更改

* Folksonomies are multi-dimensional, in the sense that users can assign any number and combination of tags to express a concept

* Folksonomies are multi-dimensional, in the sense that users can assign any number and combination of tags to express a concept

= = = 分类的好处和坏处 = = = 分类是在传统的集中分类和根本没有分类之间的权衡，Gupta，m，等人，《社会网络数据分析》中的社会标签和应用概述。阿加瓦尔，编辑。2011，Springer.有几个优点: 昆塔雷利，e。民俗学: 人民的力量。2005. Mathes，a. ，folksonies-通过共享元数据进行合作分类和交流。2004. Wal，t.v.Folksonomy.2007  

大众分类是在传统的集中分类和根本没有分类之间的权衡，Gupta，m，等人，《社会网络数据分析中的社会标签和应用概述》 ，c.c。阿加瓦尔，编辑。2011，Springer.有几个优点: 昆塔雷利，e。民俗学: 人民的力量。2005. Mathes，a. ，folksonies-通过共享元数据进行合作分类和交流。2004. Wal，t.v.Folksonomy.2007  

* 标签很容易理解和使用，即使没有经过培训和以前的知识分类或索引  

* 标签很容易理解和使用，即使没有经过培训和以前的知识分类或索引  

* 大众分类法的词汇直接反映用户的词汇  

* 大众分类法的词汇直接反映用户的词汇  

A folksonomy emerges when users tag content or information, such as web pages, photos, videos, podcasts, tweets, scientific papers and others. Strohmaier et al.Strohmaier, M., C. Körner, and R. Kern, Understanding why users tag: A survey of tagging motivation literature and results from an empirical study. Web Semantics: Science, Services and Agents on the World Wide Web, 2012. 17: p. 1-11. elaborate the concept: the term "tagging" refers to a "voluntary activity of users who are annotating resources with term-so-called 'tags' – freely chosen from an unbounded and uncontrolled vocabulary". Others explain tags as an unstructured textual labelAmes, M.N.M., Why We Tag: Motivations for Annotation in Mobile and Online Media, in SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems. 2007, ACM Press: New York, NY, USA. p. 971-980. or keywords,Guy, M. and E. Tonkin, Folksonomies: Tidying up Tags? D-Lib Magazine, 2006. 12(Number 1): p. 1-15. and that they appear as a simple form of metadata.Brooks, C.H. and N. Montanez, Improved annotation of the blogosphere via autotagging and hierarchical clustering, in WWW '06: Proceedings of the 15th international conference on World Wide Web. 2006, ACM Press: New York, NY, USA. p. 625-632.

A folksonomy emerges when users tag content or information, such as web pages, photos, videos, podcasts, tweets, scientific papers and others. Strohmaier et al.Strohmaier, M., C. Körner, and R. Kern, Understanding why users tag: A survey of tagging motivation literature and results from an empirical study. Web Semantics: Science, Services and Agents on the World Wide Web, 2012. 17: p. 1-11. elaborate the concept: the term "tagging" refers to a "voluntary activity of users who are annotating resources with term-so-called 'tags' – freely chosen from an unbounded and uncontrolled vocabulary". Others explain tags as an unstructured textual labelAmes, M.N.M., Why We Tag: Motivations for Annotation in Mobile and Online Media, in SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems. 2007, ACM Press: New York, NY, USA. p. 971-980. or keywords,Guy, M. and E. Tonkin, Folksonomies: Tidying up Tags? D-Lib Magazine, 2006. 12(Number 1): p. 1-15. and that they appear as a simple form of metadata.Brooks, C.H. and N. Montanez, Improved annotation of the blogosphere via autotagging and hierarchical clustering, in WWW '06: Proceedings of the 15th international conference on World Wide Web. 2006, ACM Press: New York, NY, USA. p. 625-632.

当用户标记内容或信息时，比如网页、照片、视频、播客、 tweets、科学论文等等，大众分类法就会出现。等人。理解用户为什么要标记: 一项关于标记动机的文献调查和一项实证研究的结果。网络语义学: 万维网上的科学、服务和代理，2012。17: p. 1-11.详细说明这一概念:”标签”一词是指”用户自愿用所谓的‘标签’注释资源的活动——从无限制和不受控制的词汇中自由选择”。其他人将标签解释为一个非结构化的文本 labelAmes，m.n.m. ，Why We Tag: kineries for Annotation in Mobile and Online Media，in SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems。2007，ACM Press: New York，NY，USA.971-980. 或关键字，盖伊，m 和 e 东京，民俗学: 整理标签？D-Lib 杂志，2006。第12页(第1页) : 第1-15页。它们作为一种简单的元数据形式出现。和 n. Montanez---- 通过自动测量和层次聚类改进了博客世界的注释，在 WWW’06: Proceedings of the 15th international conference on World Wide Web。2006，ACM Press: New York，NY，USA.P. 625-632.

当用户标记内容或信息时，比如网页、照片、视频、播客、 tweets、科学论文等，就会形成一个大众分类法。等人。理解用户为什么要标记: 一项关于标记动机的文献调查和一项实证研究的结果。网络语义学: 万维网上的科学、服务和代理，2012。17: p. 1-11.详细说明这一概念:”标签”一词是指”用户自愿用所谓的‘标签’注释资源的活动——从无限制和不受控制的词汇中自由选择”。其他人将标签解释为一个非结构化的文本 labelAmes，m.n.m. ，Why We Tag: kineries for Annotation in Mobile and Online Media，in SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems。2007，ACM Press: New York，NY，USA.971-980. 或关键字，盖伊，m 和 e 东京，民俗学: 整理标签？D-Lib 杂志，2006。第12页(第1页) : 第1-15页。它们作为一种简单的元数据形式出现。和 n. Montanez---- 通过自动测量和层次聚类改进了博客世界的注释，在 WWW’06: Proceedings of the 15th international conference on World Wide Web。2006，ACM Press: New York，NY，USA.P. 625-632.

Folksonomies consist of three basic entities: users, tags, and resources. Users create tags to mark resources such as: web pages, photos, videos, and podcasts. These tags are used to manage, categorize and summarize online content. This collaborative tagging system also uses these tags as a way to index information, facilitate searches and navigate resources. Folksonomy also includes a set of URLs that are used to identify resources that have been referred to by users of different websites. These systems also include category schemes that have the ability to organize tags at different levels of granularity.<ref name="Berlin, B. 1992">Berlin, B. (1992). Ethnobiological Classification. Princeton: Princeton University Press.</ref>

Folksonomies consist of three basic entities: users, tags, and resources. Users create tags to mark resources such as: web pages, photos, videos, and podcasts. These tags are used to manage, categorize and summarize online content. This collaborative tagging system also uses these tags as a way to index information, facilitate searches and navigate resources. Folksonomy also includes a set of URLs that are used to identify resources that have been referred to by users of different websites. These systems also include category schemes that have the ability to organize tags at different levels of granularity.<ref name="Berlin, B. 1992">Berlin, B. (1992). Ethnobiological Classification. Princeton: Princeton University Press.</ref>

'Taxonomy' refers to a hierarchical categorization in which relatively well-defined classes are nested under broader categories. A folksonomy establishes categories (each tag is a category) without stipulating or necessarily deriving a hierarchical structure of parent-child relations among different tags. (Work has been done on techniques for deriving at least loose hierarchies from clusters of tags.)

'Taxonomy' refers to a hierarchical categorization in which relatively well-defined classes are nested under broader categories. A folksonomy establishes categories (each tag is a category) without stipulating or necessarily deriving a hierarchical structure of parent-child relations among different tags. (Work has been done on techniques for deriving at least loose hierarchies from clusters of tags.)

= = Folksonomy vs. Taxonomy = = ‘ Taxonomy’指的是一种层次分类，其中定义相对良好的类被嵌套在更广泛的类别中。大众分类法建立了类别(每个标记都是一个类别) ，但是没有规定或者必须在不同的标记之间得到父子关系的层次结构。(已经研究了从标记集群中至少衍生出松散层次结构的技术。)

“分类法”是指一种层次分类，其中定义相对良好的类被嵌套在更广泛的类别中。大众分类法建立了类别(每个标记都是一个类别) ，但是没有规定或者必须在不同的标记之间得到父子关系的层次结构。(已经研究了从标记集群中至少衍生出松散层次结构的技术。)

Supporters of folksonomies claim that they are often preferable to taxonomies because folksonomies democratize the way information is organized, they are more useful to users because they reflect current ways of thinking about domains, and they express more information about domains.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Weinberger|first1=David|title=Folksonomy as Symbol|url=http://www.hyperorg.com/blogger/?p=6254|website=Joho the Blog|access-date=7 August 2015}}</ref> Critics claim that folksonomies are messy and thus harder to use, and can reflect transient trends that may misrepresent what is known about a field.

Supporters of folksonomies claim that they are often preferable to taxonomies because folksonomies democratize the way information is organized, they are more useful to users because they reflect current ways of thinking about domains, and they express more information about domains.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Weinberger|first1=David|title=Folksonomy as Symbol|url=http://www.hyperorg.com/blogger/?p=6254|website=Joho the Blog|access-date=7 August 2015}}</ref> Critics claim that folksonomies are messy and thus harder to use, and can reflect transient trends that may misrepresent what is known about a field.

Social tagging for knowledge acquisition is the specific use of tagging for finding and re-finding specific content for an individual or group. Social tagging systems differ from traditional taxonomies in that they are community-based systems lacking the traditional hierarchy of taxonomies. Rather than a top-down approach, social tagging relies on users to create the folksonomy from the bottom up.Held, C., & Cress, U. (2009). Learning by Foraging: The impact of social tags on knowledge acquisition. In Learning in the synergy of multiple disciplines (pp. 254-266). Springer Berlin Heidelberg.

Social tagging for knowledge acquisition is the specific use of tagging for finding and re-finding specific content for an individual or group. Social tagging systems differ from traditional taxonomies in that they are community-based systems lacking the traditional hierarchy of taxonomies. Rather than a top-down approach, social tagging relies on users to create the folksonomy from the bottom up.Held, C., & Cress, U. (2009). Learning by Foraging: The impact of social tags on knowledge acquisition. In Learning in the synergy of multiple disciplines (pp. 254-266). Springer Berlin Heidelberg.

= = = 获取知识的社会标签 = = 获取知识的社会标签是为个人或群体寻找和重新寻找特定内容而使用的特定标签。社会标签系统不同于传统的分类系统，因为它们是基于社区的系统，缺乏传统的分类系统等级。社会标签不是自顶向下的方法，而是依靠用户自下而上地创建大众分类法。赫尔德，c. ，& 克莱斯，美国。(2009).在觅食中学习: 社会标签对知识获取的影响。在多学科协同学习中(pp。254-266).Springer Berlin Heidelberg.

知识获取的社会标签是为个人或群体寻找和重新寻找特定内容而使用的特定标签。社会标签系统不同于传统的分类系统，因为它们是基于社区的系统，缺乏传统的分类系统等级。社会标签不是自顶向下的方法，而是依靠用户自下而上地创建大众分类法。赫尔德，c. ，& 克莱斯，美国。(2009).在觅食中学习: 社会标签对知识获取的影响。在多学科协同学习中(pp。254-266).Springer Berlin Heidelberg.

Common uses of social tagging for knowledge acquisition include personal development for individual use and collaborative projects. Social tagging is used for knowledge acquisition in secondary, post-secondary, and graduate education as well as personal and business research. The benefits of finding/re-finding source information are applicable to a wide spectrum of users. Tagged resources are located through search queries rather than searching through a more traditional file folder system.<ref>Fu, W. (2008). The microstructures of social tagging: a rational model. In: Proceedings of the ACM 2008 Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work, pp. 229–238. ACM, New York.</ref> The social aspect of tagging also allows users to take advantage of metadata from thousands of other users.<ref name=":0" />

Common uses of social tagging for knowledge acquisition include personal development for individual use and collaborative projects. Social tagging is used for knowledge acquisition in secondary, post-secondary, and graduate education as well as personal and business research. The benefits of finding/re-finding source information are applicable to a wide spectrum of users. Tagged resources are located through search queries rather than searching through a more traditional file folder system.<ref>Fu, W. (2008). The microstructures of social tagging: a rational model. In: Proceedings of the ACM 2008 Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work, pp. 229–238. ACM, New York.</ref> The social aspect of tagging also allows users to take advantage of metadata from thousands of other users.<ref name=":0" />

*Tumblr tags

*Tumblr tags

 

* del.icio.us: 公共标签服务

* del.icio.us: public tagging service

* Diigo: 社会性书签网站  

* Diigo: 社会性书签网站  

* Flickr: 分享照片

* Flickr: shared photos

* Instagram: 在线照片分享和社交网络服务

* Instagram: online photo-sharing and social networking

* 许多图书馆的在线目录。新型合作编目。图书馆高科技，27(1) ，68-77 corey a. Harper 和 Barbara b. Tillett，国会图书馆控制的词汇及其在语义网上的应用  

* 许多图书馆的在线目录/目录 t。新型合作编目。图书馆高科技，27(1) ，68-77 corey a. Harper 和 Barbara b. Tillett，国会图书馆控制的词汇及其在语义网上的应用  

* Mendeley: 社会参考管理软件  

* Mendeley: 社会参考管理软件  

* Pinterest: 照片分享和出版网站  

* Pinterest: 照片分享和出版网站  

集体智慧企业书签刻面分类层次聚类语义标注语义相似度弱本体 Wiki

 

* Wiki

==References==

==References==

{{Reflist|30em|refs = Bateman, S., Brooks, C., McCalla, G., & Brusilovsky, P. (2007, May). Applying collaborative tagging to e-learning. In Proceedings of the 16th International World Wide Web Conference (WWW2007).

{{Reflist|30em|refs = Bateman, S., Brooks, C., McCalla, G., & Brusilovsky, P. (2007, May). Applying collaborative tagging to e-learning. In Proceedings of the 16th International World Wide Web Conference (WWW2007).

= = = {{通货膨胀 | 30em | refs = Bateman，s. ，Brooks，c. ，McCalla，g. ，& Brusilovsky，p. (2007，May)。将分众分类法应用于电子学习。第16届国际万维网会议论文集(WWW2007)。

{{通货再膨胀 | 30em | refs = Bateman，s. ，Brooks，c. ，McCalla，g. ，& Brusilovsky，p. (2007，May)。将分众分类法应用于电子学习。第16届国际万维网会议论文集(WWW2007)。

Civan, A., Jones, W., Klasnja, P., & Bruce, H. (2008). Better to organize personal information by folders or by tags?: The devil is in the details.Proceedings of the American Society for Information Science and Technology,45(1), 1-13.

Civan, A., Jones, W., Klasnja, P., & Bruce, H. (2008). Better to organize personal information by folders or by tags?: The devil is in the details.Proceedings of the American Society for Information Science and Technology,45(1), 1-13.

*Classroom Collaboration Using Social Bookmarking Service Diigo

*Classroom Collaboration Using Social Bookmarking Service Diigo

= = = “ Folksonomy”，《纽约时报》 ，2005-12-11  

 

* “ Folksonomy”，纽约时报，2005-12-11  

* “ Folksonomies Tap People Power”，Wired News，2005-02-01  

* “ Folksonomies Tap People Power”，Wired News，2005-02-01  

*  

*  

* Folksonomies 作为专业科学数据库的工具

* Vanderwal 对 Folksonomy 的定义

*  

*  

* Vanderwal 对大众分类法的定义

* 采用了维基百科对大众分类的定义

*  

*  

* 使用社会性书签服务 Diigo 进行协作

* 使用社会性书签服务 Diigo 进行课堂协作

{{Web syndication}}

{{Web syndication}}