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| ==实例== | | ==实例== |
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− | {{further|Patterns in nature}}
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− | {{进一步|自然界中的模式}}
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| 在生物、化学、物理和数学 <ref name=":2">Ball, 2009.</ref> 中都有斑图生成的实例,并且我们可以用'''计算机图形学 Computer Graphics''' 轻松地来模拟,下面依次进行介绍。 | | 在生物、化学、物理和数学 <ref name=":2">Ball, 2009.</ref> 中都有斑图生成的实例,并且我们可以用'''计算机图形学 Computer Graphics''' 轻松地来模拟,下面依次进行介绍。 |
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| ===生物学=== | | ===生物学=== |
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− | {{further|Evolutionary developmental biology|Morphogenetic field}}
| + | 动物标记、动物分节和叶序等生物学斑图是以不同的方式形成的。<ref>Ball, 2009. ''Shapes'', pp. 231–252.</ref> |
− | {{深入研究|进化发育生物学|形态发生学领域}}
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− | 动物标记、动物分节和叶序等生物学斑图是以不同的方式形成的。<ref name=":3"> | |
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| 在发育生物学中,斑图生成描述了胚胎组织发育中最初相同的细胞逐步呈现出复杂形态和功能的机制。<ref name=":4">Ball, 2009. Shapes, pp. 261–290.</ref> 以果蝇为例,'''胚胎发育 Embryogenesis''' 涉及到细胞命运的协调控制。<ref name="Lai">{{cite journal |author=Eric C. Lai |title=Notch signaling: control of cell communication and cell fate |doi=10.1242/dev.01074 |pmid=14973298 |volume=131 |issue=5 |date=March 2004 |pages=965–73 |journal=Development|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="Tyler">{{cite journal |title=Cellular pattern formation during retinal regeneration: A role for homotypic control of cell fate acquisition |authors=Melinda J. Tyler, David A. Cameron|journal=Vision Research |volume=47 |issue=4 |pages=501–511 |year=2007 |doi=10.1016/j.visres.2006.08.025 |pmid=17034830}}</ref><ref name="Meinhard">{{cite web|title=Biological pattern formation: How cell[s] talk with each other to achieve reproducible pattern formation |author=Hans Meinhard |agency= Max-Planck-Institut für Entwicklungsbiologie, Tübingen, Germany |url=http://www1.biologie.uni-hamburg.de/b-online/e28_1/pattern.htm |date=2001-10-26 }}</ref>斑图生成是由遗传基因所控制,通常涉及一个场中的每个细胞沿着形态发生素梯度感知和响应其位置,然后通过细胞信号通路进行短距离的细胞间通信以完善初始斑图。在此背景下,'''细胞场 A Field of Cells''' 是指通过响应同一组位置信息线索而影响其细胞命运的一组细胞。这个概念模型最早在20世纪60年代被描述为'''法旗模型 French Flag Model'''。<ref name=":5">{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/S0022-5193(69)80016-0 |author=Wolpert L |title=Positional information and the spatial pattern of cellular differentiation |journal=J. Theor. Biol. |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=1–47 |date=October 1969 |pmid=4390734 }}</ref><ref name=":6">{{cite book |author=Wolpert, Lewis |title=Principles of development |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford [Oxfordshire] |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-19-927536-6 |edition=3rd |display-authors=etal}}</ref>更一般来说,生物体的形态是由'''进化发育生物学 Evolutionary Developmental Biology'''的机制,如改变胚胎中特定发育事件的时间和位置所决定的。<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hall |first1=B. K. |title=Evo-Devo: evolutionary developmental mechanisms |journal=International Journal of Developmental Biology |date=2003 |volume=47 |issue=7–8 |pages=491–495 |pmid=14756324}}</ref> | | 在发育生物学中,斑图生成描述了胚胎组织发育中最初相同的细胞逐步呈现出复杂形态和功能的机制。<ref name=":4">Ball, 2009. Shapes, pp. 261–290.</ref> 以果蝇为例,'''胚胎发育 Embryogenesis''' 涉及到细胞命运的协调控制。<ref name="Lai">{{cite journal |author=Eric C. Lai |title=Notch signaling: control of cell communication and cell fate |doi=10.1242/dev.01074 |pmid=14973298 |volume=131 |issue=5 |date=March 2004 |pages=965–73 |journal=Development|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="Tyler">{{cite journal |title=Cellular pattern formation during retinal regeneration: A role for homotypic control of cell fate acquisition |authors=Melinda J. Tyler, David A. Cameron|journal=Vision Research |volume=47 |issue=4 |pages=501–511 |year=2007 |doi=10.1016/j.visres.2006.08.025 |pmid=17034830}}</ref><ref name="Meinhard">{{cite web|title=Biological pattern formation: How cell[s] talk with each other to achieve reproducible pattern formation |author=Hans Meinhard |agency= Max-Planck-Institut für Entwicklungsbiologie, Tübingen, Germany |url=http://www1.biologie.uni-hamburg.de/b-online/e28_1/pattern.htm |date=2001-10-26 }}</ref>斑图生成是由遗传基因所控制,通常涉及一个场中的每个细胞沿着形态发生素梯度感知和响应其位置,然后通过细胞信号通路进行短距离的细胞间通信以完善初始斑图。在此背景下,'''细胞场 A Field of Cells''' 是指通过响应同一组位置信息线索而影响其细胞命运的一组细胞。这个概念模型最早在20世纪60年代被描述为'''法旗模型 French Flag Model'''。<ref name=":5">{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/S0022-5193(69)80016-0 |author=Wolpert L |title=Positional information and the spatial pattern of cellular differentiation |journal=J. Theor. Biol. |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=1–47 |date=October 1969 |pmid=4390734 }}</ref><ref name=":6">{{cite book |author=Wolpert, Lewis |title=Principles of development |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford [Oxfordshire] |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-19-927536-6 |edition=3rd |display-authors=etal}}</ref>更一般来说,生物体的形态是由'''进化发育生物学 Evolutionary Developmental Biology'''的机制,如改变胚胎中特定发育事件的时间和位置所决定的。<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hall |first1=B. K. |title=Evo-Devo: evolutionary developmental mechanisms |journal=International Journal of Developmental Biology |date=2003 |volume=47 |issue=7–8 |pages=491–495 |pmid=14756324}}</ref> |
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− | 生物系统中可能存在的斑图生成机制包括:'''阿兰 · 图灵 Alan Turing''' 提出的经典'''反应—扩散 Reaction–Diffusion'''模型<ref name=":7">和最近发现的弹性不稳定机制,后者被认为是高等动物大脑皮层上褶皱模式等形成的原因。<ref name="Mercker">{{cite journal |last1=Mercker |first1=M |last2=Brinkmann |first2=F |last3=Marciniak-Czochra |first3=A |last4=Richter |first4=T |title=Beyond Turing: mechanochemical pattern formation in biological tissues. |journal=Biology Direct |date=4 May 2016 |volume=11 |pages=22 |doi=10.1186/s13062-016-0124-7 |pmid=27145826|pmc=4857296 }}</ref><ref name=":8">Tallinen et al. Nature Physics 12, 588–593 (2016) doi:10.1038/nphys3632</ref> | + | 生物系统中可能存在的斑图生成机制包括:'''阿兰 · 图灵 Alan Turing'''<ref>S. Kondo, T. Miura, "Reaction-Diffusion Model as a Framework for Understanding Biological Pattern Formation", Science 24 Sep 2010: Vol. 329, Issue 5999, pp. 1616-1620 DOI: 10.1126/science.1179047</ref>提出的经典'''反应—扩散 Reaction–Diffusion'''模型和最近发现的弹性不稳定机制,后者被认为是高等动物大脑皮层上褶皱模式等形成的原因。<ref name="Mercker">{{cite journal |last1=Mercker |first1=M |last2=Brinkmann |first2=F |last3=Marciniak-Czochra |first3=A |last4=Richter |first4=T |title=Beyond Turing: mechanochemical pattern formation in biological tissues. |journal=Biology Direct |date=4 May 2016 |volume=11 |pages=22 |doi=10.1186/s13062-016-0124-7 |pmid=27145826|pmc=4857296 }}</ref><ref>Tallinen et al. Nature Physics 12, 588–593 (2016) doi:10.1038/nphys3632</ref> |
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| ====菌落生长==== | | ====菌落生长==== |
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− | Bacterial colonies show a [[bacterial patterns|large variety of patterns]] formed during colony growth. The resulting shapes depend on the growth conditions. In particular, stresses (hardness of the culture medium, lack of nutrients, etc.) enhance the complexity of the resulting patterns. Other organisms such as [[slime mould]]s display remarkable patterns caused by the dynamics of chemical signaling. Cellular embodiment (elongation and adhesion) can also have an impact on the developing patterns.
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| 细菌菌落在生长过程中形成的斑图种类繁多,其形状取决于生长环境。特别是包括培养基环境的严酷程度、营养物质的缺乏等在内的各种外部压力,会增强了所产生斑图的复杂性。<ref name=":9">Ball, 2009. ''Branches'', pp. 52–59.</ref> 对于其他生物,如粘液霉菌,则显示出由化学信号动力学驱动的非同寻常的斑图。<ref name=":10">Ball, 2009. ''Shapes'', pp. 149–151.</ref>细胞体现(延伸和粘附)也会对发育模式产生影响。<ref name=":11">Duran-Nebreda, Salva; Pla, Jordi; Vidiella, Blai; Piñero, Jordi; Conde-Pueyo, Nuria; Solé, Ricard (2021-01-15). "Synthetic Lateral Inhibition in Periodic Pattern Forming Microbial Colonies". ''ACS Synthetic Biology''. '''10''' (2): 277–285. doi:10.1021/acssynbio.0c00318. ISSN 2161-5063.</ref> | | 细菌菌落在生长过程中形成的斑图种类繁多,其形状取决于生长环境。特别是包括培养基环境的严酷程度、营养物质的缺乏等在内的各种外部压力,会增强了所产生斑图的复杂性。<ref name=":9">Ball, 2009. ''Branches'', pp. 52–59.</ref> 对于其他生物,如粘液霉菌,则显示出由化学信号动力学驱动的非同寻常的斑图。<ref name=":10">Ball, 2009. ''Shapes'', pp. 149–151.</ref>细胞体现(延伸和粘附)也会对发育模式产生影响。<ref name=":11">Duran-Nebreda, Salva; Pla, Jordi; Vidiella, Blai; Piñero, Jordi; Conde-Pueyo, Nuria; Solé, Ricard (2021-01-15). "Synthetic Lateral Inhibition in Periodic Pattern Forming Microbial Colonies". ''ACS Synthetic Biology''. '''10''' (2): 277–285. doi:10.1021/acssynbio.0c00318. ISSN 2161-5063.</ref> |
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| ====植被斑图==== | | ====植被斑图==== |
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− | {{Main|patterned vegetation}}
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− | | + | [[文件:Tiger Bush Niger Corona 1965-12-31.jpg|缩略图|虎皮纹灌木是一种在干旱条件下形成的植被模式。]] |
− | [[文件:Tiger Bush Niger Corona 1965-12-31.jpg|缩略图|Tiger bush is a vegetation pattern that forms in arid conditions.虎皮纹灌木是一种在干旱条件下形成的植被模式。]] | |
| 虎皮纹灌木<ref name="TigerBush">{{cite book | title=Banded vegetation patterning in arid and semiarid environments | publisher=Springer-Verlag | author=Tongway, D.J., Valentin, C. & Seghieri, J. | year=2001 | location=New York|isbn=978-1461265597}}</ref> 和冷杉波纹<ref name="FirWave">{{cite web | url=http://tiee.esa.org/vol/v1/figure_sets/disturb/disturb_back4.html | title=Fir Waves: Regeneration in New England Conifer Forests | publisher=TIEE | date=22 February 2004 | accessdate=26 May 2012 | author=D'Avanzo, C.}}</ref>等植被斑图形成的原因不同。在尼日尔等干旱国家,植物生长受到降雨的限制,虎皮纹灌木由干旱斜坡上的带状灌木组成。每一条大致水平的植被带都可以从紧靠其上方的裸露地带吸收雨水。<ref name="TigerBush" /> 相比之下,在受到大风摧残后的植被再生过程中,山坡上的森林会出现冷杉波纹。当较外层树木倒下时,曾经受到它们庇护的内层树木会暴露在外,进而这部分植被更容易受到破坏。因此,树林空隙往往向背风面扩大。同时在迎风坡,幼树在生长过程中则受到存活下来的高大树木自然形成的风影区保护。<ref name="FirWave" /> 因此在平坦的地形中,植被除了条带状之外,还出现了其他的斑图形态—例如六边形缝隙斑图和六边形点状斑图。在这种情况下,植被斑图是在当地植被生长和朝向生长位置的水分输送之间的正反馈回路驱动下形成的。<ref name=":12">{{cite journal |author=Meron, E |title=Vegetation pattern formation: the mechanisms behind the forms |journal=Physics Today |volume=72 |issue=11 | pages=30-36 |year=2019 |doi=10.1063/PT.3.4340}}</ref><ref name=":13">{{cite journal |author=Meron, E |title=From Patterns to Function in Living Systems: Dryland Ecosystems as a Case Study|journal=Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics |volume=9 | pages=79-103 |year=2018 |doi=10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-033117-053959}}</ref>. | | 虎皮纹灌木<ref name="TigerBush">{{cite book | title=Banded vegetation patterning in arid and semiarid environments | publisher=Springer-Verlag | author=Tongway, D.J., Valentin, C. & Seghieri, J. | year=2001 | location=New York|isbn=978-1461265597}}</ref> 和冷杉波纹<ref name="FirWave">{{cite web | url=http://tiee.esa.org/vol/v1/figure_sets/disturb/disturb_back4.html | title=Fir Waves: Regeneration in New England Conifer Forests | publisher=TIEE | date=22 February 2004 | accessdate=26 May 2012 | author=D'Avanzo, C.}}</ref>等植被斑图形成的原因不同。在尼日尔等干旱国家,植物生长受到降雨的限制,虎皮纹灌木由干旱斜坡上的带状灌木组成。每一条大致水平的植被带都可以从紧靠其上方的裸露地带吸收雨水。<ref name="TigerBush" /> 相比之下,在受到大风摧残后的植被再生过程中,山坡上的森林会出现冷杉波纹。当较外层树木倒下时,曾经受到它们庇护的内层树木会暴露在外,进而这部分植被更容易受到破坏。因此,树林空隙往往向背风面扩大。同时在迎风坡,幼树在生长过程中则受到存活下来的高大树木自然形成的风影区保护。<ref name="FirWave" /> 因此在平坦的地形中,植被除了条带状之外,还出现了其他的斑图形态—例如六边形缝隙斑图和六边形点状斑图。在这种情况下,植被斑图是在当地植被生长和朝向生长位置的水分输送之间的正反馈回路驱动下形成的。<ref name=":12">{{cite journal |author=Meron, E |title=Vegetation pattern formation: the mechanisms behind the forms |journal=Physics Today |volume=72 |issue=11 | pages=30-36 |year=2019 |doi=10.1063/PT.3.4340}}</ref><ref name=":13">{{cite journal |author=Meron, E |title=From Patterns to Function in Living Systems: Dryland Ecosystems as a Case Study|journal=Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics |volume=9 | pages=79-103 |year=2018 |doi=10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-033117-053959}}</ref>. |
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− | ===Chemistry 化学=== | + | ===化学=== |
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− | {{expand section|date=March 2013}}
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| 在化学和化学工程领域,斑图生成的研究进展良好,其中包括温度和浓度斑图。<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Gupta|first=Ankur|last2=Chakraborty|first2=Saikat|date=January 2009|title=Linear stability analysis of high- and low-dimensional models for describing mixing-limited pattern formation in homogeneous autocatalytic reactors|journal=Chemical Engineering Journal|volume=145|issue=3|pages=399–411|doi=10.1016/j.cej.2008.08.025|issn=1385-8947}}</ref>由'''伊利亚·普利高津 Ilya Prigogine'''和其合作者开发的'''布鲁塞尔器 Brusselator'''模型就是一个展示出'''图灵不稳定性 Turing Instability'''的例子。<ref name=":14">Prigogine, I.; Nicolis, G. (1985), Hazewinkel, M.; Jurkovich, R.; Paelinck, J. H. P. (eds.), "Self-Organisation in Nonequilibrium Systems: Towards A Dynamics of Complexity", ''Bifurcation Analysis: Principles, Applications and Synthesis'', Springer Netherlands, pp. 3–12, doi:10.1007/978-94-009-6239-2_1, ISBN 9789400962392</ref>化学体系中的斑图生成通常涉及'''振荡化学动力学 Oscillatory Chemical Kinetics''' 或'''自催化反应 Autocatalytic Reactions''',<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Gupta|first=Ankur|last2=Chakraborty|first2=Saikat|date=2008-01-19|title=Dynamic Simulation of Mixing-Limited Pattern Formation in Homogeneous Autocatalytic Reactions|journal=Chemical Product and Process Modeling|volume=3|issue=2|doi=10.2202/1934-2659.1135|issn=1934-2659}}</ref>如'''别洛乌索夫-扎波茨基反应 Belousov–Zhabotinsky Reaction'''或'''Briggs–Rauscher Reaction 布里格斯-劳舍反应'''。在工业应用中,如化学反应堆,斑图生成可能导致温度热点,进而会降低产量或造成灾害性安全问题,如热失控。<ref name=":15">{{Cite journal|last=Marwaha|first=Bharat|last2=Sundarram|first2=Sandhya|last3=Luss|first3=Dan|date=September 2004|title=Dynamics of Transversal Hot Zones in Shallow Packed-Bed Reactors†|journal=The Journal of Physical Chemistry B|volume=108|issue=38|pages=14470–14476|doi=10.1021/jp049803p|issn=1520-6106}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> 斑图生成的出现可以用底层的反应—扩散系统的数学建模与模拟来研究。<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> | | 在化学和化学工程领域,斑图生成的研究进展良好,其中包括温度和浓度斑图。<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Gupta|first=Ankur|last2=Chakraborty|first2=Saikat|date=January 2009|title=Linear stability analysis of high- and low-dimensional models for describing mixing-limited pattern formation in homogeneous autocatalytic reactors|journal=Chemical Engineering Journal|volume=145|issue=3|pages=399–411|doi=10.1016/j.cej.2008.08.025|issn=1385-8947}}</ref>由'''伊利亚·普利高津 Ilya Prigogine'''和其合作者开发的'''布鲁塞尔器 Brusselator'''模型就是一个展示出'''图灵不稳定性 Turing Instability'''的例子。<ref name=":14">Prigogine, I.; Nicolis, G. (1985), Hazewinkel, M.; Jurkovich, R.; Paelinck, J. H. P. (eds.), "Self-Organisation in Nonequilibrium Systems: Towards A Dynamics of Complexity", ''Bifurcation Analysis: Principles, Applications and Synthesis'', Springer Netherlands, pp. 3–12, doi:10.1007/978-94-009-6239-2_1, ISBN 9789400962392</ref>化学体系中的斑图生成通常涉及'''振荡化学动力学 Oscillatory Chemical Kinetics''' 或'''自催化反应 Autocatalytic Reactions''',<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Gupta|first=Ankur|last2=Chakraborty|first2=Saikat|date=2008-01-19|title=Dynamic Simulation of Mixing-Limited Pattern Formation in Homogeneous Autocatalytic Reactions|journal=Chemical Product and Process Modeling|volume=3|issue=2|doi=10.2202/1934-2659.1135|issn=1934-2659}}</ref>如'''别洛乌索夫-扎波茨基反应 Belousov–Zhabotinsky Reaction'''或'''Briggs–Rauscher Reaction 布里格斯-劳舍反应'''。在工业应用中,如化学反应堆,斑图生成可能导致温度热点,进而会降低产量或造成灾害性安全问题,如热失控。<ref name=":15">{{Cite journal|last=Marwaha|first=Bharat|last2=Sundarram|first2=Sandhya|last3=Luss|first3=Dan|date=September 2004|title=Dynamics of Transversal Hot Zones in Shallow Packed-Bed Reactors†|journal=The Journal of Physical Chemistry B|volume=108|issue=38|pages=14470–14476|doi=10.1021/jp049803p|issn=1520-6106}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> 斑图生成的出现可以用底层的反应—扩散系统的数学建模与模拟来研究。<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> |
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| ===物理学=== | | ===物理学=== |
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| 20世纪80年代,'''卢贾托 Lugiato'''和'''勒弗 Lefever'''开发了一个光在光学谐振腔中传播的模型,该模型通过利用非线性效应形成斑图。 | | 20世纪80年代,'''卢贾托 Lugiato'''和'''勒弗 Lefever'''开发了一个光在光学谐振腔中传播的模型,该模型通过利用非线性效应形成斑图。 |
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| ===数学=== | | ===数学=== |
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| 对于三维尺寸相等的球体,最密的填充使用大约74%的体积。随机排列的等量球体的密度通常在64%左右。 | | 对于三维尺寸相等的球体,最密的填充使用大约74%的体积。随机排列的等量球体的密度通常在64%左右。 |
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− | {{further|Gradient pattern analysis}}
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− | {{进一步|梯度模式分析}}
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| ===计算机图形学=== | | ===计算机图形学=== |
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− | [[File:Homebrew reaction diffusion example 512iter.jpg|thumb|right|Pattern resembling a [[reaction–diffusion]] model, produced using sharpen and blur | + | [[File:Homebrew reaction diffusion example 512iter.jpg|thumb|right|利用图像锐化和虚化产生的斑图近似反应-扩散模型。]] |
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− | 利用图像锐化和虚化产生的斑图近似反应-扩散模型|链接=Special:FilePath/Homebrew_reaction_diffusion_example_512iter.jpg]] | |
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− | {{further|Cellular automaton}}
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− | {{进一步|细胞自动机}}
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| 一些类型的自动机已经用来生成类似有机外观的纹理,为三维物体提供更真实的阴影效果。<ref name=":16">Greg Turk, [http://www.cc.gatech.edu/~turk/reaction_diffusion/reaction_diffusion.html Reaction–Diffusion]</ref><ref name=":17">Andrew Witkin; Michael Kassy (1991). "Reaction–Diffusion Textures" (PDF). ''Proceedings of the 18th Annual Conference on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques'': 299–308. doi:10.1145/122718.122750. ISBN <bdi>0897914368</bdi>. S2CID 207162368.</ref> | | 一些类型的自动机已经用来生成类似有机外观的纹理,为三维物体提供更真实的阴影效果。<ref name=":16">Greg Turk, [http://www.cc.gatech.edu/~turk/reaction_diffusion/reaction_diffusion.html Reaction–Diffusion]</ref><ref name=":17">Andrew Witkin; Michael Kassy (1991). "Reaction–Diffusion Textures" (PDF). ''Proceedings of the 18th Annual Conference on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques'': 299–308. doi:10.1145/122718.122750. ISBN <bdi>0897914368</bdi>. S2CID 207162368.</ref> |
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| ==参考书目== | | ==参考书目== |
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− | * {{cite book|authorlink=Philip Ball|author=Ball, Philip|title=Nature's Patterns: a tapestry in three parts. 1:Shapes. 2:Flow. 3:Branches|publisher=Oxford|year=2009|isbn=978-0199604869}} | + | * {{cite book|author=Ball, Philip|title=Nature's Patterns: a tapestry in three parts. 1:Shapes. 2:Flow. 3:Branches|publisher=Oxford|year=2009|isbn=978-0199604869}} |
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| {{Patterns in nature}} | | {{Patterns in nature}} |
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− | {{Genarch}}
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− | {{DEFAULTSORT:Pattern Formation}}
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