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第1行： − 此词条暂由彩云小译翻译，翻译字数共210，未经人工整理和审校，带来阅读不便，请见谅。+ − {{short description|Act of remaining true to one's life partner}}+ − [[File:E-codices sbs-0008 007v Hosea mit erhobener Hand.TIF|thumb|[[Hosea]] with his arm raised. Klosterneuburger Evangelienwerk, fol. 7v. Circa 1340]]+ − [[Hosea with his arm raised. Klosterneuburger Evangelienwerk, fol. 7v. Circa 1340]]+ − 何西阿举起手来。克劳斯特 · 纽伯格的《福音传道书》。7v.大约1340]]+ − '''Faithfulness''' is the concept of unfailingly remaining [[loyalty|loyal]] to someone or something, and putting that loyalty into consistent practice regardless of extenuating circumstances. It may be exhibited by a [[husband]] or [[wife]] who, in a sexually exclusive marriage, does not engage in [[adultery|sexual relationships outside of the marriage]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/faithful |title=Faithful Meaning in the Cambridge English Dictionary |publisher=[[Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary]] |access-date=October 15, 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> It can also mean keeping one's promises no matter the prevailing circumstances, such as God's covenant to love his people.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/faithful |title=Definition of faithful |publisher=[[Merriam Webster]] |access-date=June 7, 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> Literally, it is the state of being full of [[faith]] in the sense of steady devotion to a person, thing or concept.+ − Faithfulness is the concept of unfailingly remaining loyal to someone or something, and putting that loyalty into consistent practice regardless of extenuating circumstances. It may be exhibited by a husband or wife who, in a sexually exclusive marriage, does not engage in sexual relationships outside of the marriage. It can also mean keeping one's promises no matter the prevailing circumstances, such as God's covenant to love his people. Literally, it is the state of being full of faith in the sense of steady devotion to a person, thing or concept.+ − 忠诚的概念是永远忠于某人或某事，并将忠诚付诸实践，无论情况如何。在性排他性婚姻中，不发生婚外性关系的丈夫或妻子可以表现出这一点。它也可以意味着无论在什么情况下都要遵守自己的诺言，比如上帝与子民所立的爱的约。从字面上来说，它是一种对一个人、一件事或一个概念持续不断地投入感情的充满信心的状态。+ + + − + − Its [[etymology]] is distantly related to that of [[fidelity]]; indeed, in modern electronic devices, a machine with high "fidelity" is considered "faithful" to its source material.{{citation needed|date=September 2018}} Similarly, a spouse who, inside a sexually exclusive relationship, has sexual relations outside of marriage could be considered as being "unfaithful" as having committed "infidelity".<ref>David M Newman, Elizabeth Grauerholz, ''Sociology of Families'', Pine Forge Press, USA, 2002, p. 267</ref>+ − − Its etymology is distantly related to that of fidelity; indeed, in modern electronic devices, a machine with high "fidelity" is considered "faithful" to its source material. Similarly, a spouse who, inside a sexually exclusive relationship, has sexual relations outside of marriage could be considered as being "unfaithful" as having committed "infidelity". − − 它的词源与“忠实”的词源关系甚远; 事实上，在现代电子设备中，一台具有高度“忠实”的机器被认为是对其原始材料的“忠实”。同样，在性排他性关系中发生婚外性关系的配偶可被视为”不忠”，即犯有”不忠”行为。 − − − − == Religions == − − Faithfulness in the marriage is a [[Theological virtues|virtue]] in [[Christianity]]. In [[Catholicism]], it is one of the four pillars of marriage.<ref>Catechism of the Catholic Church, [https://www.vatican.va/archive/ccc_css/archive/catechism/p2s2c3a7.htm The sacrament of Matrimony], Official Website, Vatican, Retrieved May 27, 2017</ref> In other Christian churches ([[Orthodoxy]], [[Protestantism]], [[Evangelicalism]]), it is an ethical invitation.<ref>Gerald R. McDermott, ''The Oxford Handbook of Evangelical Theology'', Oxford University Press, UK, 2013, p. 453</ref>{{definition|date=September 2018}} It is a commitment in [[Jewish]] marriage,<ref>Don S. Browning, M. Christian. Green, John Witte Jr., ''Sex, Marriage, and Family in World Religions'', Columbia University Press , USA, 2009, p. 2</ref> and an obligation of [[Islam]].<ref>Ina Taylor, ''Religion and Life with Christianity and Islam'', Heinemann, UK, 2005, p. 50</ref> − − Faithfulness in the marriage is a virtue in Christianity. In Catholicism, it is one of the four pillars of marriage. In other Christian churches (Orthodoxy, Protestantism, Evangelicalism), it is an ethical invitation. It is a commitment in Jewish marriage, and an obligation of Islam. − − 婚姻中的忠诚是基督教的美德。在天主教中，它是婚姻的四大支柱之一。在其他基督教教会(正教，新教，福音主义) ，这是一个道德邀请。这是犹太人婚姻的承诺，也是伊斯兰教的义务。 − − − − ==See also== − − *[[Marriage]] − − − − ==References== − − {{Reflist}} − − − − [[Category:Sociology of the family]] − − Category:Sociology of the family − − 类别: 家庭社会学 − − [[Category:Philosophy of love]] − − Category:Philosophy of love − − 类别: 爱的哲学 − − [[Category:Ethical principles]] − − Category:Ethical principles − − 类别: 道德原则 − − [[Category:Fruit of the Holy Spirit]] − − Category:Fruit of the Holy Spirit − − 类别: 圣灵之果 − − − − − − {{family-stub}} − − {{ethics-stub}} − − <noinclude> − − <small>This page was moved from [[wikipedia:en:Faithfulness]]. Its edit history can be viewed at [[忠实性假设/edithistory]]</small></noinclude> − − [[Category:待整理页面]]
无编辑摘要
==因果忠实性假设[1]==
===定义===
假设某个总体是忠实的，那就是假设其中发生的任何独立性都不是来自不可思议的巧合，而是来自结构。（总体：统计学概念，指包含所研究的全部个体（数据）的集合）
通过假定因果图满足因果马尔可夫性，我们假设此因果图产生的所有总体都具有通过对其应用d分离而获得的独立性关系。 但是，并不能因此而得出结论，这些总体恰好具有这些独立性关系并且没有其他独立性关系。
===示例===
[[文件:因果忠实性假设图例1.png|缩略图|图1：运动，吸烟和健康之间的关系]]
图1中描述了运动，吸烟和健康之间的关系，其中+和-分别表示正向和抑制性关系。
在这种结构可能产生的某些分布中，可能存在巧合，如果吸烟对健康有直接的负面影响，但是吸烟对运动有积极的影响（可能看起来很奇怪），而锻炼对健康有积极的影响，那么吸烟可以直接抑制健康并间接改善健康。
如果这两种效应恰好完全平衡并因此抵消，那么吸烟与健康之间可能根本就没有关联。
在这种情况下，我们说总体分布不忠实于产生它的因果图。
== Etymology ==
===参考文献===
[1] Scheines, R., 1997. An introduction to causal inference.