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第28行： − − Robert Rosen (June 27, 1934 – December 28, 1998) was an American theoretical biologist and Professor of Biophysics at Dalhousie University. − − 罗伯特罗森(1934年6月27日至1998年12月28日)是美国戴豪斯大学的理论生物学家和生物物理学教授。 − ==Career== − Rosen was born on June 27, 1934 in [[Brownsville, Brooklyn|Brownsville]] (a section of [[Brooklyn]]), in [[New York City]]. He studied biology, mathematics, physics, philosophy, and history; particularly, the history of science. In 1959 he obtained a PhD in relational biology, a specialization within the broader field of [[Mathematical Biology]], under the guidance of Professor [[Nicolas Rashevsky]] at the [[University of Chicago]]. He remained at the University of Chicago until 1964,<ref name="rosen-enterprises1">[http://www.rosen-enterprises.com/RobertRosen/rrosenautobio.html "Autobiographical Reminiscences of Robert Rosen"].</ref> later moving to the University of Buffalo — now part of the [[State University of New York]] (SUNY) — at [[Buffalo, New York|Buffalo]] on a full associate professorship, while holding a joint appointment at the Center for Theoretical Biology. − − Rosen was born on June 27, 1934 in Brownsville (a section of Brooklyn), in New York City. He studied biology, mathematics, physics, philosophy, and history; particularly, the history of science. In 1959 he obtained a PhD in relational biology, a specialization within the broader field of Mathematical Biology, under the guidance of Professor Nicolas Rashevsky at the University of Chicago. He remained at the University of Chicago until 1964,"Autobiographical Reminiscences of Robert Rosen". later moving to the University of Buffalo — now part of the State University of New York (SUNY) — at Buffalo on a full associate professorship, while holding a joint appointment at the Center for Theoretical Biology. − − 罗森<!-- 全文统一为“罗伯特罗森” -->1934年6月27日出生于纽约市的布朗斯维尔(布鲁克林的一部分)。他学习了生物学、数学、物理学、哲学和历史，特别是科学史。1959年，他在芝加哥大学的尼古拉斯 · 拉舍夫斯基教授的指导下，获得了有关生物学的博士学位，这是数学生物学更广泛领域的专业。他在芝加哥大学一直待到1964年，著有《罗伯特 · 罗森的自传体回忆录》。后来，他转到了布法罗大学ーー现在是纽约州立大学的一部分ーー担任全职副教授，同时在理论生物学中心担任联合职务。 − His year-long sabbatical in 1970 as a Visiting Fellow at Robert Hutchins' [[Center for the Study of Democratic Institutions]] in [[Santa Barbara, California|Santa Barbara]], California was seminal, leading to the conception and development of what he later called [[Anticipatory system|Anticipatory Systems]] Theory, itself a corollary of his larger theoretical work on relational complexity. In 1975, he left SUNY at Buffalo and accepted a position at [[Dalhousie University]], in [[Halifax Regional Municipality|Halifax]], [[Nova Scotia]], as a Killam Research Professor in the Department of Physiology and Biophysics, where he remained until he took early retirement in 1994.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://communications.medicine.dal.ca/connection/feb1999/rosen.htm |title=In Memory of Dr. Robert Rosen |date=February 1999 |access-date=November 14, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100201044334/http://communications.medicine.dal.ca/connection/feb1999/rosen.htm |archive-date=February 1, 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> He is survived by his wife, a daughter, Judith Rosen, and two sons. − − His year-long sabbatical in 1970 as a Visiting Fellow at Robert Hutchins' Center for the Study of Democratic Institutions in Santa Barbara, California was seminal, leading to the conception and development of what he later called Anticipatory Systems Theory, itself a corollary of his larger theoretical work on relational complexity. In 1975, he left SUNY at Buffalo and accepted a position at Dalhousie University, in Halifax, Nova Scotia, as a Killam Research Professor in the Department of Physiology and Biophysics, where he remained until he took early retirement in 1994. He is survived by his wife, a daughter, Judith Rosen, and two sons. − − 1970年，他进行了长达一年的学术休假，在加利福尼亚州圣巴巴拉的罗伯特 · 哈钦斯民主制度研究中心担任客座研究员，这对他后来所谓的“预期系统理论”的构想和发展产生了重大影响，该理论本身就是他关于关系复杂性的更大理论工作的必然结果。1975年，他离开纽约州立大学布法罗分校，在新斯科舍哈利法克斯的戴尔豪斯大学任职，担任生理学和生物物理学系的吉拉姆研究教授，直到1994年提前退休。他身后留下妻子、女儿朱迪斯 · 罗森和两个儿子。 − − 【最终篇】1970年，他作为加州圣巴巴拉市罗伯特·哈金斯民主制度研究中心的访问学者休假一年，这是开创性的，导致了他后来称之为预期系统理论的概念和发展，这一理论本身是他在关系复杂性方面的更大理论工作的必然结果。1975年，他离开纽约州立大学布法罗分校，进入加拿大新斯科舍省哈利法克斯的达尔豪西大学，担任生理学和生物物理学系的基拉姆研究教授，直到1994年提前退休。他身后留下了妻子、女儿朱迪思·罗森(Judith Rosen)和两个儿子。 − − He served as president of the [[Society for General Systems Research]], now known as the International Society for the Systems Sciences (ISSS), in 1980-81. − He served as president of the Society for General Systems Research, now known as the International Society for the Systems Sciences (ISSS), in 1980-81.+ − 1980年至1981年间，他担任通用系统研究学会的会长，即现在的国际系统科学学会(ISSS)。 − − == Research == − Rosen's research was concerned with the most fundamental aspects of biology, specifically the questions "What is life?" and "Why are living organisms alive?". A few of the major themes in his work were: − * developing a specific definition of [[complexity]] based on [[category theory|category theoretic]] models of autonomous living organisms − * developing [[Complex system biology|Complex Systems Biology]] from the point of view of Relational Biology as well as Quantum Genetics − * developing a rigorous theoretical foundation for living organisms as "anticipatory systems" − − Rosen's research was concerned with the most fundamental aspects of biology, specifically the questions "What is life?" and "Why are living organisms alive?". A few of the major themes in his work were: − * developing a specific definition of complexity based on category theoretic models of autonomous living organisms − * developing Complex Systems Biology from the point of view of Relational Biology as well as Quantum Genetics − * developing a rigorous theoretical foundation for living organisms as "anticipatory systems" − 罗森的研究涉及生物学最基本的方面，特别是有关“什么是生命?”以及“为什么活的有机体是活的? ”等问题。他工作中的几个主要主题是: − * 基于自主生物体的范畴理论模型发展复杂系统生物学 − * 从关系生物学和量子遗传学的角度发展复杂系统生物学 − * 为生物体的“预期系统”建立一个严格的理论基础 第87行：
第52行： − Rosen believed that the contemporary model of physics - which he showed to be based on a [[Cartesian physics|Cartesian]] and [[Classical mechanics|Newtonian]] formalism suitable for describing a world of mechanisms - was inadequate to explain or describe the behavior of biological systems. Rosen argued that the fundamental question "''What is life?''" cannot be adequately addressed from within a scientific foundation that is [[reductionism|reductionistic]]. Approaching organisms with reductionistic scientific methods and practices sacrifices the functional organization of living systems in order to study the parts. The whole, according to Rosen, could not be recaptured once the biological [[organization]] had been destroyed. By proposing a sound theoretical foundation for studying biological organisation, Rosen held that, rather than biology being a mere subset of the already known physics, it might turn out to provide profound lessons for physics, and also for science in general.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.panmere.com/rosen/rosensum.htm |title=Robert Rosen -- Complexity & Life |access-date=September 12, 2007 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080315012840/http://www.panmere.com/rosen/rosensum.htm |archive-date=March 15, 2008 }}</ref> − − Rosen believed that the contemporary model of physics - which he showed to be based on a Cartesian and Newtonian formalism suitable for describing a world of mechanisms - was inadequate to explain or describe the behavior of biological systems. Rosen argued that the fundamental question "What is life?" cannot be adequately addressed from within a scientific foundation that is reductionistic. Approaching organisms with reductionistic scientific methods and practices sacrifices the functional organization of living systems in order to study the parts. The whole, according to Rosen, could not be recaptured once the biological organization had been destroyed. By proposing a sound theoretical foundation for studying biological organisation, Rosen held that, rather than biology being a mere subset of the already known physics, it might turn out to provide profound lessons for physics, and also for science in general. − − 罗森认为，当代的物理学模型——他表明它是基于笛卡尔和牛顿的形式主义去适当地描述一个机制的世界——不足以解释或描述生物系统的行为。罗森认为，基本问题“什么是生命?”不能从一个简化论的科学基础中得到充分的解决。为了研究生命系统的各个部分，用还原论的科学方法去研究生物体，将会牺牲生命系统的功能组织。根据罗森的说法，一旦生物组织被摧毁，就不可能重新从整体上认知生命。通过为研究生物组织提出一个健全的理论基础，罗森认为，生物学不仅仅是已知物理学的一个子集，它可能为物理学和一般科学提供深刻的经验教训。 − − 【最终篇】罗伯特罗森认为，当代的物理模型是建立在笛卡尔和牛顿形式主义的基础上的，适用于描述一个充满机制的世界，不足以解释或描述生物系统的行为。罗伯特罗森认为，“什么是生命?”这个基本问题不能从简化论的科学基础中得到充分的解决。用还原论的科学方法和实践来研究有机体，牺牲了生命系统的功能组织，以研究其部分。据罗伯特罗森说，一旦生物组织被摧毁，整个生物体就无法被重新捕获。罗伯特罗森提出了一个研究生物组织的坚实的理论基础，他认为，生物学不仅仅是已知物理学的一个子集，它可能会为物理学和一般科学提供深刻的教训。 − − Rosen's work combines sophisticated mathematics with potentially radical new views on the nature of living systems and science. He has been called "the Newton of biology."<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Mikulecky|first1=Donald C|title=Robert Rosen (1934–1998): a snapshot of biology's Newton|journal=Computers & Chemistry|date=July 2001|volume=25|issue=4|pages=317–327|doi=10.1016/S0097-8485(01)00079-1|pmid=11459348}}</ref> Drawing on set theory, his work has also been considered controversial, raising concerns that some of the mathematical methods he used could lack adequate proof. Rosen's posthumous work ''Essays on Life Itself'' (2000) as well as recent monographs<ref>{{cite book|last1=Louie|first1=A.H.|title=More than life itself : a synthetic continuation in relational biology|date=2009|publisher=Ontos Verlag|location=Frankfurt|isbn=978-3868380446}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Louie|first1=A. H.|title=Reflection of life : functional entailment and imminence in relational biology|date=2013|publisher=Springer-Verlag New York Inc.|location=New York, NY|isbn=978-1-4614-6927-8}}</ref> by Rosen's student Aloisius Louie have clarified and explained the mathematical content of Rosen's work. − Rosen's work combines sophisticated mathematics with potentially radical new views on the nature of living systems and science. He has been called "the Newton of biology." Drawing on set theory, his work has also been considered controversial, raising concerns that some of the mathematical methods he used could lack adequate proof. Rosen's posthumous work Essays on Life Itself (2000) as well as recent monographs by Rosen's student Aloisius Louie have clarified and explained the mathematical content of Rosen's work.+ − 罗森的工作结合了复杂数学和有关生命系统与科学本质的潜在的激进新观点。他被称为“生物学中的牛顿”。基于集合论，他的工作也被认为是有争议的，引起了人们对他使用的一些数学方法可能缺乏充分证明的担忧。罗森死后的著作《论生命本身》(2000年)以及罗森的学生阿洛修斯路易最近的专著阐明和解释了罗森作品中的数学内容。 − 【最终篇】罗伯特罗森的工作结合了复杂的数学和潜在的激进的关于生命系统和科学本质的新观点。他被称为“生物学的牛顿”。基于集合理论，他的工作也被认为是有争议的，人们担心他使用的一些数学方法可能缺乏足够的证据。罗伯特罗森的遗作《生命本身》(2000)以及最近由罗伯特罗森的学生Aloisius Louie撰写的专著阐明并解释了罗伯特罗森作品中的数学内容。+ − == Relational biology == − Rosen's work proposed a methodology which needs to be developed in addition to the current reductionistic approaches to science by [[molecular biology|molecular biologists]]. He called this methodology ''Relational Biology''. ''Relational'' is a term he correctly attributes to his mentor [[Nicolas Rashevsky]], who published several papers on the importance of set-theoretical relations<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://planetphysics.org/encyclopedia/RelationTheory.html |title=Jon Awbrey ''Relation theory'' (the logical approach to relation theory) |access-date=January 31, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100527004040/http://planetphysics.org/encyclopedia/RelationTheory.html |archive-date=May 27, 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> in biology prior to Rosen's first reports on this subject. Rosen's relational approach to Biology is an extension and amplification of Nicolas Rashevsky's treatment of ''n''-ary relations in, and among, organismic sets that he developed over two decades as a representation of both biological and social "organisms". − − Rosen's work proposed a methodology which needs to be developed in addition to the current reductionistic approaches to science by molecular biologists. He called this methodology Relational Biology. Relational is a term he correctly attributes to his mentor Nicolas Rashevsky, who published several papers on the importance of set-theoretical relations in biology prior to Rosen's first reports on this subject. Rosen's relational approach to Biology is an extension and amplification of Nicolas Rashevsky's treatment of n-ary relations in, and among, organismic sets that he developed over two decades as a representation of both biological and social "organisms". − 罗森的工作提出了一种方法论，目前分子生物学家除了对科学的还原论方法的运用之外，还需要发展这种方法论。他称这种方法为关系生物学。他确切地将关系这个术语归功于他的导师尼古拉斯 · 拉舍夫斯基，在罗森第一次就这个专题发表报告之前，拉舍夫斯基就集合理论关系在生物学中的重要性发表了几篇论文。罗森对生物学的关系方法是尼古拉斯 · 拉舍夫斯基对 n 元关系处理方法的延伸和扩展。拉舍夫斯基在过去20年中发展了一些有机体集合，作为生物和社会“有机体”的代表。+ − 【最终篇】罗伯特罗森的工作提出了一种需要发展的方法论，除了目前分子生物学家对科学的简化方法之外。他称这种方法为关系生物学。关系是他的导师尼古拉斯·拉舍夫斯基(Nicolas Rashevsky)使用的一个术语，在罗伯特罗森第一次报告这个课题之前，拉舍夫斯基发表了几篇关于集合理论关系在生物学中的重要性的论文。罗伯特罗森对生物学的关系方法是对尼古拉斯 · 拉舍夫斯基（Nicolas Rashevsky）的n元关系处理的扩展和放大，他在20多年的时间里发展出了生物和社会“有机体”的代表。 − Rosen's relational biology maintains that organisms, and indeed all systems, have a distinct quality called ''[[organization]]'' which is not part of the language of reductionism, as for example in [[molecular biology]], although it is increasingly employed in [[systems biology]]. It has to do with more than purely structural or material aspects. For example, organization includes all relations between material parts, relations between the effects of interactions of the material parts, and relations with time and environment, to name a few. Many people sum up this aspect of [[complex systems]]<ref>{{Cite journal + 第125行：
第75行： − + − − Rosen's relational biology maintains that organisms, and indeed all systems, have a distinct quality called organization which is not part of the language of reductionism, as for example in molecular biology, although it is increasingly employed in systems biology. It has to do with more than purely structural or material aspects. For example, organization includes all relations between material parts, relations between the effects of interactions of the material parts, and relations with time and environment, to name a few. Many people sum up this aspect of complex systems by saying that the whole is more than the sum of the parts. Relations between parts and between the effects of interactions must be considered as additional 'relational' parts, in some sense. − − <!-- 独特品质是不是不太合适？ − -->罗森的关系生物学认为，有机体，甚至所有的系统，都有一种被称为组织的这种品质不是还原论语言的一部分，例如分子生物学，尽管它在系统生物学中被越来越多地使用。它涉及的不仅仅是纯粹的结构或物质方面。例如，组织包括物质部分之间的所有关系、物质部分相互作用的效应之间的关系、与时间和环境的关系等等。许多人总结复杂系统的这一方面时说，整体大于部分之和。在某种意义上，部分之间的关系和相互作用之间的影响必须被视为附加的关系部分。 − − 【最终篇】罗伯特罗森的关系生物学认为，有机体，甚至所有的系统，都有一种被称为组织的独特属性，这种属性不是还原论语言的一部分，例如分子生物学，尽管它在系统生物学中被越来越多地使用。它不仅仅涉及到结构或材料方面。例如，组织包括所有材料部件之间的关系，材料部件相互作用的影响之间的关系，与时间和环境的关系等等。许多人将复杂系统的这一方面总结为“整体大于部分之和”。在某种意义上，部件之间的关系和交互效果之间的关系必须被视为附加的“关系”部件。 − − Rosen said that [[organization]] must be independent from the material particles which seemingly constitute a [[living system]]. As he put it: − {{quote | The human body completely changes the matter it is made of roughly every 8 weeks, through [[metabolism]], replication and repair. Yet, you're still you --with all your memories, your personality... If science insists on chasing particles, they will follow them right through an [[organism]] and miss the organism entirely. − |Robert Rosen, as told to his daughter, Ms. Judith Rosen<ref name="rosen-enterprises1"/>}} − − Rosen said that organization must be independent from the material particles which seemingly constitute a living system. As he put it: − − − − 罗森说，组织必须独立于看似构成一个生命系统的物质粒子。正如他所说的: − − 【最终篇】罗森说，组织必须独立于看似构成生命系统的物质粒子。正如他所说: − Rosen's abstract relational biology approach focuses on a definition of living organisms, and all [[complex system]]s, in terms of their internal ''organization'' as [[Open system (systems theory)|open system]]s that cannot be reduced to their interacting components because of the multiple relations between metabolic, replication and repair components that govern the organism's complex biodynamics. − Rosen's abstract relational biology approach focuses on a definition of living organisms, and all complex systems, in terms of their internal organization as open systems that cannot be reduced to their interacting components because of the multiple relations between metabolic, replication and repair components that govern the organism's complex biodynamics.+ − 罗森的抽象关系生物学方法关注于对生物体和所有复杂系统的定义，就其内部组织而言，它们是开放的系统，不能被简化为它们相互作用的组成部分，因为控制有机体复杂生物动力学的代谢、复制和修复组件之间是一种多重复杂关系。 − He deliberately chose the `simplest' [[Graph (discrete mathematics)|graph]]s and categories for his representations of Metabolism-Repair Systems in small categories of sets endowed only with the discrete "efficient" topology of sets, envisaging this choice as the most general and less restrictive. It turns out however that the efficient entailments of <math>(M{,}R)</math>systems <!--{{clarify|date=September 2013}}--> are "closed to efficient cause",<ref>[http://www.people.vcu.edu/~mikuleck/PPRISS3.html Donald C. Mikulecky Robert Rosen: The well posed question and its answer - Why are organisms different from machines?]</ref> or in simple terms the catalysts ("efficient causes" of metabolism, usually identified as enzymes) are themselves products of metabolism, and thus may not be considered, in a strict mathematical sense, as subcategories of the [[category (mathematics)|category]] of sequential machines or [[automata]]: in direct contradiction of the French philosopher [[Descartes]]' supposition that all animals are only elaborate machines or ''mechanisms''. Rosen stated: "''I argue that the only resolution to such problems'' [of the subject-object boundary and what constitutes objectivity] ''is in the recognition that closed loops of causation are 'objective'; i.e. legitimate objects of scientific scrutiny. These are explicitly forbidden in any machine or mechanism.''"<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rosen|first=Robert|date=June 1, 1993|title=Drawing the boundary between subject and object: Comments on the mind-brain problem|journal=Theoretical Medicine|language=en|volume=14|issue=2|pages=89–100|doi=10.1007/BF00997269|pmid=8236065|s2cid=24953932|issn=1573-1200}}</ref> Rosen's demonstration of "efficient closure" was to present this clear paradox in mechanistic science, that on the one hand organisms are defined by such causal closures and on the other hand mechanism forbids them; thus we need to revise our understanding of nature. The mechanistic view prevails even today in most of general biology, and most of science, although some claim no longer in [[sociology]] and [[psychology]] where reductionist approaches have failed and fallen out of favour since the early 1970s. However those fields have yet to reach consensus on what the new view should be, as is also the case in most other disciplines, which struggle to retain various aspects of "the machine metaphor" for living and complex systems. − − He deliberately chose the `simplest' graphs and categories for his representations of Metabolism-Repair Systems in small categories of sets endowed only with the discrete "efficient" topology of sets, envisaging this choice as the most general and less restrictive. It turns out however that the efficient entailments of (M{,}R)systems are "closed to efficient cause",Donald C. Mikulecky Robert Rosen: The well posed question and its answer - Why are organisms different from machines? or in simple terms the catalysts ("efficient causes" of metabolism, usually identified as enzymes) are themselves products of metabolism, and thus may not be considered, in a strict mathematical sense, as subcategories of the category of sequential machines or automata: in direct contradiction of the French philosopher Descartes' supposition that all animals are only elaborate machines or mechanisms. Rosen stated: "I argue that the only resolution to such problems [of the subject-object boundary and what constitutes objectivity] is in the recognition that closed loops of causation are 'objective'; i.e. legitimate objects of scientific scrutiny. These are explicitly forbidden in any machine or mechanism." Rosen's demonstration of "efficient closure" was to present this clear paradox in mechanistic science, that on the one hand organisms are defined by such causal closures and on the other hand mechanism forbids them; thus we need to revise our understanding of nature. The mechanistic view prevails even today in most of general biology, and most of science, although some claim no longer in sociology and psychology where reductionist approaches have failed and fallen out of favour since the early 1970s. However those fields have yet to reach consensus on what the new view should be, as is also the case in most other disciplines, which struggle to retain various aspects of "the machine metaphor" for living and complex systems. − − 他有意地选择“最简单的”图和类别来表示只赋予离散集合的“有效”拓扑小类别集合中的代谢-修复系统，并且设想这种选择是最一般和限制较少的。然而，事实证明 (M{,}R)系统的有效衍生是“有效因果闭合的”。唐纳德·c·米库勒基·罗伯特·罗森: 这是一个恰当的问题及其答案——为什么有机体不同于机器？或者用简单的术语来说，新陈代谢的催化剂(新陈代谢的“有效原因”，通常被认为是酶)本身就是新陈代谢的产物，因此，从严格的数学意义上来说，可能不会被认为是连续机器或自动机范畴的子范畴: 这与法国哲学家笛卡尔的假设直接矛盾，即所有的动物都只是复杂的机器或机制。罗森说:“我认为，解决这些问题(主体-客体边界和什么构成客观性)的唯一办法是承认因果关系的闭环是‘客观的’;即科学审查的合法对象。任何机器论或机械论都明确禁止这些操作。”罗森关于“有效闭合”的论证，是为了在机械论科学中提出这样一个明确的悖论: 一方面，生物体是由这种因果闭合定义的，另一方面，机制又禁止它们; 因此，我们需要修正我们对自然的理解。这种机械论的观点甚至在今天的大多数普通生物学和大多数科学中依然盛行，尽管有些人声称社会学和心理学中的还原论方法已经失败，并且自20世纪70年代初以来已经失宠。然而，这些领域尚未就新观点应该是什么达成共识，大多数其他学科也是如此，这些学科努力保留生命和复杂系统的”机器隐喻”的各个方面。 − − 【最终篇】他有意地选择“最简单的”图和类别来表示只赋予离散集合的“有效”拓扑小类别集合中的代谢-修复系统，并且设想这种选择是最一般和限制较少的。然而，事实证明 (M{,}R)系统的有效衍生是“有效因果闭合的”。唐纳德·c·米库勒基·罗伯特·罗森: 这是一个恰当的问题及其答案——为什么有机体不同于机器？或者用简单的术语来说，新陈代谢的催化剂(新陈代谢的“有效原因”，通常被认为是酶)本身就是新陈代谢的产物，因此，从严格的数学意义上来说，可能不会被认为是连续机器或自动机范畴的子范畴: 这与法国哲学家笛卡尔的假设直接矛盾，即所有的动物都只是复杂的机器或机制。罗森说:“我认为，解决这些问题(主体-客体边界和什么构成客观性)的唯一办法是承认因果关系的闭环是‘客观的’;即科学审查的合法对象。任何机器论或机械论都明确禁止这些操作。”罗森关于“有效闭合”的论证，是为了在机械论科学中提出这样一个明确的悖论: 一方面，生物体是由这种因果闭合定义的，另一方面，机制又禁止它们; 因此，我们需要修正我们对自然的理解。这种机械论的观点甚至在今天的大多数普通生物学和大多数科学中依然盛行，尽管有些人声称社会学和心理学中的还原论方法已经失败，并且自20世纪70年代初以来已经失宠。然而，这些领域尚未就新观点应该是什么达成共识，大多数其他学科也是如此，这些学科努力保留生命和复杂系统的”机器隐喻”的各个方面。 − − == Complexity and complex scientific models: (''M,R'') systems == − == 复杂性和复杂科学模型:(M,R)系统 == + − The clarification of the distinction between simple and [[complex system|complex scientific models]] became in later years a major goal of Rosen's published reports. Rosen maintained that modeling is at the very essence of science and thought. His book [[Anticipatory Systems; Philosophical, Mathematical, and Methodological Foundations|''Anticipatory Systems'']]<ref>''Anticipatory Systems: Philosophical, Mathematical, and Methodological Foundations'', Robert Rosen, 2nd edition, with contributions by Judith Rosen, John J. Klineman and Mihai Nadin, 2012, lx + 472 pp., Springer, New York {{ISBN|978-1-4614-1268-7}}</ref> describes, in detail, what he termed the ''modeling relation''. He showed the deep differences between a true modeling relation and a [[simulation]], the latter not based on such a modeling relation. − The clarification of the distinction between simple and complex scientific models became in later years a major goal of Rosen's published reports. Rosen maintained that modeling is at the very essence of science and thought. His book Anticipatory SystemsAnticipatory Systems: Philosophical, Mathematical, and Methodological Foundations, Robert Rosen, 2nd edition, with contributions by Judith Rosen, John J. Klineman and Mihai Nadin, 2012, lx + 472 pp., Springer, New York describes, in detail, what he termed the modeling relation. He showed the deep differences between a true modeling relation and a simulation, the latter not based on such a modeling relation.+ − 在后来的几年里，罗森发表的报告的主要目标就是澄清简单模型和复杂模型之间的区别。罗森坚持认为，建模是科学和思想的本质。他的著作《预期系统健康预防系统:哲学、数学和方法论基础》，罗伯特罗森，第二版，由朱迪丝·罗森，约翰·j·克莱恩曼和米哈伊·纳丁贡献，2012,lx + 472页，施普林格，纽约详细描述了他所说的建模关系。他展示了真实建模关系和模拟之间的深刻差异，后者并不基于这样的建模关系。 − 【最终篇】澄清简单科学模型和复杂科学模型之间的区别成为罗森后来发表报告的主要目标。罗森认为建模是科学和思想的本质。他的著作《预期系统健康预防系统:哲学、数学和方法论基础》，罗伯特罗森（Robert Rosen），第二版，由朱迪丝·罗森（Judith Rosen）、约翰·j·克莱恩曼（John J. Klineman）和米哈伊·纳丁（Mihai Nadin）贡献，2012,lx + 472页，施普林格，纽约详细描述了他所说的建模关系。他展示了真实的建模关系和仿真之间的深刻区别，后者不是基于这样的建模关系。+
无编辑摘要
【最终篇】罗伯特·罗森(1934年6月27日- 1998年12月28日)是美国达尔豪斯大学的理论生物学家和生物物理学教授。
【最终篇】罗伯特·罗森(1934年6月27日- 1998年12月28日)是美国达尔豪斯大学的理论生物学家和生物物理学教授。
== 职业 ==
== 职业 ==
【最终篇】1934年6月27日，罗伯特罗森出生于纽约市布朗斯维尔(布朗斯维尔位于布鲁克林)。他学习了生物、数学、物理、哲学和历史;尤其是科学史。1959年，在芝加哥大学尼古拉斯·拉舍夫斯基教授的指导下，他获得了关系生物学博士学位，这是一个更广泛的数学生物学领域的专业。他在芝加哥大学一直待到1964年，写了《罗伯特罗森自传回忆录》。后来在布法罗的布法罗大学(现为纽约州立大学的一部分)担任副教授，同时在理论生物学中心担任联合职务。
【最终篇】1934年6月27日，罗伯特罗森出生于纽约市布朗斯维尔(布朗斯维尔位于布鲁克林)。他学习了生物、数学、物理、哲学和历史;尤其是科学史。1959年，在芝加哥大学尼古拉斯·拉舍夫斯基教授的指导下，他获得了关系生物学博士学位，这是一个更广泛的数学生物学领域的专业。他在芝加哥大学一直待到1964年，写了《罗伯特罗森自传回忆录》。后来在布法罗的布法罗大学(现为纽约州立大学的一部分)担任副教授，同时在理论生物学中心担任联合职务。
【最终篇】1970年，他作为加州圣巴巴拉市罗伯特·哈金斯民主制度研究中心的访问学者休假一年，这是开创性的，导致了他后来称之为预期系统理论的概念和发展，这一理论本身是他在关系复杂性方面的更大理论工作的必然结果。1975年，他离开纽约州立大学布法罗分校，进入加拿大新斯科舍省哈利法克斯的达尔豪西大学，担任生理学和生物物理学系的基拉姆研究教授，直到1994年提前退休。<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://communications.medicine.dal.ca/connection/feb1999/rosen.htm |title=In Memory of Dr. Robert Rosen |date=February 1999 |access-date=November 14, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100201044334/http://communications.medicine.dal.ca/connection/feb1999/rosen.htm |archive-date=February 1, 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref>他身后留下了妻子、女儿朱迪思·罗森(Judith Rosen)和两个儿子。
【最终篇】1980-1981年，他曾担任通用系统研究学会(现在称为国际系统科学学会(ISSS))主席。
【最终篇】1980-1981年，他曾担任通用系统研究学会(现在称为国际系统科学学会(ISSS))主席。
== 研究 ==
== 研究 ==
【最终篇】罗伯特罗森的研究涉及生物学最基本的方面，特别是“什么是生命?”和“生物为什么是活着的?”他作品中的几个主要主题是:
【最终篇】罗伯特罗森的研究涉及生物学最基本的方面，特别是“什么是生命?”和“生物为什么是活着的?”他作品中的几个主要主题是:
·将生命体作为“预期系统”建立严格的理论基础
·将生命体作为“预期系统”建立严格的理论基础
【最终篇】罗伯特罗森认为，当代的物理模型是建立在笛卡尔和牛顿形式主义的基础上的，适用于描述一个充满机制的世界，不足以解释或描述生物系统的行为。罗伯特罗森认为，“什么是生命?”这个基本问题不能从简化论的科学基础中得到充分的解决。用还原论的科学方法和实践来研究有机体，牺牲了生命系统的功能组织，以研究其部分。据罗伯特罗森说，一旦生物组织被摧毁，整个生物体就无法被重新捕获。罗伯特罗森提出了一个研究生物组织的坚实的理论基础，他认为，生物学不仅仅是已知物理学的一个子集，它可能会为物理学和一般科学提供深刻的教训。<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.panmere.com/rosen/rosensum.htm |title=Robert Rosen -- Complexity & Life |access-date=September 12, 2007 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080315012840/http://www.panmere.com/rosen/rosensum.htm |archive-date=March 15, 2008 }}</ref>
【最终篇】罗伯特罗森的工作结合了复杂的数学和潜在的激进的关于生命系统和科学本质的新观点。他被称为“生物学的牛顿”<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Mikulecky|first1=Donald C|title=Robert Rosen (1934–1998): a snapshot of biology's Newton|journal=Computers & Chemistry|date=July 2001|volume=25|issue=4|pages=317–327|doi=10.1016/S0097-8485(01)00079-1|pmid=11459348}}</ref>。基于集合理论，他的工作也被认为是有争议的，人们担心他使用的一些数学方法可能缺乏足够的证据。罗伯特罗森的遗作《生命本身》(2000)<ref>{{cite book|last1=Louie|first1=A.H.|title=More than life itself : a synthetic continuation in relational biology|date=2009|publisher=Ontos Verlag|location=Frankfurt|isbn=978-3868380446}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Louie|first1=A. H.|title=Reflection of life : functional entailment and imminence in relational biology|date=2013|publisher=Springer-Verlag New York Inc.|location=New York, NY|isbn=978-1-4614-6927-8}}</ref>以及最近由罗伯特罗森的学生Aloisius Louie撰写的专著阐明并解释了罗伯特罗森作品中的数学内容。
== 关系生物学 ==
== 关系生物学 ==
【最终篇】罗伯特罗森的工作提出了一种需要发展的方法论，除了目前分子生物学家对科学的简化方法之外。他称这种方法为关系生物学。关系是他的导师尼古拉斯·拉舍夫斯基(Nicolas Rashevsky)使用的一个术语，在罗伯特罗森第一次报告这个课题之前，拉舍夫斯基发表了几篇关于集合理论关系在生物学中的重要性的论文。<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://planetphysics.org/encyclopedia/RelationTheory.html |title=Jon Awbrey ''Relation theory'' (the logical approach to relation theory) |access-date=January 31, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100527004040/http://planetphysics.org/encyclopedia/RelationTheory.html |archive-date=May 27, 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref>罗伯特罗森对生物学的关系方法是对尼古拉斯 · 拉舍夫斯基（Nicolas Rashevsky）的n元关系处理的扩展和放大，他在20多年的时间里发展出了生物和社会“有机体”的代表。
【最终篇】罗伯特罗森的关系生物学认为，有机体，甚至所有的系统，都有一种被称为组织的独特属性，这种属性不是还原论语言的一部分，例如分子生物学，尽管它在系统生物学中被越来越多地使用。它不仅仅涉及到结构或材料方面。例如，组织包括所有材料部件之间的关系，材料部件相互作用的影响之间的关系，与时间和环境的关系等等。<ref>{{Cite journal
| last1 = Baianu | first1 = I. C.
| last1 = Baianu | first1 = I. C.
| doi = 10.1007/s10516-005-4204-z
| doi = 10.1007/s10516-005-4204-z
| s2cid = 4673166
| s2cid = 4673166
| quote = Complex Systems Biology and Life’s Logic in memory of Robert Rosen
| quote = Complex Systems Biology and Life’s Logic in memory of Robert Rosen
}}</ref> by saying that ''the whole is more than the sum of the parts''. Relations between parts and between the effects of interactions must be considered as additional 'relational' parts, in some sense.
}}</ref>许多人将复杂系统的这一方面总结为“整体大于部分之和”。在某种意义上，部件之间的关系和交互效果之间的关系必须被视为附加的“关系”部件。
【最终篇】罗森说，组织必须独立于看似构成生命系统的物质粒子。正如他所说<ref name="rosen-enterprises1"/>:
【最终篇】罗森的抽象关系生物学方法关注于对生物体和所有复杂系统的定义，就其内部组织而言，它们是开放的系统，不能被简化为它们相互作用的组成部分，因为控制有机体复杂生物动力学的代谢、复制和修复组件之间是一种多重复杂关系。
【最终篇】罗森的抽象关系生物学方法关注于对生物体和所有复杂系统的定义，就其内部组织而言，它们是开放的系统，不能被简化为它们相互作用的组成部分，因为控制有机体复杂生物动力学的代谢、复制和修复组件之间是一种多重复杂关系。
【最终篇】他有意地选择“最简单的”图和类别来表示只赋予离散集合的“有效”拓扑小类别集合中的代谢-修复系统，并且设想这种选择是最一般和限制较少的。然而，事实证明 (M{,}R)系统的有效衍生是“有效因果闭合的”。唐纳德·c·米库勒基·罗伯特·罗森: 这是一个恰当的问题及其答案——为什么有机体不同于机器？或者用简单的术语来说，新陈代谢的催化剂(新陈代谢的“有效原因”，<ref>[http://www.people.vcu.edu/~mikuleck/PPRISS3.html Donald C. Mikulecky Robert Rosen: The well posed question and its answer - Why are organisms different from machines?]</ref>通常被认为是酶)本身就是新陈代谢的产物，因此，从严格的数学意义上来说，可能不会被认为是连续机器或自动机范畴的子范畴: 这与法国哲学家笛卡尔的假设直接矛盾，即所有的动物都只是复杂的机器或机制。罗森说:“我认为，解决这些问题(主体-客体边界和什么构成客观性)的唯一办法是承认因果关系的闭环是‘客观的’;即科学审查的合法对象。任何机器论或机械论都明确禁止这些操作。”<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rosen|first=Robert|date=June 1, 1993|title=Drawing the boundary between subject and object: Comments on the mind-brain problem|journal=Theoretical Medicine|language=en|volume=14|issue=2|pages=89–100|doi=10.1007/BF00997269|pmid=8236065|s2cid=24953932|issn=1573-1200}}</ref>罗森关于“有效闭合”的论证，是为了在机械论科学中提出这样一个明确的悖论: 一方面，生物体是由这种因果闭合定义的，另一方面，机制又禁止它们; 因此，我们需要修正我们对自然的理解。这种机械论的观点甚至在今天的大多数普通生物学和大多数科学中依然盛行，尽管有些人声称社会学和心理学中的还原论方法已经失败，并且自20世纪70年代初以来已经失宠。然而，这些领域尚未就新观点应该是什么达成共识，大多数其他学科也是如此，这些学科努力保留生命和复杂系统的”机器隐喻”的各个方面。
== 复杂性和复杂科学模型系统 ==
【最终篇】澄清简单科学模型和复杂科学模型之间的区别成为罗森后来发表报告的主要目标。罗森认为建模是科学和思想的本质。他的著作《预防系统》<ref>''Anticipatory Systems: Philosophical, Mathematical, and Methodological Foundations'', Robert Rosen, 2nd edition, with contributions by Judith Rosen, John J. Klineman and Mihai Nadin, 2012, lx + 472 pp., Springer, New York {{ISBN|978-1-4614-1268-7}}</ref>详细描述了他所说的建模关系。他展示了真实的建模关系和仿真之间的深刻区别，后者不是基于这样的建模关系。
In [[mathematical biology]] he is known as the originator of a class of relational models of living [[organism]]s, called <math>(M{,}R)</math>systems that he devised to capture the minimal capabilities that a material [[system]] would need in order to be one of the simplest ''functional organisms'' that are commonly said to be "alive". In this kind of system, <math>M</math> stands for the metabolic and <math>R</math> stands for the 'repair' subsystems of a simple organism, for example active 'repair' RNA molecules. Thus, his mode for determining or "defining" life in any given system is a functional, not material, mode; although he did consider in his 1970s published reports specific ''dynamic realizations'' of the simplest <math>(M{,}R)</math>systems in terms of enzymes (<math>M</math>), [[RNA]] (<math>R</math>), and functional, duplicating [[DNA]] (his <math>\beta</math>-mapping).
In [[mathematical biology]] he is known as the originator of a class of relational models of living [[organism]]s, called <math>(M{,}R)</math>systems that he devised to capture the minimal capabilities that a material [[system]] would need in order to be one of the simplest ''functional organisms'' that are commonly said to be "alive". In this kind of system, <math>M</math> stands for the metabolic and <math>R</math> stands for the 'repair' subsystems of a simple organism, for example active 'repair' RNA molecules. Thus, his mode for determining or "defining" life in any given system is a functional, not material, mode; although he did consider in his 1970s published reports specific ''dynamic realizations'' of the simplest <math>(M{,}R)</math>systems in terms of enzymes (<math>M</math>), [[RNA]] (<math>R</math>), and functional, duplicating [[DNA]] (his <math>\beta</math>-mapping).