“爱多士数”的版本间的差异

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[[文件:Erdos budapest fall 1992.jpg|缩略图|右|保罗·埃尔德什Paul Erdős摄于1992年]]
 
[[文件:Erdos budapest fall 1992.jpg|缩略图|右|保罗·埃尔德什Paul Erdős摄于1992年]]
  
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The '''Erdős number''' ({{IPA-hu|ˈɛrdøːʃ|lang}}) describes the "collaborative distance" between mathematician {{nobr|[[Paul Erdős]]}} and another person, as measured by authorship of [[List of important publications in mathematics|mathematical papers]]. The same principle has been applied in other fields where a particular individual has collaborated with a large and broad number of peers.
 
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The Erdős number () describes the "collaborative distance" between mathematician  and another person, as measured by authorship of mathematical papers. The same principle has been applied in other fields where a particular individual has collaborated with a large and broad number of peers.
 
  
 
'''<font color="#ff8000"> 埃尔德什数Erdős number</font>'''（匈牙利语：[ˈɛrdøːʃ]）根据数学论文的著作权来来对数学家保罗·埃尔德什与其他作者之间的“协作距离”进行描述。同样的原则也应用于很多当特定某个人与众多同行之间保持合作关系的其他领域。
 
'''<font color="#ff8000"> 埃尔德什数Erdős number</font>'''（匈牙利语：[ˈɛrdøːʃ]）根据数学论文的著作权来来对数学家保罗·埃尔德什与其他作者之间的“协作距离”进行描述。同样的原则也应用于很多当特定某个人与众多同行之间保持合作关系的其他领域。
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Paul Erdős (1913–1996) was an influential [[Hungarian people|Hungarian]] mathematician who in the latter part of his life spent a great deal of time writing papers with a large number of colleagues, working on solutions to outstanding mathematical problems. He published more papers during his lifetime (at least 1,525) than any other mathematician in history. ([[Leonhard Euler]] published more total pages of mathematics but fewer separate papers: about 800.) Erdős spent a large portion of his later life living out of a suitcase, visiting his over 500 collaborators around the world.
 
Paul Erdős (1913–1996) was an influential [[Hungarian people|Hungarian]] mathematician who in the latter part of his life spent a great deal of time writing papers with a large number of colleagues, working on solutions to outstanding mathematical problems. He published more papers during his lifetime (at least 1,525) than any other mathematician in history. ([[Leonhard Euler]] published more total pages of mathematics but fewer separate papers: about 800.) Erdős spent a large portion of his later life living out of a suitcase, visiting his over 500 collaborators around the world.
  
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Paul Erdős (1913–1996) was an influential Hungarian mathematician who in the latter part of his life spent a great deal of time writing papers with a large number of colleagues, working on solutions to outstanding mathematical problems. He published more papers during his lifetime (at least 1,525) than any other mathematician in history. Erdős spent a large portion of his later life living out of a suitcase, visiting his over 500 collaborators around the world.
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Paul Erdős (1913–1996) was an influential [[Hungarian people|Hungarian]] mathematician who in the latter part of his life spent a great deal of time writing papers with a large number of colleagues, working on solutions to outstanding mathematical problems.<ref name="newman2001">{{cite journal|last=Newman|first=Mark E. J.|author-link=Mark Newman|title=The structure of scientific collaboration networks|journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America]]| year=2001| doi=10.1073/pnas.021544898| volume=98|issue=2|pages=404–409|pmid=11149952|pmc=14598}}</ref> He published more papers during his lifetime (at least 1,525<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oakland.edu/enp/pubinfo/ |title=Publications of Paul Erdős | first=Jerry | last=Grossman |access-date=1 Feb 2011}}</ref>) than any other mathematician in history.<ref name="newman2001"/> ([[Leonhard Euler]] published more total pages of mathematics but fewer separate papers: about 800.)<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.math.dartmouth.edu/~euler/FAQ.html| work=The Euler Archive| title=Frequently Asked Questions| publisher=Dartmouth College}}</ref> Erdős spent a large portion of his later life living out of a suitcase, visiting his over 500 collaborators around the world.
  
 
保罗·埃尔德什Paul Erdős(1913年至1996年）是一位在业界产生有影响力的匈牙利数学家，其一生中大量的时间都在与很多同事合作撰写论文，致力于解决困扰已久的疑难数学问题。他一生中所发表的论文（至少1,525篇）比历史上其他任何数学家都多。莱昂哈德·欧拉Leonhard Euler发表过的数学论文页数更多，但单独的论文却较少（大约800篇）。而埃尔德什的大部分时间都在旅居中，其拜访过全球500多个合作者。
 
保罗·埃尔德什Paul Erdős(1913年至1996年）是一位在业界产生有影响力的匈牙利数学家，其一生中大量的时间都在与很多同事合作撰写论文，致力于解决困扰已久的疑难数学问题。他一生中所发表的论文（至少1,525篇）比历史上其他任何数学家都多。莱昂哈德·欧拉Leonhard Euler发表过的数学论文页数更多，但单独的论文却较少（大约800篇）。而埃尔德什的大部分时间都在旅居中，其拜访过全球500多个合作者。
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The idea of the Erdős number was originally created by the mathematician's friends as a tribute to his enormous output. Later it gained prominence as a tool to study how mathematicians cooperate to find answers to unsolved problems. Several projects are devoted to studying connectivity among researchers, using the Erdős number as a proxy. For example, Erdős [[collaboration graph]]s can tell us how authors cluster, how the number of co-authors per paper evolves over time, or how new theories propagate.
 
The idea of the Erdős number was originally created by the mathematician's friends as a tribute to his enormous output. Later it gained prominence as a tool to study how mathematicians cooperate to find answers to unsolved problems. Several projects are devoted to studying connectivity among researchers, using the Erdős number as a proxy. For example, Erdős [[collaboration graph]]s can tell us how authors cluster, how the number of co-authors per paper evolves over time, or how new theories propagate.
  
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The idea of the Erdős number was originally created by the mathematician's friends as a tribute to his enormous output. Later it gained prominence as a tool to study how mathematicians cooperate to find answers to unsolved problems. Several projects are devoted to studying connectivity among researchers, using the Erdős number as a proxy. For example, Erdős collaboration graphs can tell us how authors cluster, how the number of co-authors per paper evolves over time, or how new theories propagate.
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The idea of the Erdős number was originally created by the mathematician's friends as a tribute to his enormous output. Later it gained prominence as a tool to study how mathematicians cooperate to find answers to unsolved problems. Several projects are devoted to studying connectivity among researchers, using the Erdős number as a proxy.<ref name="Erdős Number Project">{{cite web|url=http://www.oakland.edu/enp|title=Erdös Number Project|publisher=Oakland University}}</ref> For example, Erdős [[collaboration graph]]s can tell us how authors cluster, how the number of co-authors per paper evolves over time, or how new theories propagate.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oakland.edu/enp/trivia/|title=Facts about Erdös Numbers and the Collaboration Graph|work=Erdös Number Project|publisher=Oakland University}}</ref>
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埃尔德什数的概念最初是由埃尔德什的朋友们提出来的，以赞扬保罗·埃尔德什的巨大成就。后来，它演变为研究数学家如何通过合作来解决问题的的工具而受到重视。有几个项目致力于使用埃尔德什数为代表方法来研究人员之间的连通性。例如，埃尔德什合作图可以告诉我们作者是如何聚集在一起的，每篇论文的共同作者数量随时间变化或新理论的产生如何传播的。
 
埃尔德什数的概念最初是由埃尔德什的朋友们提出来的，以赞扬保罗·埃尔德什的巨大成就。后来，它演变为研究数学家如何通过合作来解决问题的的工具而受到重视。有几个项目致力于使用埃尔德什数为代表方法来研究人员之间的连通性。例如，埃尔德什合作图可以告诉我们作者是如何聚集在一起的，每篇论文的共同作者数量随时间变化或新理论的产生如何传播的。
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Several studies have shown that leading mathematicians tend to have particularly low Erdős numbers. The median Erdős number of [[Fields Medalists]] is 3. Only 7,097 (about 5% of mathematicians with a collaboration path) have an Erdős number of 2 or lower. As time passes, the smallest Erdős number that can still be achieved will necessarily increase, as mathematicians with low Erdős numbers die and become unavailable for collaboration. Still, historical figures can have low Erdős numbers. For example, renowned Indian mathematician [[Srinivasa Ramanujan]] has an Erdős number of only 3 (through [[G. H. Hardy]], Erdős number 2), even though Paul Erdős was only 7 years old when Ramanujan died.  
 
Several studies have shown that leading mathematicians tend to have particularly low Erdős numbers. The median Erdős number of [[Fields Medalists]] is 3. Only 7,097 (about 5% of mathematicians with a collaboration path) have an Erdős number of 2 or lower. As time passes, the smallest Erdős number that can still be achieved will necessarily increase, as mathematicians with low Erdős numbers die and become unavailable for collaboration. Still, historical figures can have low Erdős numbers. For example, renowned Indian mathematician [[Srinivasa Ramanujan]] has an Erdős number of only 3 (through [[G. H. Hardy]], Erdős number 2), even though Paul Erdős was only 7 years old when Ramanujan died.  
  
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Several studies have shown that leading mathematicians tend to have particularly low Erdős numbers. The median Erdős number of Fields Medalists is 3. Only 7,097 (about 5% of mathematicians with a collaboration path) have an Erdős number of 2 or lower. As time passes, the smallest Erdős number that can still be achieved will necessarily increase, as mathematicians with low Erdős numbers die and become unavailable for collaboration. Still, historical figures can have low Erdős numbers. For example, renowned Indian mathematician Srinivasa Ramanujan has an Erdős number of only 3 (through G. H. Hardy, Erdős number 2), even though Paul Erdős was only 7 years old when Ramanujan died.
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Several studies have shown that leading mathematicians tend to have particularly low Erdős numbers.<ref name="trails">{{cite journal
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|last1      = De Castro
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|first1      = Rodrigo
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|last2      = Grossman
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|first2      = Jerrold W.
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|doi        = 10.1007/BF03025416
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|issue      = 3
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|journal    = [[The Mathematical Intelligencer]]
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|mr          = 1709679
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|pages      = 51–63
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|title      = Famous trails to Paul Erdős
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|url        = http://www.oakland.edu/upload/docs/Erdos%20Number%20Project/trails.pdf
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|volume      = 21
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|year        = 1999
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|s2cid = 120046886
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|url-status    = dead
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|archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20150924054224/http://www.oakland.edu/upload/docs/Erdos%20Number%20Project/trails.pdf
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|archive-date = 2015-09-24
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}} Original Spanish version in ''Rev. Acad. Colombiana Cienc. Exact. Fís. Natur.'' '''23''' (89) 563–582, 1999, {{MR|1744115}}.</ref> The median Erdős number of [[Fields Medalists]] is 3. Only 7,097 (about 5% of mathematicians with a collaboration path) have an Erdős number of 2 or lower.<ref name="paths"/> As time passes, the smallest Erdős number that can still be achieved will necessarily increase, as mathematicians with low Erdős numbers die and become unavailable for collaboration. Still, historical figures can have low Erdős numbers. For example, renowned Indian mathematician [[Srinivasa Ramanujan]] has an Erdős number of only 3 (through [[G. H. Hardy]], Erdős number 2), even though Paul Erdős was only 7 years old when Ramanujan died.<ref name=":0" />
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多项研究表明，领先的数学家往往具有极低的埃尔德什数。费尔兹奖得主Fields Medalists的埃尔德什中位数是3。只有7,097名（拥有合作经历的数学家中约5％）的埃尔德什数为2或更低。随着时间的流逝，低埃尔德什数的数学家因死亡而无法进行协作，所能达到的最小埃尔德什数必然会增加。历史人物仍可能一直具有较低的埃尔德什数。例如，印度著名数学家Srinivasa Ramanujan的埃尔德什数仅为3（通过与G. H. Hardy合作，其埃尔德什数为2），尽管Ramanujan去世时保罗·埃尔德什只有7岁。
 
多项研究表明，领先的数学家往往具有极低的埃尔德什数。费尔兹奖得主Fields Medalists的埃尔德什中位数是3。只有7,097名（拥有合作经历的数学家中约5％）的埃尔德什数为2或更低。随着时间的流逝，低埃尔德什数的数学家因死亡而无法进行协作，所能达到的最小埃尔德什数必然会增加。历史人物仍可能一直具有较低的埃尔德什数。例如，印度著名数学家Srinivasa Ramanujan的埃尔德什数仅为3（通过与G. H. Hardy合作，其埃尔德什数为2），尽管Ramanujan去世时保罗·埃尔德什只有7岁。
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To be assigned an Erdős number, someone must be a coauthor of a research paper with another person who has a finite Erdős number.  Paul Erdős has an Erdős number of zero. Anybody else's Erdős number is {{math|''k'' + 1}} where {{math|''k''}} is the lowest Erdős number of any coauthor.  The [[American Mathematical Society]] provides a free online tool to determine the Erdős number of every mathematical author listed in the ''[[Mathematical Reviews]]'' catalogue.
 
To be assigned an Erdős number, someone must be a coauthor of a research paper with another person who has a finite Erdős number.  Paul Erdős has an Erdős number of zero. Anybody else's Erdős number is {{math|''k'' + 1}} where {{math|''k''}} is the lowest Erdős number of any coauthor.  The [[American Mathematical Society]] provides a free online tool to determine the Erdős number of every mathematical author listed in the ''[[Mathematical Reviews]]'' catalogue.
  
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To be assigned an Erdős number, someone must be a coauthor of a research paper with another person who has a finite Erdős number.  Paul Erdős has an Erdős number of zero. Anybody else's Erdős number is where is the lowest Erdős number of any coauthor.  The American Mathematical Society provides a free online tool to determine the Erdős number of every mathematical author listed in the Mathematical Reviews catalogue.
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To be assigned an Erdős number, someone must be a coauthor of a research paper with another person who has a finite Erdős number.  Paul Erdős has an Erdős number of zero. Anybody else's Erdős number is {{math|''k'' + 1}} where {{math|''k''}} is the lowest Erdős number of any coauthor.  The [[American Mathematical Society]] provides a free online tool to determine the Erdős number of every mathematical author listed in the ''[[Mathematical Reviews]]'' catalogue.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=https://www.ams.org/mathscinet/collaborationDistance.html|title= Collaboration Distance|work=[[MathSciNet]]|publisher=American Mathematical Society}}</ref>
  
 
要分配一个埃尔德什数，某人必须与另一个具有有限埃尔德什数的人共同撰写研究论文。保罗·埃尔德什的埃尔德什数为零。其他人的埃尔德什数为''k+1''，其中''k''是任何合著者中最低的埃尔德什数。美国数学学会提供免费的在线工具来确定《数学评论》目录中列出的每个数学作者的埃尔德什数。
 
要分配一个埃尔德什数，某人必须与另一个具有有限埃尔德什数的人共同撰写研究论文。保罗·埃尔德什的埃尔德什数为零。其他人的埃尔德什数为''k+1''，其中''k''是任何合著者中最低的埃尔德什数。美国数学学会提供免费的在线工具来确定《数学评论》目录中列出的每个数学作者的埃尔德什数。
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Erdős wrote around 1,500 mathematical articles in his lifetime, mostly co-written. He had 511 direct collaborators; these are the people with Erdős number 1. The people who have collaborated with them (but not with Erdős himself) have an Erdős number of 2 (11,009 people as of 2015), those who have collaborated with people who have an Erdős number of 2 (but not with Erdős or anyone with an Erdős number of 1) have an Erdős number of 3, and so forth. A person with no such coauthorship chain connecting to Erdős has an Erdős number of [[infinity]] (or an [[defined and undefined|undefined]] one). Since the death of Paul Erdős, the lowest Erdős number that a new researcher can obtain is 2.
 
Erdős wrote around 1,500 mathematical articles in his lifetime, mostly co-written. He had 511 direct collaborators; these are the people with Erdős number 1. The people who have collaborated with them (but not with Erdős himself) have an Erdős number of 2 (11,009 people as of 2015), those who have collaborated with people who have an Erdős number of 2 (but not with Erdős or anyone with an Erdős number of 1) have an Erdős number of 3, and so forth. A person with no such coauthorship chain connecting to Erdős has an Erdős number of [[infinity]] (or an [[defined and undefined|undefined]] one). Since the death of Paul Erdős, the lowest Erdős number that a new researcher can obtain is 2.
  
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Erdős wrote around 1,500 mathematical articles in his lifetime, mostly co-written. He had 511 direct collaborators;), those who have collaborated with people who have an Erdős number of 2 (but not with Erdős or anyone with an Erdős number of 1) have an Erdős number of 3, and so forth. A person with no such coauthorship chain connecting to Erdős has an Erdős number of infinity (or an undefined one). Since the death of Paul Erdős, the lowest Erdős number that a new researcher can obtain is 2.
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Erdős wrote around 1,500 mathematical articles in his lifetime, mostly co-written. He had 512 direct collaborators;<ref name="Erdős Number Project"/> these are the people with Erdős number 1.  The people who have collaborated with them (but not with Erdős himself) have an Erdős number of 2 (12,600 people as of 7 August 2020<ref name="Erdős Number Project File Erdos2">[https://www.oakland.edu/enp/thedata/erdos2/ Erdos2], Version 2020, 7 August 2020.</ref>), those who have collaborated with people who have an Erdős number of 2 (but not with Erdős or anyone with an Erdős number of 1) have an Erdős number of 3, and so forth. A person with no such coauthorship chain connecting to Erdős has an Erdős number of [[infinity]] (or an [[defined and undefined|undefined]] one). Since the death of Paul Erdős, the lowest Erdős number that a new researcher can obtain is 2.
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埃尔德什一生撰写了约1500篇数学文章，其中大部分是合作的。他有511个直接合作者；这些是埃尔德什数为1的人。与这些人合作（但未与埃尔德什本人合作）的人所拥有的埃尔德什数为2（截至2020年8月7日为12,600人），而与埃尔德什数为2的人合作的人（但与埃尔德什或埃尔德什数为1的任何人无合作关系），其埃尔德什数为3，依此类推。没有此类共同作者链接能指向埃尔德什的人，其埃尔德什数为无穷大（或未定义）。自保罗·埃尔德什逝世以来，新研究员可获得的最低埃尔德什数为2。
 
埃尔德什一生撰写了约1500篇数学文章，其中大部分是合作的。他有511个直接合作者；这些是埃尔德什数为1的人。与这些人合作（但未与埃尔德什本人合作）的人所拥有的埃尔德什数为2（截至2020年8月7日为12,600人），而与埃尔德什数为2的人合作的人（但与埃尔德什或埃尔德什数为1的任何人无合作关系），其埃尔德什数为3，依此类推。没有此类共同作者链接能指向埃尔德什的人，其埃尔德什数为无穷大（或未定义）。自保罗·埃尔德什逝世以来，新研究员可获得的最低埃尔德什数为2。
  
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There is room for ambiguity over what constitutes a link between two authors. The American Mathematical Society collaboration distance calculator uses data from ''Mathematical Reviews'', which includes most mathematics journals but covers other subjects only in a limited way, and which also includes some non-research publications{{citation needed|date=August 2015}}. The Erdős Number Project web site says:
 
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There is room for ambiguity over what constitutes a link between two authors. The American Mathematical Society collaboration distance calculator uses data from Mathematical Reviews, which includes most mathematics journals but covers other subjects only in a limited way, and which also includes some non-research publications. The Erdős Number Project web site says:
 
  
 
关于具体由什么构成两位作者之间的联系，众说纷纭。美国数学学会的“协作距离计算器”使用的是来自《数学评论》的数据，包括大多数数学期刊，但仅以有限的方式涵盖了其他主题，同时还包括一些非研究出版物。埃尔德什数项目官方网站Erdős Number Project表示：
 
关于具体由什么构成两位作者之间的联系，众说纷纭。美国数学学会的“协作距离计算器”使用的是来自《数学评论》的数据，包括大多数数学期刊，但仅以有限的方式涵盖了其他主题，同时还包括一些非研究出版物。埃尔德什数项目官方网站Erdős Number Project表示：
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... Our criterion for inclusion of an edge between vertices u and v is some research collaboration between them resulting in a published work. Any number of additional co-authors is permitted,...
 
  
 
...我们在顶点u和v之间共有的包含边标准是，它们之间的某些研究合作导致了发表的作品。任何数量的其他共同作者都是被允许的，...
 
...我们在顶点u和v之间共有的包含边标准是，它们之间的某些研究合作导致了发表的作品。任何数量的其他共同作者都是被允许的，...
  
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但它们不包括非研究性出版物，例如教科书，联合编辑，讣告等。“第二种埃尔德什数”将其分配给只有两个合作者的论文。<ref>Grossman ''et al.''  "[http://www.oakland.edu/?id=9569&sid=243#en2k Erdős numbers of the second kind]," in ''Facts about Erdős Numbers and the Collaboration Graph''. [http://www.oakland.edu/enp The Erdős Number Project], [[Oakland University]], USA. Retrieved July 25, 2009.</ref>
  
  
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but they do not include non-research publications such as elementary textbooks, joint editorships, obituaries, and the like.  The "Erdős number of the second kind" restricts assignment of Erdős numbers to papers with only two collaborators.
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埃尔德什数很可能最早由卡斯珀·高夫曼Casper Goffman定义，他自己的埃尔德什数为2。<ref name="Erdős Number Project File Erdos2"/> Goffman published his observations about Erdős' prolific collaboration in a 1969 article entitled "''And what is your Erdős number?''"<ref>{{cite journal|last=Goffman|first=Casper|title=And what is your Erdős number?|journal=[[American Mathematical Monthly]]|volume=76|year=1969|doi=10.2307/2317868|page=791|jstor=2317868|issue=7}}</ref>高夫曼在1969年发表的一篇文章“您的埃尔德什数是多少”中表示了他对埃尔德什多产合作的看法，另请参阅迈克尔·哥伦布Michael Golomb在讣告中的一些评论。<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.math.purdue.edu/about/purview/fall96/paul-erdos.html|title=Paul Erdös at Purdue|website=www.math.purdue.edu}}</ref>
  
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but they do not include non-research publications such as elementary textbooks, joint editorships, obituaries, and the like.  The "Erdős number of the second kind" restricts assignment of Erdős numbers to papers with only two collaborators.
 
  
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但它们不包括非研究性出版物，例如教科书，联合编辑，讣告等。“第二种埃尔德什数”将其分配给只有两个合作者的论文。
+
费尔兹奖获得者的埃尔德什中位数低至3。<ref name="paths"/>埃尔德什排名第二的奖牌获得者包括Atle Selberg，Kunihiko Kodaira，Klaus Roth，Alan Baker，Enrico Bombieri，David Mumford，Charles Fefferman，William Thurston，Shing-Tung Tung，Jean Bourgain，Richard Borcherds，Manjul Bhargava，Jean-Pierre Serre和陶哲轩。费尔兹奖获得者中没有人的埃尔德什数为1。<ref name="project">{{cite web|url=http://www.oakland.edu/enp/erdpaths/|title=Paths to Erdös|work=The Erdös Number Project|publisher=Oakland University}}</ref>但是，恩德雷·塞梅雷迪（Endre Szemerédi）是阿贝尔奖获得者，其埃尔德什数为1。<ref name="trails"/>
−
 
 
−
 
 
−
 
 
−
The Erdős number was most likely first defined in print by Casper Goffman, an [[Mathematical analysis|analyst]] whose own Erdős number is 2. Goffman published his observations about Erdős' prolific collaboration in a 1969 article entitled "''And what is your Erdős number?''" See also some comments in an obituary by Michael Golomb.
 
−
 
 
−
The Erdős number was most likely first defined in print by Casper Goffman, an analyst whose own Erdős number is 2. Goffman published his observations about Erdős' prolific collaboration in a 1969 article entitled "''And what is your Erdős number?''" See also some comments in an obituary by Michael Golomb.
 
−
 
 
−
埃尔德什数很可能最早由卡斯珀·高夫曼Casper Goffman定义，他自己的埃尔德什数为2。高夫曼在1969年发表的一篇文章“您的埃尔德什数是多少”中表示了他对埃尔德什多产合作的看法，另请参阅迈克尔·哥伦布Michael Golomb在讣告中的一些评论。
 
−
 
 
−
 
 
−
 
 
−
The median Erdős number among [[Fields medal]]ists is as low as 3. Fields medalists with Erdős number 2 include [[Atle Selberg]], [[Kunihiko Kodaira]], [[Klaus Roth]], [[Alan Baker (mathematician)|Alan Baker]], [[Enrico Bombieri]], [[David Mumford]], [[Charles Fefferman]], [[William Thurston]], [[Shing-Tung Yau]], [[Jean Bourgain]], [[Richard Borcherds]], [[Manjul Bhargava]], [[Jean-Pierre Serre]] and [[Terence Tao]].  There are no Fields medalists with Erdős number 1; however, [[Endre Szemerédi]] is an [[Abel Prize]] Laureate with Erdős number 1.
 
−
 
 
−
The median Erdős number among Fields medalists is as low as 3.Fields medalists with Erdős number 2 include [[Atle Selberg]], [[Kunihiko Kodaira]], [[Klaus Roth]], [[Alan Baker (mathematician)|Alan Baker]], [[Enrico Bombieri]], [[David Mumford]], [[Charles Fefferman]], [[William Thurston]], [[Shing-Tung Yau]], [[Jean Bourgain]], [[Richard Borcherds]], [[Manjul Bhargava]], [[Jean-Pierre Serre]] and [[Terence Tao]].  There are no Fields medalists with Erdős number 1; however, Endre Szemerédi is an Abel Prize Laureate with Erdős number 1.
 
−
 
 
−
费尔兹奖获得者的埃尔德什中位数低至3。埃尔德什排名第二的奖牌获得者包括Atle Selberg，Kunihiko Kodaira，Klaus Roth，Alan Baker，Enrico Bombieri，David Mumford，Charles Fefferman，William Thurston，Shing-Tung Tung，Jean Bourgain，Richard Borcherds，Manjul Bhargava，Jean-Pierre Serre和陶哲轩。费尔兹奖获得者中没有人的埃尔德什数为1。但是，恩德雷·塞梅雷迪（Endre Szemerédi）是阿贝尔奖获得者，其埃尔德什数为1。
 
  
  
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== Most frequent Erdős collaborators 最频繁的埃尔德什合作者 ==
 
== Most frequent Erdős collaborators 最频繁的埃尔德什合作者 ==
  
−
While Erdős collaborated with hundreds of co-authors, there were some individuals with whom he co-authored dozens of papers. This is a list of the ten persons who most frequently co-authored with Erdős and their number of papers co-authored with Erdős (i.e. their number of collaborations).
+
虽然埃尔德什与数百位合著者合作，但其中一些人与他合作过数十篇论文。以下是最经常与埃尔德什合作的十人列表，以及与埃尔德什合作的论文数量（即合作数量）。<ref>Grossman, Jerry, [https://files.oakland.edu/users/grossman/enp/Erdos0p.html Erdos0p],  Version 2010, ''[http://www.oakland.edu/enp The Erdős Number Project]'', [[Oakland University]], US, October 20, 2010.</ref>
−
 
 
−
While Erdős collaborated with hundreds of co-authors, there were some individuals with whom he co-authored dozens of papers. This is a list of the ten persons who most frequently co-authored with Erdős and their number of papers co-authored with Erdős (i.e. their number of collaborations).
 
−
 
 
−
虽然埃尔德什与数百位合著者合作，但其中一些人与他合作过数十篇论文。以下是最经常与埃尔德什合作的十人列表，以及与埃尔德什合作的论文数量（即合作数量）。
 
  
 
{| class="wikitable sortable"
 
{| class="wikitable sortable"
−
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
 
 
! Co-author !! Number of <br>collaborations
 
! Co-author !! Number of <br>collaborations
−
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
 
 
| [[András Sárközy]] || 62
 
| [[András Sárközy]] || 62
−
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
 
 
| [[András Hajnal]] || 56
 
| [[András Hajnal]] || 56
−
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
 
 
| [[Ralph Faudree]] || 50
 
| [[Ralph Faudree]] || 50
−
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
 
 
| [[Richard Schelp]] || 42
 
| [[Richard Schelp]] || 42
−
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
 
 
| [[Cecil C. Rousseau]] || 35  
 
| [[Cecil C. Rousseau]] || 35  
−
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
 
 
| [[Vera T. Sós]] || 35
 
| [[Vera T. Sós]] || 35
−
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
 
 
| [[Alfréd Rényi]] || 32
 
| [[Alfréd Rényi]] || 32
−
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
 
 
| [[Pál Turán]] || 30
 
| [[Pál Turán]] || 30
−
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
 
 
| [[Endre Szemerédi]] || 29
 
| [[Endre Szemerédi]] || 29
−
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
 
 
| [[Ronald Graham]] || 28
 
| [[Ronald Graham]] || 28
−
 
 
|}
 
|}
−
 
  
  
第159行： 第123行：
 
{{As of|2016}}, all [[Fields Medal]]ists have a finite Erdős number, with values that range between 2 and 6, and a median of 3. In contrast, the median Erdős number across all mathematicians (with a finite Erdős number) is 5, with an extreme value of 13. The table below summarizes the Erdős number statistics for [[Nobel Prize|Nobel prize]] laureates in Physics, Chemistry, Medicine and Economics. The first column counts the number of laureates. The second column counts the number of winners with a finite Erdős number. The third column is the percentage of winners with a finite Erdős number. The remaining columns report the minimum, maximum, average and median Erdős numbers among those laureates.
 
{{As of|2016}}, all [[Fields Medal]]ists have a finite Erdős number, with values that range between 2 and 6, and a median of 3. In contrast, the median Erdős number across all mathematicians (with a finite Erdős number) is 5, with an extreme value of 13. The table below summarizes the Erdős number statistics for [[Nobel Prize|Nobel prize]] laureates in Physics, Chemistry, Medicine and Economics. The first column counts the number of laureates. The second column counts the number of winners with a finite Erdős number. The third column is the percentage of winners with a finite Erdős number. The remaining columns report the minimum, maximum, average and median Erdős numbers among those laureates.
  
−
As of 2016, all Fields Medalists have a finite Erdős number, with values that range between 2 and 6, and a median of 3. In contrast, the median Erdős number across all mathematicians (with a finite Erdős number) is 5, with an extreme value of 13. The table below summarizes the Erdős number statistics for Nobel prize laureates in Physics, Chemistry, Medicine and Economics. The first column counts the number of laureates. The second column counts the number of winners with a finite Erdős number. The third column is the percentage of winners with a finite Erdős number. The remaining columns report the minimum, maximum, average and median Erdős numbers among those laureates.
 
  
−
截至2016年，所有费尔兹奖章获得者都有一个有限的埃尔德什数，其值在2到6之间，中位数为3。相反，所有数学家的埃尔德什数的中位数（有限的埃尔德什数）为5，极限值为13。下表总结了物理，化学，医学和经济学方面的诺贝尔奖得主的埃尔德什数统计。第一列计算获奖人数。第二列计算的是具有有限埃尔德什数的获胜者数量。第三列是具有有限埃尔德什数的获胜者的百分比。其余各列表示了这些获奖者中埃尔德什数的最小，最大，平均和中位数。
+
{{As of|2016}}, all [[Fields Medal]]ists have a finite Erdős number, with values that range between 2 and 6, and a median of 3. In contrast, the median Erdős number across all mathematicians (with a finite Erdős number) is 5, with an extreme value of 13.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://wwwp.oakland.edu/enp/trivia/|title=Facts about Erdös Numbers and the Collaboration Graph - The Erdös Number Project- Oakland University|website=wwwp.oakland.edu|access-date=2016-10-27}}</ref> The table below summarizes the Erdős number statistics for [[Nobel Prize|Nobel prize]] laureates in Physics, Chemistry, Medicine and Economics.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=López de Prado|first=Marcos|title=Mathematics and Economics: A reality check|journal=The Journal of Portfolio Management|volume=43|issue=1|pages=5–8|doi=10.3905/jpm.2016.43.1.005|year=2016}}</ref> The first column counts the number of laureates. The second column counts the number of winners with a finite Erdős number. The third column is the percentage of winners with a finite Erdős number. The remaining columns report the minimum, maximum, average and median Erdős numbers among those laureates.
  
  
 +
截至2016年，所有费尔兹奖章获得者都有一个有限的埃尔德什数，其值在2到6之间，中位数为3。相反，所有数学家的埃尔德什数的中位数（有限的埃尔德什数）为5，极限值为13。下表总结了物理，化学，医学和经济学方面的诺贝尔奖得主的埃尔德什数统计。第一列计算获奖人数。第二列计算的是具有有限埃尔德什数的获胜者数量。第三列是具有有限埃尔德什数的获胜者的百分比。其余各列表示了这些获奖者中埃尔德什数的最小，最大，平均和中位数。
  
 
{| class="wikitable sortable"
 
{| class="wikitable sortable"
−
 
 
|+ Statistics on Mathematical Collaboration, 1903-2016
 
|+ Statistics on Mathematical Collaboration, 1903-2016
−
 
 
!
 
!
−
 
 
! #Laureates
 
! #Laureates
−
 
 
! #Erdős
 
! #Erdős
−
 
 
! %Erdős
 
! %Erdős
−
 
 
! Min  
 
! Min  
−
 
 
! Max
 
! Max
−
 
 
! Average
 
! Average
−
 
 
! Median
 
! Median
−
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
 
 
|Fields Medal
 
|Fields Medal
−
 
 
|56
 
|56
−
 
 
|56
 
|56
−
 
 
|100.0%
 
|100.0%
−
 
 
|2
 
|2
−
 
 
|6
 
|6
−
 
 
|3.36
 
|3.36
−
 
 
|3
 
|3
−
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
 
 
|Nobel Economics
 
|Nobel Economics
−
 
 
|76
 
|76
−
 
 
|47
 
|47
−
 
 
|61.84%
 
|61.84%
−
 
 
|2
 
|2
−
 
 
|8
 
|8
−
 
 
|4.11
 
|4.11
−
 
 
|4
 
|4
−
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
 
 
|Nobel Chemistry
 
|Nobel Chemistry
−
 
 
|172
 
|172
−
 
 
|42
 
|42
−
 
 
|24.42%
 
|24.42%
−
 
 
|3
 
|3
−
 
 
|10
 
|10
−
 
 
|5.48
 
|5.48
−
 
 
|5
 
|5
−
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
 
 
|Nobel Medicine
 
|Nobel Medicine
−
 
 
|210
 
|210
−
 
 
|58
 
|58
−
 
 
|27.62%
 
|27.62%
−
 
 
|3
 
|3
−
 
 
|12
 
|12
−
 
 
|5.50
 
|5.50
−
 
 
|5
 
|5
−
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
 
 
|Nobel Physics
 
|Nobel Physics
−
 
 
|200
 
|200
−
 
 
|159
 
|159
−
 
 
|79.50%
 
|79.50%
−
 
 
|2
 
|2
−
 
 
|12
 
|12
−
 
 
|5.63
 
|5.63
−
 
 
|5
 
|5
−
 
 
|}
 
|}
  
第283行： 第192行：
 
Among the Nobel Prize laureates in Physics, [[Albert Einstein]] and [[Sheldon Lee Glashow]] have an Erdős number of 2. Nobel Laureates with an Erdős number of 3 include [[Enrico Fermi]], [[Otto Stern]], [[Wolfgang Pauli]], [[Max Born]], [[Willis E. Lamb]], [[Eugene Wigner]], [[Richard P. Feynman]], [[Hans A. Bethe]], [[Murray Gell-Mann]], [[Abdus Salam]], [[Steven Weinberg]], [[Norman F. Ramsey]], [[Frank Wilczek]], and [[David Wineland]]. Fields Medal-winning physicist [[Ed Witten]] has an Erdős number of 3.
 
Among the Nobel Prize laureates in Physics, [[Albert Einstein]] and [[Sheldon Lee Glashow]] have an Erdős number of 2. Nobel Laureates with an Erdős number of 3 include [[Enrico Fermi]], [[Otto Stern]], [[Wolfgang Pauli]], [[Max Born]], [[Willis E. Lamb]], [[Eugene Wigner]], [[Richard P. Feynman]], [[Hans A. Bethe]], [[Murray Gell-Mann]], [[Abdus Salam]], [[Steven Weinberg]], [[Norman F. Ramsey]], [[Frank Wilczek]], and [[David Wineland]]. Fields Medal-winning physicist [[Ed Witten]] has an Erdős number of 3.
  
−
Among the Nobel Prize laureates in Physics, Albert Einstein and Sheldon Lee Glashow have an Erdős number of 2. Nobel Laureates with an Erdős number of 3 include Enrico Fermi, Otto Stern, Wolfgang Pauli, Max Born, Willis E. Lamb, Eugene Wigner, Richard P. Feynman, Hans A. Bethe, Murray Gell-Mann, Abdus Salam, Steven Weinberg, Norman F. Ramsey, Frank Wilczek, and David Wineland. Fields Medal-winning physicist Ed Witten has an Erdős number of 3.
+
Among the Nobel Prize laureates in Physics, [[Albert Einstein]] and [[Sheldon Lee Glashow]] have an Erdős number of 2. Nobel Laureates with an Erdős number of 3 include [[Enrico Fermi]], [[Otto Stern]], [[Wolfgang Pauli]], [[Max Born]], [[Willis E. Lamb]], [[Eugene Wigner]], [[Richard P. Feynman]], [[Hans A. Bethe]], [[Murray Gell-Mann]], [[Abdus Salam]], [[Steven Weinberg]], [[Norman F. Ramsey]], [[Frank Wilczek]], and [[David Wineland]]. Fields Medal-winning physicist [[Ed Witten]] has an Erdős number of 3.<ref name="paths">{{Cite web |title = Some Famous People with Finite Erdős Numbers |url = http://www.oakland.edu/enp/erdpaths/ |publisher = [[Oakland University|oakland.edu]] |access-date = 4 April 2014 }}</ref>
  
 
在诺贝尔物理学奖获得者中，爱因斯坦Albert Einstein和谢尔登·李·格拉肖Sheldon Lee Glashow的埃尔德什数为2。诺贝尔奖获得者中埃尔德什数为3的有: Enrico Fermi，Otto Stern，Wolfgang Pauli，Max Born，Willis E.Lamb，Eugene Wigner，Richard P.Feynman，Hans A.Bethe，Murray Gell-Mann，Abdus Salam，Steven Weinberg，Norman F.Ramsey，Frank Wilczek, and David Wineland。获得菲尔兹奖的物理学家Ed Witten的埃尔德什数为3。
 
在诺贝尔物理学奖获得者中，爱因斯坦Albert Einstein和谢尔登·李·格拉肖Sheldon Lee Glashow的埃尔德什数为2。诺贝尔奖获得者中埃尔德什数为3的有: Enrico Fermi，Otto Stern，Wolfgang Pauli，Max Born，Willis E.Lamb，Eugene Wigner，Richard P.Feynman，Hans A.Bethe，Murray Gell-Mann，Abdus Salam，Steven Weinberg，Norman F.Ramsey，Frank Wilczek, and David Wineland。获得菲尔兹奖的物理学家Ed Witten的埃尔德什数为3。
第292行： 第201行：
  
 
[[computational biology|Computational biologist]] [[Lior Pachter]] has an Erdős number of 2. [[Evolutionary biology|Evolutionary biologist]] [[Richard Lenski]] has an Erdős number of 3, having co-authored a publication with Lior Pachter and with mathematician [[Bernd Sturmfels]], each of whom has an Erdős number of 2.
 
[[computational biology|Computational biologist]] [[Lior Pachter]] has an Erdős number of 2. [[Evolutionary biology|Evolutionary biologist]] [[Richard Lenski]] has an Erdős number of 3, having co-authored a publication with Lior Pachter and with mathematician [[Bernd Sturmfels]], each of whom has an Erdős number of 2.
−
 
−
Computational biologist Lior Pachter has an Erdős number of 2. Evolutionary biologist Richard Lenski has an Erdős number of 3, having co-authored a publication with Lior Pachter and with mathematician Bernd Sturmfels, each of whom has an Erdős number of 2.
 
  
 
计算生物学家Lior Pachter的埃尔德什数为2。进化生物学家Richard Lenski的埃尔德什数为3，与Lior Pachter和数学家Bernd Sturmfels共同撰写了出版物的每位作者埃尔德什数为2。
 
计算生物学家Lior Pachter的埃尔德什数为2。进化生物学家Richard Lenski的埃尔德什数为3，与Lior Pachter和数学家Bernd Sturmfels共同撰写了出版物的每位作者埃尔德什数为2。
  
 +
[[computational biology|Computational biologist]] [[Lior Pachter]] has an Erdős number of 2.<ref name="erdos2">{{cite web |title=List of all people with Erdos number less than or equal to 2 |url=https://files.oakland.edu/users/grossman/enp/ErdosA.html |work=The Erdös Number Project |publisher=Oakland University |date=14 July 2015 |access-date=25 August 2015}}</ref> [[Evolutionary biology|Evolutionary biologist]] [[Richard Lenski]] has an Erdős number of 3, having co-authored a publication with Lior Pachter and with mathematician [[Bernd Sturmfels]], each of whom has an Erdős number of 2.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://telliamedrevisited.wordpress.com/2015/05/28/erdos-with-a-non-kosher-side-of-bacon|title=Erdös with a non-kosher side of Bacon|author=Richard Lenski|date=May 28, 2015}}</ref>
  
  
 
=== Finance and economics 财经领域 ===
 
=== Finance and economics 财经领域 ===
  
−
There are at least two winners of the [[Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences|Nobel Prize in Economics]] with an Erdős number of 2: [[Harry M. Markowitz]] (1990) and [[Leonid Kantorovich]] (1975). Other financial mathematicians with Erdős number of 2 include [[David Donoho]], [[Marc Yor]], [[Henry McKean]], [[Daniel Stroock]], and [[Joseph Keller]].
 
−
 
−
There are at least two winners of the Nobel Prize in Economics with an Erdős number of 2: Harry M. Markowitz (1990) and Leonid Kantorovich (1975). Other financial mathematicians with Erdős number of 2 include David Donoho, Marc Yor, Henry McKean, Daniel Stroock, and Joseph Keller.
 
  
 
至少有两名诺贝尔经济学奖获得者的埃尔德什数为2：哈里·马可维兹Harry M. Markowitz，（1990）和列昂尼德·坎托罗维奇Leonid Kantorovich（1975）。埃尔德什数为2的其他金融数学家包括David Donoho，Marc Yor，Henry McKean，Daniel Stroock和Joseph Keller。
 
至少有两名诺贝尔经济学奖获得者的埃尔德什数为2：哈里·马可维兹Harry M. Markowitz，（1990）和列昂尼德·坎托罗维奇Leonid Kantorovich（1975）。埃尔德什数为2的其他金融数学家包括David Donoho，Marc Yor，Henry McKean，Daniel Stroock和Joseph Keller。
  
  
−
 
+
埃尔德什数为3的诺贝尔经济学奖得主，其中包括Kenneth J. Arrow（1972），Milton Friedman（1976），Herbert A. Simon（1978），Gerard Debreu（1983），John Forbes Nash，Jr.（1994），James Mirrlees（1996），Daniel McFadden（2000），Daniel Kahneman（2002），Robert J.Aumann（2005），Leonid Hurwicz（2007），Roger Myerson（2007），Alvin E.Roth（2012）和Lloyd S. Shapley（2012）和Jean Tirole（2014）。<ref>Grossman, J. (2015): "The Erdős Number Project." http://wwwp.oakland.edu/enp/erdpaths/</ref>
−
Nobel Prize laureates in Economics with an Erdős number of 3 include [[Kenneth J. Arrow]] (1972), [[Milton Friedman]] (1976), [[Herbert A. Simon]] (1978), [[Gerard Debreu]] (1983), [[John Forbes Nash, Jr.]] (1994), [[James Mirrlees]] (1996), [[Daniel McFadden]] (1996), [[Daniel Kahneman]] (2002), [[Robert J. Aumann]] (2005), [[Leonid Hurwicz]] (2007), [[Roger Myerson]] (2007), [[Alvin E. Roth]] (2012), and [[Lloyd S. Shapley]] (2012) and [[Jean Tirole]] (2014).
 
−
 
 
−
Nobel Prize laureates in Economics with an Erdős number of 3 include Kenneth J. Arrow (1972), Milton Friedman (1976), Herbert A. Simon (1978), Gerard Debreu (1983), John Forbes Nash, Jr. (1994), James Mirrlees (1996), Daniel McFadden (1996), Daniel Kahneman (2002), Robert J. Aumann (2005), Leonid Hurwicz (2007), Roger Myerson (2007), Alvin E. Roth (2012), and Lloyd S. Shapley (2012) and Jean Tirole (2014).
 
−
 
 
−
埃尔德什数为3的诺贝尔经济学奖得主，其中包括Kenneth J. Arrow（1972），Milton Friedman（1976），Herbert A. Simon（1978），Gerard Debreu（1983），John Forbes Nash，Jr.（1994），James Mirrlees（1996），Daniel McFadden（2000），Daniel Kahneman（2002），Robert J.Aumann（2005），Leonid Hurwicz（2007），Roger Myerson（2007），Alvin E.Roth（2012）和Lloyd S. Shapley（2012）和Jean Tirole（2014）。
 
  
  
−
 
+
一些埃尔德什数低的数学家创立了投资公司，其中包括Axcom Technologies的James B. Ax和Renaissance Technologies的James H. Simons，两者的埃尔德什数均为3。<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-11-11/six-degrees-of-quant-kevin-bacon-and-the-erdos-number-mystery|title=Six Degrees of Quant: Kevin Bacon and the Erdős Number Mystery|last=Kishan|first=Saijel|date=2016-11-11|newspaper=Bloomberg.com|access-date=2016-11-12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.financial-math.org/blog/2016/11/erdos-numbers-in-finance/|title=Erdős Numbers: A True "Prince and the Pauper" story|last=Bailey|first=David H.|date=2016-11-06|newspaper=The Mathematical Investor|language=en-US|access-date=2016-11-12}}</ref>
−
Some investment firms have been founded by mathematicians with low Erdős numbers, among them [[James Ax|James B. Ax]] of [[Renaissance Technologies#Medallion Fund|Axcom Technologies]], and [[James H. Simons]] of [[Renaissance Technologies]], both with an Erdős number of 3.
 
−
 
 
−
Some investment firms have been founded by mathematicians with low Erdős numbers, among them James B. Ax of Axcom Technologies, and James H. Simons of Renaissance Technologies, both with an Erdős number of 3.
 
−
 
 
−
一些埃尔德什数低的数学家创立了投资公司，其中包括Axcom Technologies的James B. Ax和Renaissance Technologies的James H. Simons，两者的埃尔德什数均为3。
 
  
  
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=== Philosophy 哲学领域 ===
 
=== Philosophy 哲学领域 ===
  
−
Since the more formal versions of philosophy share reasoning with the basics of mathematics, these fields overlap considerably, and Erdős numbers are available for many philosophers. Philosopher [[John P. Burgess]] has an Erdős number of 2. [[Jon Barwise]] and [[Joel David Hamkins]], both with Erdős number 2, have also contributed extensively to philosophy, but are primarily described as mathematicians.
 
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Since the more formal versions of philosophy share reasoning with the basics of mathematics, these fields overlap considerably, and Erdős numbers are available for many philosophers.  Philosopher John P. Burgess has an Erdős number of 2.  Jon Barwise and Joel David Hamkins, both with Erdős number 2, have also contributed extensively to philosophy, but are primarily described as mathematicians.
 
  
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由于哲学的本质与数学基础缘由互通，因此它们有很多重叠的地方，许多哲学家都可以使用埃尔德什数。哲学家John P. Burgess的埃尔德什数为2。Barwise和Joel David Hamkins埃尔德什数都为2，他们为哲学做出了大量贡献，但通常被称为数学家。
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由于哲学的本质与数学基础缘由互通，因此它们有很多重叠的地方，许多哲学家都可以使用埃尔德什数。<ref>{{cite web |url=http://home.iprimus.com.au/than/toby/2013-researchnetwork-poster.pdf |title=Philosophy research networks |author=Toby Handfield |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160221161316/http://home.iprimus.com.au/than/toby/2013-researchnetwork-poster.pdf |archive-date=2016-02-21 }}</ref>哲学家John P. Burgess的埃尔德什数为2。<ref name="erdos2"/>Barwise和Joel David Hamkins埃尔德什数都为2，他们为哲学做出了大量贡献，但通常被称为数学家。
  
  
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=== Law 法律领域 ===
 
=== Law 法律领域 ===
  
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Judge [[Richard Posner]], having coauthored with [[Alvin E. Roth]], has an Erdős number of at most 4. [[Roberto Mangabeira Unger]], a politician, philosopher and legal theorist who teaches at Harvard Law School, has an Erdős number of at most 4, having coauthored with [[Lee Smolin]].
 
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Judge Richard Posner, having coauthored with Alvin E. Roth, has an Erdős number of at most 4. Roberto Mangabeira Unger, a politician, philosopher and legal theorist who teaches at Harvard Law School, has an Erdős number of at most 4, having coauthored with Lee Smolin.
 
  
 
与Alvin E. Roth合作的法官Richard Posner的埃尔德什数最多为4。在哈佛法学院任教的政治家，哲学家和法律理论家Roberto Mangabeira Unger与Lee Smolin曾经合作过，其埃尔德什数最多为4。
 
与Alvin E. Roth合作的法官Richard Posner的埃尔德什数最多为4。在哈佛法学院任教的政治家，哲学家和法律理论家Roberto Mangabeira Unger与Lee Smolin曾经合作过，其埃尔德什数最多为4。
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=== Politics 政治领域 ===
 
=== Politics 政治领域 ===
  
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[[Angela Merkel]], [[Chancellor of Germany]] from 2005 to the present, has an Erdős number of at most 5.
 
  
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Angela Merkel, Chancellor of Germany from 2005 to the present, has an Erdős number of at most 5.
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从2005年至今的德国总理安格拉·默克尔Angela Merkel的埃尔德什数最多为5。<ref name="project"/>
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从2005年至今的德国总理安格拉·默克尔Angela Merkel的埃尔德什数最多为5。
 
  
  
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=== Engineering 工程领域 ===
 
=== Engineering 工程领域 ===
  
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Some fields of engineering, in particular [[communication theory]] and [[cryptography]], make direct use of the discrete mathematics championed by Erdős.  It is therefore not surprising that practitioners in these fields have low Erdős numbers.  For example, [[Robert McEliece]], a professor of [[electrical engineering]] at [[California Institute of Technology|Caltech]], had an Erdős number of 1, having collaborated with Erdős himself. Cryptographers  [[Ron Rivest]], [[Adi Shamir]], and [[Leonard Adleman]], inventors of the [[RSA (cryptosystem)|RSA]] cryptosystem, all have Erdős number 2.
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工程的某些领域，尤其是通信理论和密码学，直接利用了埃尔德什数主要涉及的离散数学。因此，这些领域的从业人员的埃尔德什数低就不足为奇了。例如，加州理工学院电气工程学教授Robert McEliece与埃尔德什本人合作，其埃尔德什数为1。<ref>{{cite journal |author=Erdős, Paul, Robert McEliece, and Herbert Taylor |title=Ramsey bounds for graph products |journal=[[Pacific Journal of Mathematics]] |volume=37 |issue=1 |date=1971 |pages=45–46 |url=https://msp.org/pjm/1971/37-1/pjm-v37-n1-p07-p.pdf |doi=10.2140/pjm.1971.37.45|doi-access=free }}</ref>RSA密码系统的发明者，密码学家Ron Rivest，Adi Shamir和Leonard Adleman的埃尔德什数均为2。<ref name="erdos2"/>
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Some fields of engineering, in particular communication theory and cryptography, make direct use of the discrete mathematics championed by Erdős. It is therefore not surprising that practitioners in these fields have low Erdős numbers. For example, Robert McEliece, a professor of electrical engineering at Caltech, had an Erdős number of 1, having collaborated with Erdős himself. Cryptographers  Ron Rivest, Adi Shamir, and Leonard Adleman, inventors of the RSA cryptosystem, all have Erdős number 2.
 
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工程的某些领域，尤其是通信理论和密码学，直接利用了埃尔德什数主要涉及的离散数学。因此，这些领域的从业人员的埃尔德什数低就不足为奇了。例如，加州理工学院电气工程学教授Robert McEliece与埃尔德什本人合作，其埃尔德什数为1。RSA密码系统的发明者，密码学家Ron Rivest，Adi Shamir和Leonard Adleman的埃尔德什数均为2。
 
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=== Social network analysis 社交网络分析领域 ===
 
  
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Anthropologist Douglas R. White has an Erdős number of 2 via graph theorist [[Frank Harary]]. Sociologist [[Barry Wellman]] has an Erdős number of 3 via [[social network]] analyst and statistician Ove Frank, another collaborator of Harary's.
 
  
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Anthropologist Douglas R. White has an Erdős number of 2 via graph theorist Frank Harary. Sociologist Barry Wellman has an Erdős number of 3 via social network analyst and statistician Ove Frank, another collaborator of Harary's.
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=== 社交网络分析领域 ===
  
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人类学家道格拉斯·怀特Douglas R. White通过与图论家弗兰克·哈拉里Frank Harary合作得到埃尔德什数为2。社会学家巴里·韦尔曼Barry Wellman通过与社交网络分析师和统计学家Ove Frank（Harve's的另一位合作者）合作得到了埃尔德什数为3。
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人类学家道格拉斯·怀特Douglas R. White通过与图论家弗兰克·哈拉里Frank Harary合作得到埃尔德什数为2。<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = White | first1 = Douglas R. | last2 = Harary | first2 = Frank | year = 2001 | title = The Cohesiveness of Blocks in Social Networks: Node Connectivity and Conditional Density | url = https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8585j6z4| journal = Sociological Methodology | volume = 31 | pages = 305–59 | doi = 10.1111/0081-1750.00098 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://eclectic.ss.uci.edu/~drwhite/6wwwvita.html |title=VITA: Douglas R.White, Anthropology & Social Science Professor, UC-Irvine |access-date=December 14, 2017}}</ref>社会学家巴里·韦尔曼Barry Wellman通过与社交网络分析师和统计学家Ove Frank<ref>Barry Wellman, Ove Frank, Vicente Espinoza, Staffan Lundquist and Craig Wilson. "Integrating Individual, Relational and Structural Analysis". 1991. ''Social Networks'' 13 (Sept.): 223-50.</ref>（Harve's的另一位合作者）<ref>Ove Frank; Frank Harary, "Cluster Inference by Using Transitivity Indices in Empirical Graphs." ''Journal of the American Statistical Association'', 77, 380. (Dec., 1982), pp.&nbsp;835–840.</ref>合作得到了埃尔德什数为3。
  
  
  
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=== Linguistics 语言学领域 ===
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=== 语言学领域 ===
  
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The Romanian mathematician and computational linguist [[Solomon Marcus]] had an Erdős number of 1 for a paper in ''[[Acta Mathematica Hungarica]]'' that he co-authored with Erdős in 1957.
 
  
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The Romanian mathematician and computational linguist Solomon Marcus had an Erdős number of 1 for a paper in Acta Mathematica Hungarica that he co-authored with Erdős in 1957.
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罗马尼亚数学家和计算语言学家Solomon Marcus在1957年与埃尔德什合作了《 Acta Mathematica Hungarica》中的一篇论文，因此他的埃尔德什数为1。<ref>{{cite journal|first1=Paul|last1= Erdős |author1-link=Paul Erdős|first2= Solomon|last2= Marcus|author2-link=Solomon Marcus| year=1957|title= Sur la décomposition de l'espace euclidien en ensembles homogènes |trans-title= On the decomposition of the Euclidean space into homogeneous sets|journal=[[Acta Mathematica Hungarica]]|volume=8|issue= 3–4 |pages=443–452|mr=0095456|doi=10.1007/BF02020326|s2cid= 121671198 }}</ref>
  
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罗马尼亚数学家和计算语言学家Solomon Marcus在1957年与埃尔德什合作了《 Acta Mathematica Hungarica》中的一篇论文，因此他的埃尔德什数为1。
 
  
  
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==影响 ==
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== Impact 影响 ==
 
  
 
[[文件:Paul Erdos with Terence Tao.jpg|缩略图|右|1985年，保罗·埃尔德什在阿德莱德大学任教，他的学生陶哲轩（Terence Tao）当时只有10岁。陶后来成为加州大学洛杉矶分校的数学教授，于2006年获得费尔兹奖，并于2007年当选为皇家学会会员。他的埃尔德什数为2。]]
 
[[文件:Paul Erdos with Terence Tao.jpg|缩略图|右|1985年，保罗·埃尔德什在阿德莱德大学任教，他的学生陶哲轩（Terence Tao）当时只有10岁。陶后来成为加州大学洛杉矶分校的数学教授，于2006年获得费尔兹奖，并于2007年当选为皇家学会会员。他的埃尔德什数为2。]]
  
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Erdős numbers have been a part of the [[folklore]] of mathematicians throughout the world for many years. Among all working mathematicians at the turn of the millennium who have a finite Erdős number, the numbers range up to 15, the median is 5, and the mean is 4.65; almost everyone with a finite Erdős number has a number less than 8. Due to the very high frequency of interdisciplinary collaboration in science today, very large numbers of non-mathematicians in many other fields of science also have finite Erdős numbers. For example, political scientist [[Steven Brams]] has an Erdős number of 2. In biomedical research, it is common for statisticians to be among the authors of publications, and many statisticians can be linked to Erdős via [[John Tukey]], who has an Erdős number of 2.  Similarly, the prominent geneticist [[Eric Lander]] and the mathematician [[Daniel Kleitman]] have collaborated on papers, and since Kleitman has an Erdős number of 1, a large fraction of the genetics and genomics community can be linked via Lander and his numerous collaborators. Similarly, collaboration with Gustavus Simmons opened the door for [[List of people by Erdős number|Erdős numbers]] within the [[cryptographic]] research community, and many [[linguistics|linguists]] have finite Erdős numbers, many due to chains of collaboration with such notable scholars as [[Noam Chomsky]] (Erdős number 4), [[William Labov]] (3), [[Mark Liberman]] (3), [[Geoffrey Pullum]] (3), or [[Ivan Sag]] (4). There are also connections with [[arts]] fields.
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多年以来，埃尔德什数在数学家之间一直盛行。在千年之交的所有在职数学家中，都伴随着一个有限埃尔德什数，数字范围最大为15，中位数为5，平均值为4.65。<ref name="Erdős Number Project"/>几乎每个具有有限埃尔德什数的人其数字都小于8。由于当今科学领域跨学科合作的频率很高，因此许多其他科学领域的大量非数学家也具有有限的埃尔德什数。<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oakland.edu/enp/erdpaths/ |title=Some Famous People with Finite Erdős Numbers | first=Jerry | last=Grossman |access-date=1 February 2011}}</ref>例如，政治学家Steven Brams的埃尔德什数为2。在生物医学研究中，统计学家通常是出版物的作者，许多统计学家可以通过John Tukey（其埃尔德什数为2）与埃尔德什链接。同样，著名的遗传学家Eric Lander和数学家Daniel Kleitman在论文上进行了合作，<ref>{{cite journal | pmid = 10582576 | doi=10.1089/106652799318364 | volume=6 | title=A dictionary-based approach for gene annotation | year=1999 | journal=J Comput Biol | pages=419–30 | last1 = Pachter | first1 = L | last2 = Batzoglou | first2 = S | last3 = Spitkovsky | first3 = VI | last4 = Banks | first4 = E | last5 = Lander | first5 = ES | last6 = Kleitman | first6 = DJ | last7 = Berger | first7 = B| issue=3–4 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-math.mit.edu/~djk/list.html|title=Publications Since 1980 more or less|first=Daniel|last=Kleitman|author-link=Daniel Kleitman|publisher=[[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]]}}</ref>由于Kleitman的埃尔德什数为1，<ref>
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{{cite journal | last1 = Erdős | first1 = Paul | author1-link = Paul Erdős |author2-link=Daniel Kleitman|last2=Kleitman|first2=Daniel  | title = On Collections of Subsets Containing No 4-Member Boolean Algebra | journal = [[Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society]] | volume = 28 | issue = 1 | pages = 87–90 |date=April 1971 | doi = 10.2307/2037762 | jstor = 2037762|url=http://www.math-inst.hu/~p_erdos/1971-07.pdf}}</ref>因此可以通过Lander及其众多合作者将遗传学和基因组学领域的大部分联系起来。另外，与Gustavus Simmons的合作为密码研究界内的埃尔德什数打开了大门，许多语言学家拥有有限的埃尔德什数，这许多是由于与Noam Chomsky（埃尔德什数为4），<ref>{{cite web |last=von Fintel |first=Kai |title=My Erdös Number is 8 |url=http://semantics-online.org/2004/01/my-erds-number-is-8 |publisher=Semantics, Inc. |date=2004 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060823085712/http://semantics-online.org/2004/01/my-erds-number-is-8 |archive-date=23 August 2006}}</ref>William Labov（埃尔德什数为3）等著名学者的合作产生，<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ling.upenn.edu/~dinkin/ |title=Aaron Dinkin has a web site? |publisher=Ling.upenn.edu |access-date=2010-08-29}}</ref>类似有Mark Liberman（3）<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ling.upenn.edu/~myl/ |title=Mark Liberman's Home Page |publisher=Ling.upenn.edu |access-date=2010-08-29}}</ref> ，Geoffrey Pullum（3）<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stanford.edu/~cgpotts/miscellany.html |title=Christopher Potts: Miscellany |publisher=Stanford.edu |access-date=2010-08-29}}</ref>或Ivan Sag（4）<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lingo.stanford.edu/sag/erdos.html |title=Bob's Erdős Number |publisher=Lingo.stanford.edu |access-date=2010-08-29}}</ref>。同时与艺术领域也有联系。<ref>{{cite conference | last1=Bowen | first1=Jonathan P. | author-link1=Jonathan Bowen | last2=Wilson | first2=Robin J. | author-link2=Robin Wilson (mathematician) | editor1-first=Stuart|editor1-last=Dunn|editor2-first=Jonathan P.|editor2-last=Bowen|editor3-first= Kia|editor3-last=Ng | title=Visualising Virtual Communities: From Erdős to the Arts | url=http://ewic.bcs.org/content/ConWebDoc/46141 | book-title= EVA London 2012: Electronic Visualisation and the Arts | publisher=[[British Computer Society]] | series= Electronic Workshops in Computing | pages = 238–244 |date=10–12 July 2012}}</ref>
  
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Erdős numbers have been a part of the folklore of mathematicians throughout the world for many years. Among all working mathematicians at the turn of the millennium who have a finite Erdős number, the numbers range up to 15, the median is 5, and the mean is 4.65;  almost everyone with a finite Erdős number has a number less than 8. For example, political scientist Steven Brams has an Erdős number of 2. In biomedical research, it is common for statisticians to be among the authors of publications, and many statisticians can be linked to Erdős via John Tukey, who has an Erdős number of 2.  Similarly, the prominent geneticist Eric Lander and the mathematician Daniel Kleitman have collaborated on papers, and since Kleitman has an Erdős number of 1, a large fraction of the genetics and genomics community can be linked via Lander and his numerous collaborators. Similarly, collaboration with [[Gustavus Simmons]] opened the door for Erdős numbers within the cryptographic research community, and many linguists have finite Erdős numbers, many due to chains of collaboration with such notable scholars as Noam Chomsky (Erdős number 4), William Labov (3), Mark Liberman (3), Geoffrey Pullum (3), or Ivan Sag (4). There are also connections with arts fields.
 
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多年以来，埃尔德什数在数学家之间一直盛行。在千年之交的所有在职数学家中，都伴随着一个有限埃尔德什数，数字范围最大为15，中位数为5，平均值为4.65。几乎每个具有有限埃尔德什数的人其数字都小于8。由于当今科学领域跨学科合作的频率很高，因此许多其他科学领域的大量非数学家也具有有限的埃尔德什数。例如，政治学家Steven Brams的埃尔德什数为2。在生物医学研究中，统计学家通常是出版物的作者，许多统计学家可以通过John Tukey（其埃尔德什数为2）与埃尔德什链接。同样，著名的遗传学家Eric Lander和数学家Daniel Kleitman在论文上进行了合作，由于Kleitman的埃尔德什数为1，因此可以通过Lander及其众多合作者将遗传学和基因组学领域的大部分联系起来。另外，与Gustavus Simmons的合作为密码研究界内的埃尔德什数打开了大门，许多语言学家拥有有限的埃尔德什数，这许多是由于与Noam Chomsky（埃尔德什数为4），William Labov（埃尔德什数为3）等著名学者的合作产生，类似有Mark Liberman（3），Geoffrey Pullum（3）或Ivan Sag（4）。同时与艺术领域也有联系。
 
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According to Alex Lopez-Ortiz, all the [[Fields Medal|Fields]] and [[Nevanlinna Prize|Nevanlinna prize]] winners during the three cycles in 1986 to 1994 have Erdős numbers of at most 9.
 
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According to Alex Lopez-Ortiz, all the Fields and Nevanlinna prize winners during the three cycles in 1986 to 1994 have Erdős numbers of at most 9.
 
  
 
根据亚历克斯·洛佩兹·奥尔蒂斯Alex Lopez-Ortiz的说法，在1986年至1994年的三个周期中，所有费尔兹奖Fields和内凡琳娜奖Nevanlinna prize得主的埃尔德什数最多为9。
 
根据亚历克斯·洛佩兹·奥尔蒂斯Alex Lopez-Ortiz的说法，在1986年至1994年的三个周期中，所有费尔兹奖Fields和内凡琳娜奖Nevanlinna prize得主的埃尔德什数最多为9。
  
  
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较早的数学家发表的论文通常少于现代的，而且很少发表联合论文。已知拥有有限埃尔德什数的最早学者是Antoine Lavoisier（生于1743年，埃尔德什数为13），Richard Dedekind（生于1831年，埃尔德什数为7）或Ferdinand Georg Frobenius（生于1849年，埃尔德什数为3），具体取决于出版物资格标准。<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oakland.edu/enp/erdpaths |title=Paths to Erdös - The Erdös Number Project- Oakland University|work=oakland.edu}}</ref>
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Earlier mathematicians published fewer papers than modern ones, and more rarely published jointly written papers.  The earliest person known to have a finite Erdős number is either [[Antoine Lavoisier]] (born 1743, Erdős number 13), [[Richard Dedekind]] (born 1831, Erdős number 7), or [[Ferdinand Georg Frobenius]] (born 1849, Erdős number 3), depending on the standard of publication eligibility.
 
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Earlier mathematicians published fewer papers than modern ones, and more rarely published jointly written papers.  The earliest person known to have a finite Erdős number is either Antoine Lavoisier (born 1743, Erdős number 13), Richard Dedekind (born 1831, Erdős number 7), or Ferdinand Georg Frobenius (born 1849, Erdős number 3), depending on the standard of publication eligibility.
 
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较早的数学家发表的论文通常少于现代的，而且很少发表联合论文。已知拥有有限埃尔德什数的最早学者是Antoine Lavoisier（生于1743年，埃尔德什数为13），Richard Dedekind（生于1831年，埃尔德什数为7）或Ferdinand Georg Frobenius（生于1849年，埃尔德什数为3），具体取决于出版物资格标准。
 
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Martin Tompa proposed a [[directed graph]] version of the Erdős number problem, by orienting edges of the collaboration graph from the alphabetically earlier author to the alphabetically later author and defining the ''monotone Erdős number'' of an author to be the length of a [[longest path]] from Erdős to the author in this directed graph. He finds a path of this type of length 12.
 
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Martin Tompa proposed a directed graph version of the Erdős number problem, by orienting edges of the collaboration graph from the alphabetically earlier author to the alphabetically later author and defining the monotone Erdős number of an author to be the length of a longest path from Erdős to the author in this directed graph. He finds a path of this type of length 12.
 
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马丁·汤帕Martin Tompa提出了埃尔德什数问题的有向图版本，通过定向协作图，将字母顺序更早的作者到字母顺序更晚的作者进行排列，并将作者的单调埃尔德什数定义为该有向图中从埃尔德什到作者的最长路径的长度。他发现这种路径长度为12。
 
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Also, [[Michael Barr (mathematician)|Michael Barr]] suggests "rational Erdős numbers", generalizing the idea that a person who has written p joint papers with Erdős should be assigned Erdős number 1/p. From the collaboration multigraph of the second kind (although he also has a way to deal with the case of the first kind)—with one edge between two mathematicians for ''each'' joint paper they have produced—form an electrical network with a one-ohm resistor on each edge. The total resistance between two nodes tells how "close" these two nodes are.
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马丁·汤帕 Martin Tompa<ref>{{cite journal|last=Tompa|first=Martin|title=Figures of merit|journal=ACM SIGACT News|volume=20|issue=1|pages=62–71|year=1989|doi=10.1145/65780.65782|s2cid=34277380}} {{cite journal|last=Tompa|first= Martin|title=Figures of merit: the sequel|journal=ACM SIGACT News|volume=21|issue=4|pages=78–81|year=1990|doi=10.1145/101371.101376|s2cid= 14144008}}</ref> 提出了埃尔德什数问题的有向图版本，通过定向协作图，将字母顺序更早的作者到字母顺序更晚的作者进行排列，并将作者的单调埃尔德什数定义为该有向图中从埃尔德什到作者的最长路径的长度。他发现这种路径长度为12。
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Also, Michael Barr suggests "rational Erdős numbers", generalizing the idea that a person who has written p joint papers with Erdős should be assigned Erdős number 1/p. From the collaboration multigraph of the second kind (although he also has a way to deal with the case of the first kind)—with one edge between two mathematicians for each joint paper they have produced—form an electrical network with a one-ohm resistor on each edge. The total resistance between two nodes tells how "close" these two nodes are.
 
  
 
另外，迈克尔·巴尔Michael Barr曾建议使用“合理的埃尔德什数”，通俗的说就是与埃尔德共同撰写过''p''篇论文的人应被分配埃尔德什数的''1/p''。根据第二种的协作多重图（尽管他也有办法处理第一种情况），即在他们所合著的每篇联合论文中，两个数学家之间都有一条边，我们可以将其视为这个网络视每一条边上都有一个1欧姆电阻器的电网。两个节点之间的总电阻表明这两个节点有多“相近”。
 
另外，迈克尔·巴尔Michael Barr曾建议使用“合理的埃尔德什数”，通俗的说就是与埃尔德共同撰写过''p''篇论文的人应被分配埃尔德什数的''1/p''。根据第二种的协作多重图（尽管他也有办法处理第一种情况），即在他们所合著的每篇联合论文中，两个数学家之间都有一条边，我们可以将其视为这个网络视每一条边上都有一个1欧姆电阻器的电网。两个节点之间的总电阻表明这两个节点有多“相近”。
  
−
 
+
有人提出：“对于独立研究人员而言，诸如埃尔德什数之类的量度可以捕获网络的结构特性，而''h''指数则可以捕获出版物的引文影响。” 并且“可以很容易地使人相信，共同作者网络中的排名应该同时考虑到两种方法，以产生现实且可接受的排名。”<ref name=Dixit>Kashyap Dixit, S Kameshwaran, Sameep Mehta, Vinayaka Pandit, N Viswanadham, ''[http://domino.research.ibm.com/library/cyberdig.nsf/papers/2B600A90C54E51B18525755800283D37/$File/RR_ranking.pdf Towards simultaneously exploiting structure and outcomes in interaction networks for node ranking]'', IBM Research Report R109002, February 2009; also appeared as {{Cite journal | doi = 10.1145/1871437.1871470| last1 = Kameshwaran | first1 = S. | last2 = Pandit | first2 = V. | last3 = Mehta | first3 = S. | last4 = Viswanadham | first4 = N. | last5 = Dixit | first5 = K. | title = Outcome aware ranking in interaction networks | pages = 229–238| year = 2010 | isbn = 978-1-4503-0099-5| journal = Proceedings of the 19th ACM International Conference on Information and Knowledge Management (CIKM '10)| s2cid = 16370569| url = http://www.cse.iitd.ernet.in/%7Epandit/cikm_camera_ready.pdf}}</ref>
−
 
 
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It has been argued that "for an individual researcher, a measure such as Erdős number captures the structural properties of [the] network whereas the [[h-index|''h''-index]] captures the citation impact of the publications," and that "One can be easily convinced that ranking in coauthorship networks should take into account both measures to generate a realistic and acceptable ranking."
 
−
 
 
−
It has been argued that "for an individual researcher, a measure such as Erdős number captures the structural properties of [the] network whereas the h-index captures the citation impact of the publications," and that "One can be easily convinced that ranking in coauthorship networks should take into account both measures to generate a realistic and acceptable ranking."
 
−
 
 
−
有人提出：“对于独立研究人员而言，诸如埃尔德什数之类的量度可以捕获网络的结构特性，而''h''指数则可以捕获出版物的引文影响。” 并且“可以很容易地使人相信，共同作者网络中的排名应该同时考虑到两种方法，以产生现实且可接受的排名。”
 
  
  
  
−
In 2004 William Tozier, a mathematician with an Erdős number of 4, auctioned off a co-authorship on [[eBay]], hence providing the buyer with an Erdős number of 5. The winning bid of $1031 was posted by a Spanish mathematician, who however did not intend to pay but just placed the bid to stop what he considered a mockery.
+
2004年，数学家埃尔德什数为4的William Tozier在eBay上拍卖了合著者，因此为买家提供了埃尔德什数为5的机会。一位西班牙数学家发布了1031美元的中标价格。不过他并不打算付款，而只是进行出价以阻止他认为是嘲弄的行为。<ref>Clifford A. Pickover: ''A Passion for Mathematics: Numbers, Puzzles, Madness, Religion, and the Quest for Reality''. Wiley, 2011, {{ISBN|9781118046074}}, S. 33 ({{Google books|03CVDsZSBIcC|excerpt|page=33}})</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Klarreich | first1 = Erica | year = 2004 | title = Theorem for Sale | journal = Science News | volume = 165 | issue = 24| pages = 376–377 | doi = 10.2307/4015267 | jstor=4015267}}</ref>
−
 
 
−
In 2004 William Tozier, a mathematician with an Erdős number of 4, auctioned off a co-authorship on eBay, hence providing the buyer with an Erdős number of 5. The winning bid of $1031 was posted by a Spanish mathematician, who however did not intend to pay but just placed the bid to stop what he considered a mockery.
 
−
 
 
−
2004年，数学家埃尔德什数为4的William Tozier在eBay上拍卖了合著者，因此为买家提供了埃尔德什数为5的机会。一位西班牙数学家发布了1031美元的中标价格。不过他并不打算付款，而只是进行出价以阻止他认为是嘲弄的行为。
 
  
  
  
 
== Variations 演变 ==
 
== Variations 演变 ==
−
 
−
A number of variations on the concept have been proposed to apply to other fields.
 
−
 
−
A number of variations on the concept have been proposed to apply to other fields.
 
  
 
目前出现了很多对该概念进行变型的提议以应用于其他领域。
 
目前出现了很多对该概念进行变型的提议以应用于其他领域。
−
 
−
 
−
 
−
The best known is the [[Bacon number]] (as in the game [[Six Degrees of Kevin Bacon]]), connecting actors that appeared in a film together to the actor [[Kevin Bacon]]. It was created in 1994, 25 years after Goffman's article on the Erdős number.
 
−
 
−
The best known is the Bacon number (as in the game Six Degrees of Kevin Bacon), connecting actors that appeared in a film together to the actor Kevin Bacon. It was created in 1994, 25 years after Goffman's article on the Erdős number.
 
  
 
最著名的是游戏《与凯文·培根的六度分隔》中的培根数，将电影中出现的演员与演员凯文·培根联系在一起。它开始于1994年，距高夫曼关于埃尔德什数的文章发表25年。
 
最著名的是游戏《与凯文·培根的六度分隔》中的培根数，将电影中出现的演员与演员凯文·培根联系在一起。它开始于1994年，距高夫曼关于埃尔德什数的文章发表25年。
  
 +
很少一部分人同时与埃尔德什和培根相连，因此有一个埃尔德什-培根数，该数通过求和将两个数相加。一个例子是女演员兼数学家丹妮卡·麦凯拉Danica McKellar，她在电视连续剧《纯真年代》中扮演温妮·库珀而闻名。她的埃尔德什数是4，<ref>McKellar's co-author Lincoln Chayes published [https://projecteuclid.org/euclid.cmp/1103940982 a paper] with [[Elliott H. Lieb]], who in turn co-authored [https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-365X(71)90004-5 a paper] with [[Daniel Kleitman]], a co-author of Paul Erdős.</ref>她的培根数是2。<ref>Danica McKellar was in ''[[The Year That Trembled]]'' (2002) with James Kisicki, who was in ''[[Telling Lies in America]]'' (1997) with Kevin Bacon.</ref>
  
  
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A small number of people are connected to both Erdős and Bacon and thus have an [[Erdős–Bacon number]], which combines the two numbers by taking their sum. One example is the actress-mathematician [[Danica McKellar]], best known for playing Winnie Cooper on the TV series ''[[The Wonder Years]]''. Her Erdős number is 4, and her Bacon number is 2.
+
以此类推可以进一步扩展，例如，“埃尔德什-培根–萨巴什数”是“埃尔德什-培根数”在大众音乐领域与黑色安息日Black Sabbath乐队的协作距离总和。物理学家斯蒂芬·霍金Stephen Hawking的埃尔德什–培根–萨巴什数为8，<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/blog/whats-your-erdos-bacon-sabbath-number |title=What's your Erdős–Bacon–Sabbath number? |website=[[Times Higher Education]] |date=2016-02-17 |access-date=2018-07-29 |last=Fisher |first=Len}}</ref> 女演员娜塔莉·波特曼Natalie Portman的埃德斯–培根–萨巴什数为11（她的埃尔德什数为5）。<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blogs.surrey.ac.uk/physics/2012/09/15/erdos-bacon-sabbath-numbers/comment-page-1/ |title=Erdős–Bacon–Sabbath numbers |date=2012-09-15 |access-date=2018-07-29 |last=Sear |first=Richard |website=Department of Physics, [[University of Surrey]]}}</ref>
−
 
 
−
A small number of people are connected to both Erdős and Bacon and thus have an Erdős–Bacon number, which combines the two numbers by taking their sum. One example is the actress-mathematician Danica McKellar, best known for playing Winnie Cooper on the TV series The Wonder Years. Her Erdős number is 4, and her Bacon number is 2.
 
−
 
 
−
很少一部分人同时与埃尔德什和培根相连，因此有一个埃尔德什-培根数，该数通过求和将两个数相加。一个例子是女演员兼数学家丹妮卡·麦凯拉Danica McKellar，她在电视连续剧《纯真年代》中扮演温妮·库珀而闻名。她的埃尔德什数是4，她的培根数是2。
 
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Further extension is possible. For example, the "Erdős–Bacon–Sabbath number" is the sum of the Erdős–Bacon number and the collaborative distance to the band [[Black Sabbath]] in terms of singing in public. Physicist [[Stephen Hawking]] had an Erdős–Bacon–Sabbath number of 8, and actress [[Natalie Portman]] has one of 11 (her Erdős number is 5).
 
−
 
 
−
Further extension is possible. For example, the "Erdős–Bacon–Sabbath number" is the sum of the Erdős–Bacon number and the collaborative distance to the band Black Sabbath in terms of singing in public. Physicist Stephen Hawking had an Erdős–Bacon–Sabbath number of 8, and actress Natalie Portman has one of 11 (her Erdős number is 5).
 
−
 
 
−
以此类推可以进一步扩展，例如，“埃尔德什-培根–萨巴什数”是“埃尔德什-培根数”在大众音乐领域与黑色安息日Black Sabbath乐队的协作距离总和。物理学家斯蒂芬·霍金Stephen Hawking的埃尔德什–培根–萨巴什数为8，女演员娜塔莉·波特曼Natalie Portman的埃德斯–培根–萨巴什数为11（她的埃尔德什数为5）。
 
−
 
 
  
 +
在国际象棋中，Morphy number描述了一个棋手与Paul Morphy的联系，Paul Morphy被广泛认为是他那个时代最伟大的棋手，也是非官方的第二位国际象棋国际象棋世界冠军。<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kingston|first=Taylor|title=Your Morphy Number Is Up|url=http://www.chesscafe.com/text/skittles258.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060613225534/http://www.chesscafe.com/text/skittles258.pdf|archive-date=13 June 2006|access-date=9 December 2020|website=Chesscafe}}</ref>
  
 
== See also 其他参考资料 ==
 
== See also 其他参考资料 ==
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−
* {{annotated link|Scientometrics}}
 
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* {{annotated link|Small-world experiment}}
 
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−
* {{annotated link|Small-world network}}
 
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* {{annotated link|Six degrees of separation}}
 
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−
* {{annotated link|Sociology of scientific knowledge}}
 
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−
* {{annotated link|List of people by Erdős number}}
 
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−
* {{annotated link|List of things named after Paul Erdős}}
 
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−
* {{annotated link|Collaboration graph}}
 
  
 
* 科学计量学
 
* 科学计量学

2021年8月17日 (二) 12:58的版本


保罗·埃尔德什Paul Erdős摄于1992年


埃尔德什数Erdős number（匈牙利语：[ˈɛrdøːʃ]）根据数学论文的著作权来来对数学家保罗·埃尔德什与其他作者之间的“协作距离”进行描述。同样的原则也应用于很多当特定某个人与众多同行之间保持合作关系的其他领域。

Overview 概况

Paul Erdős (1913–1996) was an influential Hungarian mathematician who in the latter part of his life spent a great deal of time writing papers with a large number of colleagues, working on solutions to outstanding mathematical problems. He published more papers during his lifetime (at least 1,525) than any other mathematician in history. (Leonhard Euler published more total pages of mathematics but fewer separate papers: about 800.) Erdős spent a large portion of his later life living out of a suitcase, visiting his over 500 collaborators around the world.

Paul Erdős (1913–1996) was an influential Hungarian mathematician who in the latter part of his life spent a great deal of time writing papers with a large number of colleagues, working on solutions to outstanding mathematical problems.[1] He published more papers during his lifetime (at least 1,525[2]) than any other mathematician in history.[1] (Leonhard Euler published more total pages of mathematics but fewer separate papers: about 800.)[3] Erdős spent a large portion of his later life living out of a suitcase, visiting his over 500 collaborators around the world.

保罗·埃尔德什Paul Erdős(1913年至1996年）是一位在业界产生有影响力的匈牙利数学家，其一生中大量的时间都在与很多同事合作撰写论文，致力于解决困扰已久的疑难数学问题。他一生中所发表的论文（至少1,525篇）比历史上其他任何数学家都多。莱昂哈德·欧拉Leonhard Euler发表过的数学论文页数更多，但单独的论文却较少（大约800篇）。而埃尔德什的大部分时间都在旅居中，其拜访过全球500多个合作者。


The idea of the Erdős number was originally created by the mathematician's friends as a tribute to his enormous output. Later it gained prominence as a tool to study how mathematicians cooperate to find answers to unsolved problems. Several projects are devoted to studying connectivity among researchers, using the Erdős number as a proxy. For example, Erdős collaboration graphs can tell us how authors cluster, how the number of co-authors per paper evolves over time, or how new theories propagate.

The idea of the Erdős number was originally created by the mathematician's friends as a tribute to his enormous output. Later it gained prominence as a tool to study how mathematicians cooperate to find answers to unsolved problems. Several projects are devoted to studying connectivity among researchers, using the Erdős number as a proxy.[4] For example, Erdős collaboration graphs can tell us how authors cluster, how the number of co-authors per paper evolves over time, or how new theories propagate.[5]


埃尔德什数的概念最初是由埃尔德什的朋友们提出来的，以赞扬保罗·埃尔德什的巨大成就。后来，它演变为研究数学家如何通过合作来解决问题的的工具而受到重视。有几个项目致力于使用埃尔德什数为代表方法来研究人员之间的连通性。例如，埃尔德什合作图可以告诉我们作者是如何聚集在一起的，每篇论文的共同作者数量随时间变化或新理论的产生如何传播的。


Several studies have shown that leading mathematicians tend to have particularly low Erdős numbers. The median Erdős number of Fields Medalists is 3. Only 7,097 (about 5% of mathematicians with a collaboration path) have an Erdős number of 2 or lower. As time passes, the smallest Erdős number that can still be achieved will necessarily increase, as mathematicians with low Erdős numbers die and become unavailable for collaboration. Still, historical figures can have low Erdős numbers. For example, renowned Indian mathematician Srinivasa Ramanujan has an Erdős number of only 3 (through G. H. Hardy, Erdős number 2), even though Paul Erdős was only 7 years old when Ramanujan died.

Several studies have shown that leading mathematicians tend to have particularly low Erdős numbers.[6] The median Erdős number of Fields Medalists is 3. Only 7,097 (about 5% of mathematicians with a collaboration path) have an Erdős number of 2 or lower.[7] As time passes, the smallest Erdős number that can still be achieved will necessarily increase, as mathematicians with low Erdős numbers die and become unavailable for collaboration. Still, historical figures can have low Erdős numbers. For example, renowned Indian mathematician Srinivasa Ramanujan has an Erdős number of only 3 (through G. H. Hardy, Erdős number 2), even though Paul Erdős was only 7 years old when Ramanujan died.[8]


多项研究表明，领先的数学家往往具有极低的埃尔德什数。费尔兹奖得主Fields Medalists的埃尔德什中位数是3。只有7,097名（拥有合作经历的数学家中约5％）的埃尔德什数为2或更低。随着时间的流逝，低埃尔德什数的数学家因死亡而无法进行协作，所能达到的最小埃尔德什数必然会增加。历史人物仍可能一直具有较低的埃尔德什数。例如，印度著名数学家Srinivasa Ramanujan的埃尔德什数仅为3（通过与G. H. Hardy合作，其埃尔德什数为2），尽管Ramanujan去世时保罗·埃尔德什只有7岁。

Definition and application in mathematics 数学的定义与应用

如果爱丽丝在一张纸上与保罗·埃尔德什合作，在另一张纸上与鲍勃合作，但是鲍勃从未与埃尔德什本人合作，那么爱丽丝的埃尔德什数为1，而鲍勃的埃尔德什数为2，因为他离埃尔德什有两步。

To be assigned an Erdős number, someone must be a coauthor of a research paper with another person who has a finite Erdős number. Paul Erdős has an Erdős number of zero. Anybody else's Erdős number is k + 1 where k is the lowest Erdős number of any coauthor. The American Mathematical Society provides a free online tool to determine the Erdős number of every mathematical author listed in the Mathematical Reviews catalogue.

To be assigned an Erdős number, someone must be a coauthor of a research paper with another person who has a finite Erdős number. Paul Erdős has an Erdős number of zero. Anybody else's Erdős number is k + 1 where k is the lowest Erdős number of any coauthor. The American Mathematical Society provides a free online tool to determine the Erdős number of every mathematical author listed in the Mathematical Reviews catalogue.[8]

要分配一个埃尔德什数，某人必须与另一个具有有限埃尔德什数的人共同撰写研究论文。保罗·埃尔德什的埃尔德什数为零。其他人的埃尔德什数为k+1，其中k是任何合著者中最低的埃尔德什数。美国数学学会提供免费的在线工具来确定《数学评论》目录中列出的每个数学作者的埃尔德什数。


Erdős wrote around 1,500 mathematical articles in his lifetime, mostly co-written. He had 511 direct collaborators; these are the people with Erdős number 1. The people who have collaborated with them (but not with Erdős himself) have an Erdős number of 2 (11,009 people as of 2015), those who have collaborated with people who have an Erdős number of 2 (but not with Erdős or anyone with an Erdős number of 1) have an Erdős number of 3, and so forth. A person with no such coauthorship chain connecting to Erdős has an Erdős number of infinity (or an undefined one). Since the death of Paul Erdős, the lowest Erdős number that a new researcher can obtain is 2.

Erdős wrote around 1,500 mathematical articles in his lifetime, mostly co-written. He had 512 direct collaborators;[4] these are the people with Erdős number 1. The people who have collaborated with them (but not with Erdős himself) have an Erdős number of 2 (12,600 people as of 7 August 2020[9]), those who have collaborated with people who have an Erdős number of 2 (but not with Erdős or anyone with an Erdős number of 1) have an Erdős number of 3, and so forth. A person with no such coauthorship chain connecting to Erdős has an Erdős number of infinity (or an undefined one). Since the death of Paul Erdős, the lowest Erdős number that a new researcher can obtain is 2.


埃尔德什一生撰写了约1500篇数学文章，其中大部分是合作的。他有511个直接合作者；这些是埃尔德什数为1的人。与这些人合作（但未与埃尔德什本人合作）的人所拥有的埃尔德什数为2（截至2020年8月7日为12,600人），而与埃尔德什数为2的人合作的人（但与埃尔德什或埃尔德什数为1的任何人无合作关系），其埃尔德什数为3，依此类推。没有此类共同作者链接能指向埃尔德什的人，其埃尔德什数为无穷大（或未定义）。自保罗·埃尔德什逝世以来，新研究员可获得的最低埃尔德什数为2。


关于具体由什么构成两位作者之间的联系，众说纷纭。美国数学学会的“协作距离计算器”使用的是来自《数学评论》的数据，包括大多数数学期刊，但仅以有限的方式涵盖了其他主题，同时还包括一些非研究出版物。埃尔德什数项目官方网站Erdős Number Project表示：

...我们在顶点u和v之间共有的包含边标准是，它们之间的某些研究合作导致了发表的作品。任何数量的其他共同作者都是被允许的，...

但它们不包括非研究性出版物，例如教科书，联合编辑，讣告等。“第二种埃尔德什数”将其分配给只有两个合作者的论文。[10]


埃尔德什数很可能最早由卡斯珀·高夫曼Casper Goffman定义，他自己的埃尔德什数为2。[9] Goffman published his observations about Erdős' prolific collaboration in a 1969 article entitled "And what is your Erdős number?"[11]高夫曼在1969年发表的一篇文章“您的埃尔德什数是多少”中表示了他对埃尔德什多产合作的看法，另请参阅迈克尔·哥伦布Michael Golomb在讣告中的一些评论。[12]


费尔兹奖获得者的埃尔德什中位数低至3。[7]埃尔德什排名第二的奖牌获得者包括Atle Selberg，Kunihiko Kodaira，Klaus Roth，Alan Baker，Enrico Bombieri，David Mumford，Charles Fefferman，William Thurston，Shing-Tung Tung，Jean Bourgain，Richard Borcherds，Manjul Bhargava，Jean-Pierre Serre和陶哲轩。费尔兹奖获得者中没有人的埃尔德什数为1。[13]但是，恩德雷·塞梅雷迪（Endre Szemerédi）是阿贝尔奖获得者，其埃尔德什数为1。[6]


Most frequent Erdős collaborators 最频繁的埃尔德什合作者

虽然埃尔德什与数百位合著者合作，但其中一些人与他合作过数十篇论文。以下是最经常与埃尔德什合作的十人列表，以及与埃尔德什合作的论文数量（即合作数量）。[14]

Co-author Number of
collaborations
András Sárközy 62
András Hajnal 56
Ralph Faudree 50
Richard Schelp 42
Cecil C. Rousseau 35
Vera T. Sós 35
Alfréd Rényi 32
Pál Turán 30
Endre Szemerédi 29
Ronald Graham 28


Related fields 相关领域

模板:As of, all Fields Medalists have a finite Erdős number, with values that range between 2 and 6, and a median of 3. In contrast, the median Erdős number across all mathematicians (with a finite Erdős number) is 5, with an extreme value of 13. The table below summarizes the Erdős number statistics for Nobel prize laureates in Physics, Chemistry, Medicine and Economics. The first column counts the number of laureates. The second column counts the number of winners with a finite Erdős number. The third column is the percentage of winners with a finite Erdős number. The remaining columns report the minimum, maximum, average and median Erdős numbers among those laureates.


模板:As of, all Fields Medalists have a finite Erdős number, with values that range between 2 and 6, and a median of 3. In contrast, the median Erdős number across all mathematicians (with a finite Erdős number) is 5, with an extreme value of 13.[15] The table below summarizes the Erdős number statistics for Nobel prize laureates in Physics, Chemistry, Medicine and Economics.[16] The first column counts the number of laureates. The second column counts the number of winners with a finite Erdős number. The third column is the percentage of winners with a finite Erdős number. The remaining columns report the minimum, maximum, average and median Erdős numbers among those laureates.


截至2016年，所有费尔兹奖章获得者都有一个有限的埃尔德什数，其值在2到6之间，中位数为3。相反，所有数学家的埃尔德什数的中位数（有限的埃尔德什数）为5，极限值为13。下表总结了物理，化学，医学和经济学方面的诺贝尔奖得主的埃尔德什数统计。第一列计算获奖人数。第二列计算的是具有有限埃尔德什数的获胜者数量。第三列是具有有限埃尔德什数的获胜者的百分比。其余各列表示了这些获奖者中埃尔德什数的最小，最大，平均和中位数。

Statistics on Mathematical Collaboration, 1903-2016
#Laureates #Erdős %Erdős Min Max Average Median
Fields Medal 56 56 100.0% 2 6 3.36 3
Nobel Economics 76 47 61.84% 2 8 4.11 4
Nobel Chemistry 172 42 24.42% 3 10 5.48 5
Nobel Medicine 210 58 27.62% 3 12 5.50 5
Nobel Physics 200 159 79.50% 2 12 5.63 5


Physics 物理领域

Among the Nobel Prize laureates in Physics, Albert Einstein and Sheldon Lee Glashow have an Erdős number of 2. Nobel Laureates with an Erdős number of 3 include Enrico Fermi, Otto Stern, Wolfgang Pauli, Max Born, Willis E. Lamb, Eugene Wigner, Richard P. Feynman, Hans A. Bethe, Murray Gell-Mann, Abdus Salam, Steven Weinberg, Norman F. Ramsey, Frank Wilczek, and David Wineland. Fields Medal-winning physicist Ed Witten has an Erdős number of 3.

Among the Nobel Prize laureates in Physics, Albert Einstein and Sheldon Lee Glashow have an Erdős number of 2. Nobel Laureates with an Erdős number of 3 include Enrico Fermi, Otto Stern, Wolfgang Pauli, Max Born, Willis E. Lamb, Eugene Wigner, Richard P. Feynman, Hans A. Bethe, Murray Gell-Mann, Abdus Salam, Steven Weinberg, Norman F. Ramsey, Frank Wilczek, and David Wineland. Fields Medal-winning physicist Ed Witten has an Erdős number of 3.[7]

在诺贝尔物理学奖获得者中，爱因斯坦Albert Einstein和谢尔登·李·格拉肖Sheldon Lee Glashow的埃尔德什数为2。诺贝尔奖获得者中埃尔德什数为3的有: Enrico Fermi，Otto Stern，Wolfgang Pauli，Max Born，Willis E.Lamb，Eugene Wigner，Richard P.Feynman，Hans A.Bethe，Murray Gell-Mann，Abdus Salam，Steven Weinberg，Norman F.Ramsey，Frank Wilczek, and David Wineland。获得菲尔兹奖的物理学家Ed Witten的埃尔德什数为3。


Biology 生物学领域

Computational biologist Lior Pachter has an Erdős number of 2. Evolutionary biologist Richard Lenski has an Erdős number of 3, having co-authored a publication with Lior Pachter and with mathematician Bernd Sturmfels, each of whom has an Erdős number of 2.

计算生物学家Lior Pachter的埃尔德什数为2。进化生物学家Richard Lenski的埃尔德什数为3，与Lior Pachter和数学家Bernd Sturmfels共同撰写了出版物的每位作者埃尔德什数为2。

Computational biologist Lior Pachter has an Erdős number of 2.[17] Evolutionary biologist Richard Lenski has an Erdős number of 3, having co-authored a publication with Lior Pachter and with mathematician Bernd Sturmfels, each of whom has an Erdős number of 2.[18]


Finance and economics 财经领域

至少有两名诺贝尔经济学奖获得者的埃尔德什数为2：哈里·马可维兹Harry M. Markowitz，（1990）和列昂尼德·坎托罗维奇Leonid Kantorovich（1975）。埃尔德什数为2的其他金融数学家包括David Donoho，Marc Yor，Henry McKean，Daniel Stroock和Joseph Keller。


埃尔德什数为3的诺贝尔经济学奖得主，其中包括Kenneth J. Arrow（1972），Milton Friedman（1976），Herbert A. Simon（1978），Gerard Debreu（1983），John Forbes Nash，Jr.（1994），James Mirrlees（1996），Daniel McFadden（2000），Daniel Kahneman（2002），Robert J.Aumann（2005），Leonid Hurwicz（2007），Roger Myerson（2007），Alvin E.Roth（2012）和Lloyd S. Shapley（2012）和Jean Tirole（2014）。[19]


一些埃尔德什数低的数学家创立了投资公司，其中包括Axcom Technologies的James B. Ax和Renaissance Technologies的James H. Simons，两者的埃尔德什数均为3。[20][21]


Philosophy 哲学领域

由于哲学的本质与数学基础缘由互通，因此它们有很多重叠的地方，许多哲学家都可以使用埃尔德什数。[22]哲学家John P. Burgess的埃尔德什数为2。[17]Barwise和Joel David Hamkins埃尔德什数都为2，他们为哲学做出了大量贡献，但通常被称为数学家。


Law 法律领域

与Alvin E. Roth合作的法官Richard Posner的埃尔德什数最多为4。在哈佛法学院任教的政治家，哲学家和法律理论家Roberto Mangabeira Unger与Lee Smolin曾经合作过，其埃尔德什数最多为4。


Politics 政治领域

从2005年至今的德国总理安格拉·默克尔Angela Merkel的埃尔德什数最多为5。[13]


Engineering 工程领域

工程的某些领域，尤其是通信理论和密码学，直接利用了埃尔德什数主要涉及的离散数学。因此，这些领域的从业人员的埃尔德什数低就不足为奇了。例如，加州理工学院电气工程学教授Robert McEliece与埃尔德什本人合作，其埃尔德什数为1。[23]RSA密码系统的发明者，密码学家Ron Rivest，Adi Shamir和Leonard Adleman的埃尔德什数均为2。[17]


社交网络分析领域

人类学家道格拉斯·怀特Douglas R. White通过与图论家弗兰克·哈拉里Frank Harary合作得到埃尔德什数为2。[24][25]社会学家巴里·韦尔曼Barry Wellman通过与社交网络分析师和统计学家Ove Frank[26]（Harve's的另一位合作者）[27]合作得到了埃尔德什数为3。


语言学领域

罗马尼亚数学家和计算语言学家Solomon Marcus在1957年与埃尔德什合作了《 Acta Mathematica Hungarica》中的一篇论文，因此他的埃尔德什数为1。[28]


影响

1985年，保罗·埃尔德什在阿德莱德大学任教，他的学生陶哲轩（Terence Tao）当时只有10岁。陶后来成为加州大学洛杉矶分校的数学教授，于2006年获得费尔兹奖，并于2007年当选为皇家学会会员。他的埃尔德什数为2。

多年以来，埃尔德什数在数学家之间一直盛行。在千年之交的所有在职数学家中，都伴随着一个有限埃尔德什数，数字范围最大为15，中位数为5，平均值为4.65。[4]几乎每个具有有限埃尔德什数的人其数字都小于8。由于当今科学领域跨学科合作的频率很高，因此许多其他科学领域的大量非数学家也具有有限的埃尔德什数。[29]例如，政治学家Steven Brams的埃尔德什数为2。在生物医学研究中，统计学家通常是出版物的作者，许多统计学家可以通过John Tukey（其埃尔德什数为2）与埃尔德什链接。同样，著名的遗传学家Eric Lander和数学家Daniel Kleitman在论文上进行了合作，[30][31]由于Kleitman的埃尔德什数为1，[32]因此可以通过Lander及其众多合作者将遗传学和基因组学领域的大部分联系起来。另外，与Gustavus Simmons的合作为密码研究界内的埃尔德什数打开了大门，许多语言学家拥有有限的埃尔德什数，这许多是由于与Noam Chomsky（埃尔德什数为4），[33]William Labov（埃尔德什数为3）等著名学者的合作产生，[34]类似有Mark Liberman（3）[35] ，Geoffrey Pullum（3）[36]或Ivan Sag（4）[37]。同时与艺术领域也有联系。[38]


根据亚历克斯·洛佩兹·奥尔蒂斯Alex Lopez-Ortiz的说法，在1986年至1994年的三个周期中，所有费尔兹奖Fields和内凡琳娜奖Nevanlinna prize得主的埃尔德什数最多为9。


较早的数学家发表的论文通常少于现代的，而且很少发表联合论文。已知拥有有限埃尔德什数的最早学者是Antoine Lavoisier（生于1743年，埃尔德什数为13），Richard Dedekind（生于1831年，埃尔德什数为7）或Ferdinand Georg Frobenius（生于1849年，埃尔德什数为3），具体取决于出版物资格标准。[39]


马丁·汤帕 Martin Tompa[40] 提出了埃尔德什数问题的有向图版本，通过定向协作图，将字母顺序更早的作者到字母顺序更晚的作者进行排列，并将作者的单调埃尔德什数定义为该有向图中从埃尔德什到作者的最长路径的长度。他发现这种路径长度为12。

另外，迈克尔·巴尔Michael Barr曾建议使用“合理的埃尔德什数”，通俗的说就是与埃尔德共同撰写过p篇论文的人应被分配埃尔德什数的1/p。根据第二种的协作多重图（尽管他也有办法处理第一种情况），即在他们所合著的每篇联合论文中，两个数学家之间都有一条边，我们可以将其视为这个网络视每一条边上都有一个1欧姆电阻器的电网。两个节点之间的总电阻表明这两个节点有多“相近”。

有人提出：“对于独立研究人员而言，诸如埃尔德什数之类的量度可以捕获网络的结构特性，而h指数则可以捕获出版物的引文影响。” 并且“可以很容易地使人相信，共同作者网络中的排名应该同时考虑到两种方法，以产生现实且可接受的排名。”[41]


2004年，数学家埃尔德什数为4的William Tozier在eBay上拍卖了合著者，因此为买家提供了埃尔德什数为5的机会。一位西班牙数学家发布了1031美元的中标价格。不过他并不打算付款，而只是进行出价以阻止他认为是嘲弄的行为。[42][43]


Variations 演变

目前出现了很多对该概念进行变型的提议以应用于其他领域。

最著名的是游戏《与凯文·培根的六度分隔》中的培根数，将电影中出现的演员与演员凯文·培根联系在一起。它开始于1994年，距高夫曼关于埃尔德什数的文章发表25年。

很少一部分人同时与埃尔德什和培根相连，因此有一个埃尔德什-培根数，该数通过求和将两个数相加。一个例子是女演员兼数学家丹妮卡·麦凯拉Danica McKellar，她在电视连续剧《纯真年代》中扮演温妮·库珀而闻名。她的埃尔德什数是4，[44]她的培根数是2。[45]


以此类推可以进一步扩展，例如，“埃尔德什-培根–萨巴什数”是“埃尔德什-培根数”在大众音乐领域与黑色安息日Black Sabbath乐队的协作距离总和。物理学家斯蒂芬·霍金Stephen Hawking的埃尔德什–培根–萨巴什数为8，[46] 女演员娜塔莉·波特曼Natalie Portman的埃德斯–培根–萨巴什数为11（她的埃尔德什数为5）。[47]

在国际象棋中，Morphy number描述了一个棋手与Paul Morphy的联系，Paul Morphy被广泛认为是他那个时代最伟大的棋手，也是非官方的第二位国际象棋国际象棋世界冠军。[48]

See also 其他参考资料

  • 科学计量学
  • 小世界实验–检测社交网络平均路径长度的实验
  • 小世界网络–可通过较少步数到达大多数节点的数字图
  • 六度分离–所有人之间社会联系
  • 科学知识社会学–将科学作为一种社会活动的研究
  • 按埃尔德什数列出的人员列表–维基百科列表文章
  • 以保罗·埃尔德什命名的清单–维基百科清单文章
  • 协作图–社交网络中的图建模协作


参考文献

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Newman, Mark E. J. (2001). "The structure of scientific collaboration networks". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 98 (2): 404–409. doi:10.1073/pnas.021544898. PMC 14598. PMID 11149952.
  2. ↑ Grossman, Jerry. "Publications of Paul Erdős". Retrieved 1 Feb 2011.
  3. ↑ "Frequently Asked Questions". The Euler Archive. Dartmouth College.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 "Erdös Number Project". Oakland University.
  5. ↑ "Facts about Erdös Numbers and the Collaboration Graph". Erdös Number Project. Oakland University.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 De Castro, Rodrigo; Grossman, Jerrold W. (1999). "Famous trails to Paul Erdős" (PDF). The Mathematical Intelligencer. 21 (3): 51–63. doi:10.1007/BF03025416. MR 1709679. S2CID 120046886. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-09-24. Original Spanish version in Rev. Acad. Colombiana Cienc. Exact. Fís. Natur. 23 (89) 563–582, 1999, 模板:MR.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 "Some Famous People with Finite Erdős Numbers". oakland.edu. Retrieved 4 April 2014.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 "Collaboration Distance". MathSciNet. American Mathematical Society.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Erdos2, Version 2020, 7 August 2020.
  10. ↑ Grossman et al. "Erdős numbers of the second kind," in Facts about Erdős Numbers and the Collaboration Graph. The Erdős Number Project, Oakland University, USA. Retrieved July 25, 2009.
  11. ↑ Goffman, Casper (1969). "And what is your Erdős number?". American Mathematical Monthly. 76 (7): 791. doi:10.2307/2317868. JSTOR 2317868.
  12. ↑ "Paul Erdös at Purdue". www.math.purdue.edu.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 "Paths to Erdös". The Erdös Number Project. Oakland University.
  14. ↑ Grossman, Jerry, Erdos0p, Version 2010, The Erdős Number Project, Oakland University, US, October 20, 2010.
  15. ↑ "Facts about Erdös Numbers and the Collaboration Graph - The Erdös Number Project- Oakland University". wwwp.oakland.edu. Retrieved 2016-10-27.
  16. ↑ López de Prado, Marcos (2016). "Mathematics and Economics: A reality check". The Journal of Portfolio Management. 43 (1): 5–8. doi:10.3905/jpm.2016.43.1.005.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 "List of all people with Erdos number less than or equal to 2". The Erdös Number Project. Oakland University. 14 July 2015. Retrieved 25 August 2015.
  18. ↑ Richard Lenski (May 28, 2015). "Erdös with a non-kosher side of Bacon".
  19. ↑ Grossman, J. (2015): "The Erdős Number Project." http://wwwp.oakland.edu/enp/erdpaths/
  20. ↑ Kishan, Saijel (2016-11-11). "Six Degrees of Quant: Kevin Bacon and the Erdős Number Mystery". Bloomberg.com. Retrieved 2016-11-12.
  21. ↑ Bailey, David H. (2016-11-06). "Erdős Numbers: A True "Prince and the Pauper" story". The Mathematical Investor (in English). Retrieved 2016-11-12.
  22. ↑ Toby Handfield. "Philosophy research networks" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-02-21.
  23. ↑ Erdős, Paul, Robert McEliece, and Herbert Taylor (1971). "Ramsey bounds for graph products" (PDF). Pacific Journal of Mathematics. 37 (1): 45–46. doi:10.2140/pjm.1971.37.45.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  24. ↑ White, Douglas R.; Harary, Frank (2001). "The Cohesiveness of Blocks in Social Networks: Node Connectivity and Conditional Density". Sociological Methodology. 31: 305–59. doi:10.1111/0081-1750.00098.
  25. ↑ "VITA: Douglas R.White, Anthropology & Social Science Professor, UC-Irvine". Retrieved December 14, 2017.
  26. ↑ Barry Wellman, Ove Frank, Vicente Espinoza, Staffan Lundquist and Craig Wilson. "Integrating Individual, Relational and Structural Analysis". 1991. Social Networks 13 (Sept.): 223-50.
  27. ↑ Ove Frank; Frank Harary, "Cluster Inference by Using Transitivity Indices in Empirical Graphs." Journal of the American Statistical Association, 77, 380. (Dec., 1982), pp. 835–840.
  28. ↑ Erdős, Paul; Marcus, Solomon (1957). "Sur la décomposition de l'espace euclidien en ensembles homogènes" [On the decomposition of the Euclidean space into homogeneous sets]. Acta Mathematica Hungarica. 8 (3–4): 443–452. doi:10.1007/BF02020326. MR 0095456. S2CID 121671198.
  29. ↑ Grossman, Jerry. "Some Famous People with Finite Erdős Numbers". Retrieved 1 February 2011.
  30. ↑ Pachter, L; Batzoglou, S; Spitkovsky, VI; Banks, E; Lander, ES; Kleitman, DJ; Berger, B (1999). "A dictionary-based approach for gene annotation". J Comput Biol. 6 (3–4): 419–30. doi:10.1089/106652799318364. PMID 10582576.
  31. ↑ Kleitman, Daniel. "Publications Since 1980 more or less". Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
  32. ↑ Erdős, Paul; Kleitman, Daniel (April 1971). "On Collections of Subsets Containing No 4-Member Boolean Algebra" (PDF). Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society. 28 (1): 87–90. doi:10.2307/2037762. JSTOR 2037762.
  33. ↑ von Fintel, Kai (2004). "My Erdös Number is 8". Semantics, Inc. Archived from the original on 23 August 2006.
  34. ↑ "Aaron Dinkin has a web site?". Ling.upenn.edu. Retrieved 2010-08-29.
  35. ↑ "Mark Liberman's Home Page". Ling.upenn.edu. Retrieved 2010-08-29.
  36. ↑ "Christopher Potts: Miscellany". Stanford.edu. Retrieved 2010-08-29.
  37. ↑ "Bob's Erdős Number". Lingo.stanford.edu. Retrieved 2010-08-29.
  38. ↑ Bowen, Jonathan P.; Wilson, Robin J. (10–12 July 2012). "Visualising Virtual Communities: From Erdős to the Arts". In Dunn, Stuart; Bowen, Jonathan P.; Ng, Kia (eds.). EVA London 2012: Electronic Visualisation and the Arts. Electronic Workshops in Computing. British Computer Society. pp. 238–244.
  39. ↑ "Paths to Erdös - The Erdös Number Project- Oakland University". oakland.edu.
  40. ↑ Tompa, Martin (1989). "Figures of merit". ACM SIGACT News. 20 (1): 62–71. doi:10.1145/65780.65782. S2CID 34277380. Tompa, Martin (1990). "Figures of merit: the sequel". ACM SIGACT News. 21 (4): 78–81. doi:10.1145/101371.101376. S2CID 14144008.
  41. ↑ Kashyap Dixit, S Kameshwaran, Sameep Mehta, Vinayaka Pandit, N Viswanadham, Towards simultaneously exploiting structure and outcomes in interaction networks for node ranking, IBM Research Report R109002, February 2009; also appeared as Kameshwaran, S.; Pandit, V.; Mehta, S.; Viswanadham, N.; Dixit, K. (2010). "Outcome aware ranking in interaction networks" (PDF). Proceedings of the 19th ACM International Conference on Information and Knowledge Management (CIKM '10): 229–238. doi:10.1145/1871437.1871470. ISBN 978-1-4503-0099-5. S2CID 16370569.
  42. ↑ Clifford A. Pickover: A Passion for Mathematics: Numbers, Puzzles, Madness, Religion, and the Quest for Reality. Wiley, 2011,
    , S. 33 (模板:Google books)
  43. ↑ Klarreich, Erica (2004). "Theorem for Sale". Science News. 165 (24): 376–377. doi:10.2307/4015267. JSTOR 4015267.
  44. ↑ McKellar's co-author Lincoln Chayes published a paper with Elliott H. Lieb, who in turn co-authored a paper with Daniel Kleitman, a co-author of Paul Erdős.
  45. ↑ Danica McKellar was in The Year That Trembled (2002) with James Kisicki, who was in Telling Lies in America (1997) with Kevin Bacon.
  46. ↑ Fisher, Len (2016-02-17). "What's your Erdős–Bacon–Sabbath number?". Times Higher Education. Retrieved 2018-07-29.
  47. ↑ Sear, Richard (2012-09-15). "Erdős–Bacon–Sabbath numbers". Department of Physics, University of Surrey. Retrieved 2018-07-29.
  48. ↑ Kingston, Taylor. "Your Morphy Number Is Up" (PDF). Chesscafe. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 June 2006. Retrieved 9 December 2020.

相关链接

  • Jerry Grossman, The Erdős Number Project. Contains statistics and a complete list of all mathematicians with an Erdős number less than or equal to 2.
  • American Mathematical Society, [1]. A search engine for Erdős numbers and collaboration distance between other authors. As of 18 November 2011 no special access is required.


  • Jerry Grossman,《埃尔德什数项目》.统计数据以及埃尔德什数小于或等于2的所有数学家的完整列表.
  • "著名协作图的分配", Jerrold W. Grossman and Patrick D. F. Ion.
  • "埃尔德什协作图的部分分析", Vladimir Batagelj and Andrej Mrvar.
  • American Mathematical Society, [1]. 计算埃尔德什数和其他作者之间协作距离的搜索引擎. As of 18 November 2011 no special access is required.
  • 数字视频. Ron Graham on imaginary Erdős numbers.

Number

数目

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Category:Bibliometrics

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This page was moved from wikipedia:en:Erdős number. Its edit history can be viewed at 埃尔德什数理论/edithistory


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