全球气候观测系统

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The Global Climate Observing System (GCOS) was established in 1992 as an outcome of the Second World Climate Conference, to ensure that the observations and information needed to address climate-related issues are obtained and made available to all potential users. The GCOS is co-sponsored by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) of UNESCO, the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), and the International Council for Science (ICSU). In order to assess and monitor the adequacy of in-situ observation networks as well as satellite-based observing systems, GCOS regularly reports on the adequacy of the current climate observing system to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), and thereby identifies the needs of the current climate observing system.

The Global Climate Observing System (GCOS) was established in 1992 as an outcome of the Second World Climate Conference, to ensure that the observations and information needed to address climate-related issues are obtained and made available to all potential users. The GCOS is co-sponsored by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) of UNESCO, the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), and the International Council for Science (ICSU). In order to assess and monitor the adequacy of in-situ observation networks as well as satellite-based observing systems, GCOS regularly reports on the adequacy of the current climate observing system to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), and thereby identifies the needs of the current climate observing system.

全球气候观测系统是作为第二次世界气候会议的成果于1992年建立的，目的是确保获得解决气候相关问题所需的观测和信息，并将其提供给所有潜在用户。全球气候观测系统由世界气象组织气象组织、政府间海洋学委员会教科文组织、联合国环境规划署和国际科学理事会共同赞助。为了评估和监测现场观测网络和卫星观测系统的充足性，全球气候观测系统定期向《联合国气候变化框架公约》(《气候公约》)报告现有气候观测系统的充足性，从而确定现有气候观测系统的需要。

GCOS is a system that comprises the climate-relevant components of many contributing observing systems and networks. Its mission is to help ensure that these contributing systems, taken as a whole, provide the comprehensive information on the global climate system that is required by users, including individuals, national and international organizations, institutions and agencies. The programme promotes the sustained provision and availability of reliable physical, chemical and biological observations and data records for the total climate system - across the atmospheric, oceanic and terrestrial domains, including the hydrological cycle, the carbon cycle and the cryosphere.

GCOS is a system that comprises the climate-relevant components of many contributing observing systems and networks. Its mission is to help ensure that these contributing systems, taken as a whole, provide the comprehensive information on the global climate system that is required by users, including individuals, national and international organizations, institutions and agencies. The programme promotes the sustained provision and availability of reliable physical, chemical and biological observations and data records for the total climate system - across the atmospheric, oceanic and terrestrial domains, including the hydrological cycle, the carbon cycle and the cryosphere.

全球气候观测系统是一个由许多有贡献的观测系统和网络中与气候有关的组成部分组成的系统。其任务是帮助确保这些贡献系统作为一个整体，提供用户，包括个人、国家和国际组织、机构和机构所需的全球气候系统的全面信息。该方案促进为整个气候系统持续提供和提供可靠的物理、化学和生物观测和数据记录，包括大气、海洋和陆地领域，包括水文循环、碳循环和冰冻圈。

Structure

The primary observing systems contributing to the GCOS are the WMO Integrated Global Observing System (WIGOS), the Global Cryosphere Watch (GCW), and the World Hydrological Cycle Observing System (WHYCOS), and the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission-led Global Ocean Observing System (GOOS). A number of other domain-based and cross-domain research and operational observing systems also provide important contributions and encompass both in-situ and satellite observations. GCOS is both supported by and supports the international scientific and technical community, and the World Climate Research Programme (WCRP) co-sponsors the expert panels set up by GCOS for the atmospheric, oceanic and terrestrial domains. The composite observing system designated by GCOS serves as the climate-observation component of the broader Global Earth Observation System of Systems (GEOSS), and at the same time a number of specific observing-system initiatives of GEOSS contribute to the GCOS.

The primary observing systems contributing to the GCOS are the WMO Integrated Global Observing System (WIGOS), the Global Cryosphere Watch (GCW), and the World Hydrological Cycle Observing System (WHYCOS), and the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission-led Global Ocean Observing System (GOOS). A number of other domain-based and cross-domain research and operational observing systems also provide important contributions and encompass both in-situ and satellite observations. GCOS is both supported by and supports the international scientific and technical community, and the World Climate Research Programme (WCRP) co-sponsors the expert panels set up by GCOS for the atmospheric, oceanic and terrestrial domains. The composite observing system designated by GCOS serves as the climate-observation component of the broader Global Earth Observation System of Systems (GEOSS), and at the same time a number of specific observing-system initiatives of GEOSS contribute to the GCOS.

= = 结构 = = 对全球气候观测系统作出贡献的主要观测系统是气象组织综合全球观测系统、全球冰冻圈观测系统和世界水文循环观测系统，以及政府间海洋学委员会领导的全球海洋观测系统。其他一些基于领域和跨领域的研究和业务观测系统也作出了重要贡献，包括现场观测和卫星观测。全球气候观测系统得到国际科学和技术界的支持，世界气候研究方案是全球气候观测系统为大气、海洋和陆地领域设立的专家小组的共同赞助者。全球气候观测系统指定的综合观测系统是更广泛的全球对地观测分布式系统的气候观测组成部分，同时全球对地观测分布式系统的一些具体观测系统举措也有助于全球气候观测系统。

Essential Climate Variables (ECVs) 模板:Anchor

GCOS has identified 50 Essential Climate Variables (ECVs) considered to be feasible for global climate observation and to have a high impact on the requirements of the UNFCCC and other stakeholders. There is a strong need for sustained observation of these ECVs, as the observations are needed for the generation and updating of global climate products and derived information. GCOS and its partners are developing ways of improving the generation and supply of data products relating to the ECVs.

GCOS has identified 50 Essential Climate Variables (ECVs) considered to be feasible for global climate observation and to have a high impact on the requirements of the UNFCCC and other stakeholders. There is a strong need for sustained observation of these ECVs, as the observations are needed for the generation and updating of global climate products and derived information. GCOS and its partners are developing ways of improving the generation and supply of data products relating to the ECVs.

= = 基本气候变量 = = 全球气候观测系统确定了50个基本气候变量，这些变量被认为对全球气候观测是可行的，并对《气候公约》和其他利害关系方的要求产生很大影响。对这些气候变量的持续观测十分必要，因为观测是生成和更新全球气候产品和衍生信息所必需的。全球气候观测系统及其合作伙伴正在开发改进与 ecv 有关的数据产品的生成和供应的方法。

Expert Panels

Three expert panels have been established by the GCOS Steering Committee to define the observations needed in each of the main global domains - Atmosphere, oceans, and land - to prepare specific programme elements and to make recommendations for implementation. GCOS is both supported by and supports the international scientific community, and therefore the three expert panels are co-sponsored by the World Climate Research Programme (WCRP). The Atmospheric, Ocean, and Terrestrial Observation Panel for Climate gather scientific and technical experts in the respective areas to generate inputs from these fields to the climate observing community. Those expert panels report to the GCOS Steering Committee, and have been established to define the observations needed in each of the main global domains to prepare scientific programme-elements and to make recommendations for implementation.

Three expert panels have been established by the GCOS Steering Committee to define the observations needed in each of the main global domains - Atmosphere, oceans, and land - to prepare specific programme elements and to make recommendations for implementation. GCOS is both supported by and supports the international scientific community, and therefore the three expert panels are co-sponsored by the World Climate Research Programme (WCRP). The Atmospheric, Ocean, and Terrestrial Observation Panel for Climate gather scientific and technical experts in the respective areas to generate inputs from these fields to the climate observing community. Those expert panels report to the GCOS Steering Committee, and have been established to define the observations needed in each of the main global domains to prepare scientific programme-elements and to make recommendations for implementation.

全球气候观测系统指导委员会设立了三个专家小组，以确定每个主要全球领域——大气、海洋和陆地——所需的观测，编写具体的方案构成部分并提出执行建议。全球气候观测系统得到国际科学界的支持，因此，三个专家小组由世界气候研究方案共同赞助。大气、海洋和陆地气候观测小组汇集各自领域的科学和技术专家，从这些领域为气候观测界提供投入。这些专家小组向全球气候观测系统指导委员会报告工作，设立这些专家小组是为了确定每一个主要全球领域所需的观测结果，以编制科学方案构成部分并提出执行建议。

Atmospheric Observation Panel for Climate (AOPC)

AOPC was established in recognition of the need for specific scientific and technical input concerning atmospheric observations for climate. Its aim is to ensure the quality, long-term homogeneity and continuity of data needed. AOPC supports and is supported by the WMO Integrated Global Observing System (WIGOS).

AOPC was established in recognition of the need for specific scientific and technical input concerning atmospheric observations for climate. Its aim is to ensure the quality, long-term homogeneity and continuity of data needed. AOPC supports and is supported by the WMO Integrated Global Observing System (WIGOS).

= = = = 大气气候观测小组(AOPC) = = = 设立 AOPC 是因为认识到在气候大气观测方面需要具体的科学和技术投入。其目的是确保所需数据的质量、长期同质性和连续性。AOPC 支持并得到 WMO 全球综合观测系统(WIGOS)的支持。

Key activities of AOPC are:

Key activities of AOPC are:

协会的主要活动包括:

- Assessing the current state of the atmospheric component of the global observing system for climate and identify its gaps and adequacies;

- Assessing the current state of the atmospheric component of the global observing system for climate and identify its gaps and adequacies;

- 评估全球气候观测系统大气组成部分的现状，并确定其差距和足够性;

- Securing the implementation of designated GCOS Networks and promote the establishment and enhancement of new and current systems to provide long-term and consistent data and information for Essential Climate Variables, such as earth radiation budget, surface radiation, greenhouse gases, water vapour, clouds and aerosols;

- Securing the implementation of designated GCOS Networks and promote the establishment and enhancement of new and current systems to provide long-term and consistent data and information for Essential Climate Variables, such as earth radiation budget, surface radiation, greenhouse gases, water vapour, clouds and aerosols;

- 确保实施指定的全球气候观测系统网络，促进建立和加强新的和现有的系统，以便为基本气候变量提供长期和一致的数据和信息，如地球辐射预算、地面辐射、温室气体、水蒸气、云和气溶胶;

- Liaising with relevant research, operational and end-user bodies in order to determine and maintain the requirements for data to monitor, understand and predict the dynamical, physical and chemical state of the atmosphere and its interface on seasonal and multi-decadal time scales, on both global and regional levels;

- Liaising with relevant research, operational and end-user bodies in order to determine and maintain the requirements for data to monitor, understand and predict the dynamical, physical and chemical state of the atmosphere and its interface on seasonal and multi-decadal time scales, on both global and regional levels;

- 与有关研究机构、业务机构和最终用户机构联络，以确定和维持在全球和区域两级监测、了解和预测大气层的动态、物理和化学状态及其季节和多十年时间尺度相互作用的数据要求;

- Promoting the transfer and accessibility to the user community, as well as the rehabilitation of historical observational and proxy climate data sets.

- Promoting the transfer and accessibility to the user community, as well as the rehabilitation of historical observational and proxy climate data sets.

- 促进向用户群体转让和提供数据，以及恢复历史观测和代用气候数据集。

Ocean Observations Panel for Climate (OOPC)

OOPC, co-sponsored by GOOS, as well as GCOS and WCRP, is a scientific and technical advisory group charged with making recommendations for a sustained global ocean observing system for climate in support of the goals of its sponsors. This includes recommendations for phased implementation. The Panel also aids in the development of strategies for evaluation and evolution of the system and of its recommendations, and supports global ocean observing activities by interested parties through liaison and advocacy for the agreed observing plans.

OOPC, co-sponsored by GOOS, as well as GCOS and WCRP, is a scientific and technical advisory group charged with making recommendations for a sustained global ocean observing system for climate in support of the goals of its sponsors. This includes recommendations for phased implementation. The Panel also aids in the development of strategies for evaluation and evolution of the system and of its recommendations, and supports global ocean observing activities by interested parties through liaison and advocacy for the agreed observing plans.

= = = 海洋气候观测小组，由全球海洋观测系统、气候观测系统和气候变化问题世界会议共同赞助，是一个科学和技术咨询小组，负责就持续的全球海洋气候观测系统提出建议，以支持其赞助者的目标。这包括分阶段实施的建议。该小组还协助制定评价和发展该系统的战略及其建议，并通过联络和宣传商定的观测计划，支持有关各方的全球海洋观测活动。

OOPC recognizes the need for sustainable ocean observations, and the increased need to connect to societal issues in the coastal zone. OOPC's role has evolved to oversee the ocean component of the GCOS, and the physical variables for GOOS, while defining long-term observing requirements for climate research of WCRP.

OOPC recognizes the need for sustainable ocean observations, and the increased need to connect to societal issues in the coastal zone. OOPC's role has evolved to oversee the ocean component of the GCOS, and the physical variables for GOOS, while defining long-term observing requirements for climate research of WCRP.

海洋保护办公室认识到需要进行可持续的海洋观测，并更加需要与沿海地区的社会问题联系起来。海洋监测组织的作用已经演变为监督全球气候观测系统的海洋部分和全球海洋观测系统的物理变量，同时确定气候方案气候研究的长期观测要求。

Key activities of OOPC are:

Key activities of OOPC are:

办公室的主要活动包括:

- Providing advice on scientific and technical requirements to the Joint WMO-IOC Technical Commission on Oceanography and Marine Meteorology (JCOMM), which is responsible for the coordination and implementation of platform-based observing system components;

- Providing advice on scientific and technical requirements to the Joint WMO-IOC Technical Commission on Oceanography and Marine Meteorology (JCOMM), which is responsible for the coordination and implementation of platform-based observing system components;

- 就科学和技术要求向气象组织-海委会海洋学和海洋气象学联合技术委员会提供咨询意见，该委员会负责协调和实施基于平台的观测系统组成部分;

- Coordinate ocean observing networks that contribute to ocean ECVs by encouraging GOOS Regional Alliances (GRAs) and national commitments to global observing networks, and promoting common best practices and observing standards;

- Coordinate ocean observing networks that contribute to ocean ECVs by encouraging GOOS Regional Alliances (GRAs) and national commitments to global observing networks, and promoting common best practices and observing standards;

- 通过鼓励全球海洋观测系统区域联盟和国家对全球观测网络的承诺，并促进共同的最佳做法和遵守标准，协调有助于海洋环境变化的海洋观测网络;

- Reviewing and prioritizing requirements for sustained ocean observations of the physical Essential Ocean Variables (EOVs), and ocean ECVs, to engage the broad stakeholder community, to assess the readiness of observing technologies and adequacy of present global key variable observations, and to provide a source of technical advice on the development of national coastal and ocean observing requirements and observing system implementation plans.

- Reviewing and prioritizing requirements for sustained ocean observations of the physical Essential Ocean Variables (EOVs), and ocean ECVs, to engage the broad stakeholder community, to assess the readiness of observing technologies and adequacy of present global key variable observations, and to provide a source of technical advice on the development of national coastal and ocean observing requirements and observing system implementation plans.

- 审查对物理基本海洋变量和海洋观测变量进行持续海洋观测的需求并确定其优先次序，以便使广大利益攸关方参与进来，评估观测技术的准备情况和目前全球主要变量观测的充分性，并就制定国家沿海和海洋观测要求和观测系统执行计划提供技术咨询。

Terrestrial Observation Panel for Climate (TOPC)

TOPC was set up to develop a balanced and integrated system of-in situ and satellite observations of the terrestrial ecosystem. The Panel focuses on the identification of terrestrial observation requirements, assisting the establishment of observing networks for climate, providing guidance on observation standards and norms, facilitating access to climate data and information and its assimilation, and promoting climate studies and assessments.

TOPC was set up to develop a balanced and integrated system of-in situ and satellite observations of the terrestrial ecosystem. The Panel focuses on the identification of terrestrial observation requirements, assisting the establishment of observing networks for climate, providing guidance on observation standards and norms, facilitating access to climate data and information and its assimilation, and promoting climate studies and assessments.

= = = 设立了陆地气候观测小组(TOPC) = = TOPC，以发展一个平衡的、综合的陆地生态系统实地观测和卫星观测系统。该小组侧重于确定陆地观测要求，协助建立气候观测网络，就观测标准和规范提供指导，便利获取气候数据和信息及其同化，以及促进气候研究和评估。

Key activities of TOPC are:

Key activities of TOPC are:

托管中心的主要活动包括:

- Identification of measurable terrestrial (biosphere, cryosphere, and hydrosphere) properties and key variables (ECVs) that control the physical, biological and chemical processes affecting climate, and are indicators of climate change;

- Identification of measurable terrestrial (biosphere, cryosphere, and hydrosphere) properties and key variables (ECVs) that control the physical, biological and chemical processes affecting climate, and are indicators of climate change;

- 确定控制影响气候的物理、生物和化学过程并作为气候变化指标的可测量的陆地(生物圈、冰冻圈和水圈)特性和关键变量;

- Coordination of activities with other global observing system panels and task groups to ensure the consistency of requirements with the overall programmes;

- Coordination of activities with other global observing system panels and task groups to ensure the consistency of requirements with the overall programmes;

- 与其他全球观测系统小组和工作组协调活动，确保各项要求与总体方案保持一致;

- Assessing and monitoring the adequacy of terrestrial observing networks such as the Global Terrestrial Networks (GTNs), and promoting their integration and development to measure and exchange climate data and information;

- Assessing and monitoring the adequacy of terrestrial observing networks such as the Global Terrestrial Networks (GTNs), and promoting their integration and development to measure and exchange climate data and information;

评估和监测诸如全球陆地网络等陆地观测网络的适足性，并促进其整合和发展，以衡量和交流气候数据和信息;

- Identification of gaps in present observing systems and designs to ensure long-term monitoring of terrestrial ECVs.

- Identification of gaps in present observing systems and designs to ensure long-term monitoring of terrestrial ECVs.

- 查明现有观测系统和设计中的差距，以确保对陆地 ecv 进行长期监测。

Networks

One of the first tasks of the GCOS programme was to define a subset of the World Weather Watch (WWW) stations appropriate for basic climate monitoring. The subset of roughly 1000 baseline surface stations became the GCOS Surface Network (GSN), while a subset of 150 upper air stations was designated as the GCOS Upper-Air Network (GUAN). These were built on existing WMO classifications and became the initial baseline components of the atmospheric networks. Considerations for selection of GSN included spatial distribution, length and quality of record, long-term commitment, and degree of urbanization. Similar considerations were used for GUAN. Designation of these networks benefited both the GCOS and the National Meteorological and Hydrological Services (NMHS). For NMHSs, designation of a station as part of the global climate network helped sustain support for these sites with long-term records. The networks provided the foundation for the Regional Basic Climatological Network, which provides far greater spatial detail on the variability of climate.

One of the first tasks of the GCOS programme was to define a subset of the World Weather Watch (WWW) stations appropriate for basic climate monitoring. The subset of roughly 1000 baseline surface stations became the GCOS Surface Network (GSN), while a subset of 150 upper air stations was designated as the GCOS Upper-Air Network (GUAN). These were built on existing WMO classifications and became the initial baseline components of the atmospheric networks. Considerations for selection of GSN included spatial distribution, length and quality of record, long-term commitment, and degree of urbanization. Similar considerations were used for GUAN. Designation of these networks benefited both the GCOS and the National Meteorological and Hydrological Services (NMHS). For NMHSs, designation of a station as part of the global climate network helped sustain support for these sites with long-term records. The networks provided the foundation for the Regional Basic Climatological Network, which provides far greater spatial detail on the variability of climate.

= = 网络 = = 全球气候观测系统方案的首要任务之一是确定适合于基本气候监测的世界天气观测站的子集。大约1000个基线地面站的子集成为 GCOS 地面网络(GSN) ，而150个高空站的子集被指定为 GCOS 高空网络(GUAN)。它们建立在现有的气象组织分类的基础上，成为大气网络的最初基线组成部分。选择 GSN 的考虑因素包括空间分布、记录的长度和质量、长期承诺和城市化程度。类似的考虑也适用于管。指定这些网络有利于全球气候观测系统和国家气象和水文局。对于国家气象和水文部门来说，指定一个气象站作为全球气候网络的一部分，有助于维持对这些有长期记录的地点的支持。这些网络为区域基础气候学网络提供了基础，该网络提供了关于气候变化的更多空间细节。

Recognizing that a balance has to be struck between standards and completeness of ground-based measurement, the GCOS programme recognized a hierarchy of observational networks and systems, comprising comprehensive, baseline and reference networks based on assumptions of spatial sampling needs.

Recognizing that a balance has to be struck between standards and completeness of ground-based measurement, the GCOS programme recognized a hierarchy of observational networks and systems, comprising comprehensive, baseline and reference networks based on assumptions of spatial sampling needs.

全球气候观测系统方案认识到必须在地面测量的标准和完整性之间取得平衡，认识到观测网络和系统的层次结构，包括根据对空间取样需要的假设而建立的综合、基准和参考网络。

An example of a particularly successful step forward in implementing a global observing system for climate is the initiation of a reference network for upper-air observations - the GCOS Reference Upper-Air Network (GRUAN). The network is the prototype of a hybrid observing system, combining operational upper-air measurement sites with research sites and providing high-quality reference data for atmospheric profiles. GRUAN sites are undertaking high-quality atmospheric profile measurements that will help understand trends in upper-air ECVs, assist in investigating processes in the upper-troposphere and lower stratosphere, and provide data for calibrating satellite measurements and validating independent climate analyses and models. At GRUAN sites, the principles of quality, traceability and complete error characterization have been heeded, for at least part of the observing programme. The network is planned to grow over its initial size of 15 stations in coming years; introducing climate quality standards to a larger number of sites.

An example of a particularly successful step forward in implementing a global observing system for climate is the initiation of a reference network for upper-air observations - the GCOS Reference Upper-Air Network (GRUAN). The network is the prototype of a hybrid observing system, combining operational upper-air measurement sites with research sites and providing high-quality reference data for atmospheric profiles. GRUAN sites are undertaking high-quality atmospheric profile measurements that will help understand trends in upper-air ECVs, assist in investigating processes in the upper-troposphere and lower stratosphere, and provide data for calibrating satellite measurements and validating independent climate analyses and models. At GRUAN sites, the principles of quality, traceability and complete error characterization have been heeded, for at least part of the observing programme. The network is planned to grow over its initial size of 15 stations in coming years; introducing climate quality standards to a larger number of sites.

在实施全球气候观测系统方面特别成功的一个例子是启动了一个高空观测参考网络——全球气候观测系统参考高空网络。该网络是一个混合观测系统的原型，将业务上的高空测量站点与研究站点结合起来，为大气廓线提供高质量的参考数据。格鲁吉亚地球观测网各站正在进行高质量的大气剖面测量，这将有助于了解高空气候变化趋势，协助调查对流层上层和平流层下层的过程，并为校准卫星测量和验证独立的气候分析和模型提供数据。在 GRUAN 网站，至少部分观测程序遵循了质量、可追溯性和完全错误角色塑造的原则。该网络计划在未来几年扩大其最初的15个站点的规模; 在更多的站点引入气候质量标准。

See also

• 模板:Portal-inline
• 模板:Portal-inline
• 模板:Portal-inline

External links

• GCOS website
• GOOS website
• website of AOPC
• website of OOPC
• website of TOPC
• website of the Global Observing Systems Information Center - GOSIC

• GCOS website
• GOOS website
• website of AOPC
• website of OOPC
• website of TOPC
• website of the Global Observing Systems Information Center - GOSIC

= = 外部链接 =

• 全球气候观测系统网站
• 全球海洋观测系统网站
• 全球海洋观测组织
• 全球观测和控制中心
• 全球观测和控制中心
• 网站
• 全球观测和控制中心
• 网站

Global Climate Observing System Category:Earth observation

全球气候观测系统类别: 地球观测

This page was moved from wikipedia:en:Global Climate Observing System. Its edit history can be viewed at 全球气候观测系统/edithistory