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===人工智能===

===人工智能===

Some of Simon's economic research was directed toward understanding technological change in general and the information processing revolution in particular.

西蒙是人工智能领域的先驱，他与艾伦·纽厄尔合作开发了'''逻辑理论机器(Logic Theory Machine)(1956)'''和'''通用问题求解器(General Problem Solver)'''(1957)程序。通用问题求解器可能是第一种将问题解决策略与特定问题的信息分离开来的方法。这两个程序都是使用由纽厄尔，克里夫肖和西蒙发明的'''信息处理语言(Information Processing Language)'''(1956年)来开发的。1957年，西蒙预测计算机国际象棋将在“十年内”超过人类的国际象棋能力，而实际上，这种转变需要大约四十年。<ref>[http://www.ddj.com/hpc-high-performance-computing/184405171 Computer Chess: The Drosophila of AI] October 30, 2002</ref>

Simon was a pioneer in the field of [[artificial intelligence]], creating with [[Allen Newell]] the [[Logic Theorist|Logic Theory Machine]] (1956) and the [[General Problem Solver]] (GPS) (1957) programs. GPS may possibly be the first method developed for separating problem solving strategy from information about particular problems. Both programs were developed using the [[Information Processing Language]] (IPL) (1956) developed by Newell, [[Cliff Shaw]], and Simon. [[Donald Knuth]] mentions the development of list processing in IPL, with the [[linked list]] originally called "NSS memory" for its inventors.<ref>Volume 1 of ''[[The Art of Computer Programming]]''</ref> In 1957, Simon predicted that [[computer chess]] would surpass human chess abilities within "ten years" when, in reality, that transition took about forty years.<ref>[http://www.ddj.com/hpc-high-performance-computing/184405171 Computer Chess: The Drosophila of AI] October 30, 2002</ref>

20世纪60年代早期，心理学家乌尔里克·内瑟断言，虽然机器能够复制“冷认知”行为，如推理、计划、感知和决策，但它们永远不能复制“热认知”行为，如疼痛、快乐、欲望和其他情绪<ref>Herbert A. Simon, [http://digitalcollections.library.cmu.edu/awweb/awarchive?type=file&item=346072 ''A Theory of Emotional Behavior'']. Carnegie Mellon University Complex Information Processing (CIP) Working Paper #55, June 1, 1963.</ref>。西蒙在1963年写了一篇关于情感认知的论文，回应了内瑟的观点。他在1967年对论文进行了更新，并发表在《心理学评论》上<ref>Herbert A. Simon, [http://digitalcollections.library.cmu.edu/awweb/awarchive?type=file&item=34512 "Motivational and Emotional Controls of Cognition"]. ''Psychological Review'', 1967, Vol. 74, No. 1, 29-39.</ref> 。几年来，西蒙在情绪认知方面的工作在很大程度上被人工智能研究界所忽视，但是斯洛曼和皮卡德后来在情绪方面的工作帮助人们重新关注西蒙的论文，并最终使其对这一主题产生了很大影响。[需要引证]

西蒙与与艾伦·纽厄尔一起合作提出了一个理论，使用产成式规则模拟人类解决问题的行为<ref>Allen Newell and Herbert A. Simon, ''Human Problem Solving'', 1972</ref> 。研究人类如何解决问题需要一种新的测量方法，西蒙和安德斯·埃里克森一起开发了口头协议分析（Verbal Protocol Analysis）的实验方法。<ref>K. A. Ericsson and H. A. Simon, ''Protocol Analysis: Verbal Reports as Data'', 1993</ref>西蒙对知识在专业技能中的作用很感兴趣。他认为，要成为一个领域的专家需要大约十年的经验。他和同事估计，专业知识是学习大约50,000块（Chunk）信息的结果。据说，一位国际象棋专家已经掌握了大约50,000个棋子或棋位模式<ref>Chase and Simon. "Perception in Chess". ''[[Cognitive Psychology]]'' Volume 4, 1973</ref>。

 

With [[Allen Newell]], Simon developed a [[theory]] for the [[simulation]] of human [[problem solving]] behavior using production rules.<ref>Allen Newell and Herbert A. Simon, ''Human Problem Solving'', 1972</ref> The study of human [[problem solving]] required new kinds of human measurements and, with [[Anders Ericsson]], Simon developed the experimental technique of verbal protocol analysis.<ref>K. A. Ericsson and H. A. Simon, ''Protocol Analysis: Verbal Reports as Data'', 1993</ref> Simon was interested in the role of knowledge in expertise. He said that to become an expert on a topic required about ten years of experience and he and colleagues estimated that expertise was the result of learning roughly 50,000 [[chunking (psychology)|chunks]] of information. A [[chess]] [[expert]] was said to have learned about 50,000 chunks or chess position patterns.<ref>Chase and Simon. "Perception in Chess". ''[[Cognitive Psychology]]'' Volume 4, 1973</ref>

===心理学===

===心理学===