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→涌现的特性和过程
An emergent behavior or emergent property can appear when a number of simple entities (agents) operate in an environment, forming more complex behaviors as a collective. If emergence happens over disparate size scales, then the reason is usually a causal relation across different scales. In other words, there is often a form of top-down feedback in systems with emergent properties. The processes causing emergent properties may occur in either the observed or observing system, and are commonly identifiable by their patterns of accumulating change, generally called 'growth'. Emergent behaviours can occur because of intricate causal relations across different scales and feedback, known as interconnectivity. The emergent property itself may be either very predictable or unpredictable and unprecedented, and represent a new level of the system's evolution. The complex behaviour or properties are not a property of any single such entity, nor can they easily be predicted or deduced from behaviour in the lower-level entities, and might in fact be irreducible to such behavior. The shape and behaviour of a flock of birds or school of fish are good examples of emergent properties.
An emergent behavior or emergent property can appear when a number of simple entities (agents) operate in an environment, forming more complex behaviors as a collective. If emergence happens over disparate size scales, then the reason is usually a causal relation across different scales. In other words, there is often a form of top-down feedback in systems with emergent properties. The processes causing emergent properties may occur in either the observed or observing system, and are commonly identifiable by their patterns of accumulating change, generally called 'growth'. Emergent behaviours can occur because of intricate causal relations across different scales and feedback, known as interconnectivity. The emergent property itself may be either very predictable or unpredictable and unprecedented, and represent a new level of the system's evolution. The complex behaviour or properties are not a property of any single such entity, nor can they easily be predicted or deduced from behaviour in the lower-level entities, and might in fact be irreducible to such behavior. The shape and behaviour of a flock of birds or school of fish are good examples of emergent properties.
当一些简单的个体(主体)在一个环境中运动时，可能会出现涌现的行为或涌现特性，形成整体层面更复杂的行为。如果涌现发生在不同的尺度上，那么原因通常是不同尺度之间的因果关系。换句话说，涌现特性通常意味着在系统中存在一种自上而下的反馈形式。出现涌现特性的过程可能发生在观察系统之后或观察时，并且通常可以通过变化累积所形成的模式来识别，这个过程一般称为“增长”。涌现行为之所以会出现，是因为不同尺度之间存在复杂的因果关系和反馈，这种关系被称为互联性。涌现特性本身既不是完全可预测的，也不是完全不可预测和前所未有的，而是代表系统进化的新层次。复杂的行为或者特性不是任何单一类实体的特性，也不能轻易地从较低级别个体行为中预测或推断出来，事实上复杂行为不能简化为个体层面的行为。鸟群或鱼群的集体行为展现出的整体形状就可以看成是涌现特性的很好例子。
当一些简单的个体([[基于主体的模型_Agent-based_model|主体]])在一个环境中运动时，可能会出现涌现的行为或涌现特性，形成整体层面更复杂的行为。如果涌现发生在不同的尺度上，那么原因通常是不同尺度之间的因果关系。换句话说，涌现特性通常意味着在系统中存在一种自上而下的反馈形式。出现涌现特性的过程可能发生在观察系统之后或观察时，并且通常可以通过变化累积所形成的模式来识别，这个过程一般称为“增长”。涌现行为之所以会出现，是因为不同尺度之间存在复杂的因果关系和反馈，这种关系被称为'''互联性 Interconnectivity'''。涌现特性本身既不是完全可预测的，也不是完全不可预测和前所未有的，而是代表系统进化的新层次。复杂的行为或者特性不是任何一类实体的特性，也不能轻易地从较低级别个体行为中预测或推断出来，事实上复杂行为不能简化为个体层面的行为。鸟群或鱼群的集体行为展现出的整体形状就可以看成是涌现特性的很好例子。
One reason emergent behaviour is hard to predict is that the number of interactions between a system's components increases exponentially with the number of components, thus allowing for many new and subtle types of behaviour to emerge. Emergence is often a product of particular patterns of interaction. Negative feedback introduces constraints that serve to fix structures or behaviours. In contrast, positive feedback promotes change, allowing local variations to grow into global patterns. Another way in which interactions leads to emergent properties is dual-phase evolution. This occurs where interactions are applied intermittently, leading to two phases: one in which patterns form or grow, the other in which they are refined or removed.
One reason emergent behaviour is hard to predict is that the number of interactions between a system's components increases exponentially with the number of components, thus allowing for many new and subtle types of behaviour to emerge. Emergence is often a product of particular patterns of interaction. Negative feedback introduces constraints that serve to fix structures or behaviours. In contrast, positive feedback promotes change, allowing local variations to grow into global patterns. Another way in which interactions leads to emergent properties is dual-phase evolution. This occurs where interactions are applied intermittently, leading to two phases: one in which patterns form or grow, the other in which they are refined or removed.
涌现行为难以预测的一个原因是，系统个体之间相互作用的数量随个体的数量呈指数增长，从而允许许多新的微妙行为类型涌现出来。涌现通常是特定交互模式的产物。负反馈引入了有助于修复结构或行为的约束。相比之下，正反馈促进改变，允许局部变化发展成为全局模式。相互作用产生涌现特性的另一种方式是[[双相演化]]。这发生在相互作用是间歇地出现，导致两个阶段: 一个是模式的形成或增长，另一个是他们被提炼或移除。
涌现行为难以预测的一个原因是，系统个体之间相互作用的数量随个体的数量呈指数增长，从而允许许多新的微妙行为类型涌现出来。涌现通常是特定交互模式的产物。负反馈引入了有助于修复结构或行为的约束。相比之下，正反馈促进改变，允许局部变化发展成为全局模式。相互作用产生涌现特性的另一种方式是[[双相演化]],这发生在相互作用是间歇出现的时候，引发两个阶段: 一个是模式的形成或增长，另一个是他们被提炼或移除。
On the other hand, merely having a large number of interactions is not enough by itself to guarantee emergent behaviour; many of the interactions may be negligible or irrelevant, or may cancel each other out. In some cases, a large number of interactions can in fact hinder the emergence of interesting behaviour, by creating a lot of "noise" to drown out any emerging "signal"; the emergent behaviour may need to be temporarily isolated from other interactions before it reaches enough critical mass to self-support. Thus it is not just the sheer number of connections between components which encourages emergence; it is also how these connections are organised. A hierarchical organisation is one example that can generate emergent behaviour (a bureaucracy may behave in a way quite different from the individual departments of that bureaucracy); but emergent behaviour can also arise from more decentralized organisational structures, such as a marketplace. In some cases, the system has to reach a combined threshold of diversity, organisation, and connectivity before emergent behaviour appears.
On the other hand, merely having a large number of interactions is not enough by itself to guarantee emergent behaviour; many of the interactions may be negligible or irrelevant, or may cancel each other out. In some cases, a large number of interactions can in fact hinder the emergence of interesting behaviour, by creating a lot of "noise" to drown out any emerging "signal"; the emergent behaviour may need to be temporarily isolated from other interactions before it reaches enough critical mass to self-support. Thus it is not just the sheer number of connections between components which encourages emergence; it is also how these connections are organised. A hierarchical organisation is one example that can generate emergent behaviour (a bureaucracy may behave in a way quite different from the individual departments of that bureaucracy); but emergent behaviour can also arise from more decentralized organisational structures, such as a marketplace. In some cases, the system has to reach a combined threshold of diversity, organisation, and connectivity before emergent behaviour appears.
另一方面，个体之间仅仅有大量的相互作用本身并不足以保证出现涌现行为。许多相互作用可能是微不足道或无关紧要的，或者可能相互抵消。在某些情况下，大量的相互作用实际上可能阻碍有趣行为的涌现，因为它们制造了大量的”噪音”来干扰新涌现出现的”信号”。在达到临界点以能维持自身以前，这种涌现行为可能需要暂时与其他相互作用隔离。因此，促进涌现的不仅仅是个体之间连接的绝对数量，还有连接的方式。分层组织就是能够产生涌现行为的例子(政府机构的行为方式可能与政府机构的单个部门大不相同)。 但涌现行为也可能产生于更为分散的组织结构，如市场。在某些情况下，在涌现行为出现之前，系统必须达到多样性、组织性和连通性的组合阈值。
Unintended consequences and side effects are closely related to emergent properties. Luc Steels writes: "A component has a particular functionality but this is not recognizable as a subfunction of the global functionality. Instead a component implements a behaviour whose side effect contributes to the global functionality [...] Each behaviour has a side effect and the sum of the side effects gives the desired functionality". In other words, the global or macroscopic functionality of a system with "emergent functionality" is the sum of all "side effects", of all emergent properties and functionalities.
Unintended consequences and side effects are closely related to emergent properties. Luc Steels writes: "A component has a particular functionality but this is not recognizable as a subfunction of the global functionality. Instead a component implements a behaviour whose side effect contributes to the global functionality [...] Each behaviour has a side effect and the sum of the side effects gives the desired functionality". In other words, the global or macroscopic functionality of a system with "emergent functionality" is the sum of all "side effects", of all emergent properties and functionalities.
无意识的后果和副作用都与涌现特性密切相关。Luc Steels写道: “一个组件有一个特定的功能，但这不能识别为全局功能的子功能。相反，一个组件实现了一种行为，其副作用有助于实现全局功能[ ... ]每种行为都有副作用，副作用的总和就是整体的功能”。换句话说，具有“涌现功能”系统的全局或宏观功能是所有“副作用”的总和，即所有涌现特性和功能的总和。
Systems with emergent properties or emergent structures may appear to defy entropic principles and the second law of thermodynamics, because they form and increase order despite the lack of command and central control. This is possible because open systems can extract information and order out of the environment.
Systems with emergent properties or emergent structures may appear to defy entropic principles and the second law of thermodynamics, because they form and increase order despite the lack of command and central control. This is possible because open systems can extract information and order out of the environment.
具有涌现特性或涌现结构的系统可能看起来有悖熵原理和热力学第二定律，因为尽管缺乏中央的指挥和控制，但他们形成并增加秩序。然而实际上并没有违反，因为开放系统可以从环境中获取信息和秩序。
== 自然界中的涌现结构 ==
== 自然界中的涌现结构 ==