Does Time Run Only Forwards], by [[Adam Becker]], bbc.com.
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==编辑推荐==
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[[分类: 不对称]] [[分类: 物理概念]] [[分类: 非平衡态热力学]] [[分类: 哲学类比]] [[分类: 热力学和统计物理学哲学]] [[分类: 时间哲学]] [[分类: 物理时间]]
[[Category:Asymmetry]]
[[Category:Concepts in physics]]
分类: 物理概念
[[Category:Philosophical analogies]]
[[Category:Philosophy of thermal and statistical physics]]
[[Category:Philosophy of time]]
[[Category:Time in physics]]
分类: 物理时间