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==历史==

==历史==

The term ''dendrites'' was first used in 1889 by [[Wilhelm His, Sr.|Wilhelm His]] to describe the number of smaller "protoplasmic processes" that were attached to a [[Neuron|nerve cell]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Origins of neuroscience : a history of explorations into brain function|last=Finger|first=Stanley|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1994|isbn=9780195146943|pages=44|oclc=27151391|quote=The nerve cell with its uninterrupted processes was described by Otto Friedrich Karl Deiters (1834-1863) in a work that was completed by Max Schultze (1825-1874) in 1865, two years after Deiters died of typhoid fever. This work portrayed the cell body with a single chief "axis cylinder" and a number of smaller "protoplasmic processes" (see figure 3.19). The latter would become known as "dendrites", a term coined by Wilhelm His (1831-1904) in 1889.}}</ref> German anatomist [[Otto Friedrich Karl Deiters]] is generally credited with the discovery of the axon by distinguishing it from the dendrites.

树突（''dendrite''）一词最早是在 1889 年被 [[Wilhelm His, Sr.|Wilhelm His]] 用来描述神经细胞相连的较小的“原生质突起”的数量<ref>{{Cite book|title=Origins of neuroscience : a history of explorations into brain function|last=Finger|first=Stanley|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1994|isbn=9780195146943|pages=44|oclc=27151391|quote=The nerve cell with its uninterrupted processes was described by Otto Friedrich Karl Deiters (1834-1863) in a work that was completed by Max Schultze (1825-1874) in 1865, two years after Deiters died of typhoid fever. This work portrayed the cell body with a single chief "axis cylinder" and a number of smaller "protoplasmic processes" (see figure 3.19). The latter would become known as "dendrites", a term coined by Wilhelm His (1831-1904) in 1889.}}</ref> 。德国解剖学家 [[Otto Friedrich Karl Deiters]] 被认为发现了轴突，是他首先将轴突与树突区分开。

 

树突（''dendrite''）一词最早是在 1889 年被 [[Wilhelm His, Sr.|Wilhelm His]] 用来描述神经细胞相连的较小的“原生质突起”的数量。德国解剖学家 [[Otto Friedrich Karl Deiters]] 被认为发现了轴突，是他首先将轴突与树突区分开。

1930 年代末，[[Kenneth S. Cole]] 和 Howard J. Curtis 最先开始对神经系统进行胞内电生理记录。瑞士人 Rüdolf Albert von Kölliker 和德国人 German Robert Remak 首先对轴突起始段进行了鉴定和性质研究。1952 年，[[Alan Hodgkin]] 和 [[Andrew Huxley]] 也使用了乌贼巨突触（1939年），到 1952 年他们得到动作电位的离子机制的完整定量描述，从而建立了 Hodgkin-Huxley 模型。Hodgkin 和 Huxley 因这项工作在 1963 年共同获得诺贝尔奖。Frankenhaeuser-Huxley 方程式则将将刻画轴突传导的公式推广到脊椎动物。Louis-Antoine Ranvier 首次描述了轴突上的不连续或结，因此这些轴突特征现在通常被称为郎飞结。西班牙解剖学家 Ramón y Cajal 提出轴突是神经元输出的部分<ref>{{cite journal|last=Debanne|first=D|author2=Campanac, E |author3=Bialowas, A |author4=Carlier, E |author5= Alcaraz, G |title=Axon physiology.|journal=Physiological Reviews|date=Apr 2011|volume=91|issue=2|pages=555–602|pmid=21527732 |doi=10.1152/physrev.00048.2009|url=https://hal-amu.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01766861/file/Debanne-Physiol-Rev-2011.pdf}}</ref>。他还指出，神经元是离散的细胞，通过细胞间的特殊连接或空隙，即今天称为突触的结构进行相互通信。Ramón y Cajal 改进了他的竞争对手 [[Camillo Golgi]] 发明的高尔基染色法<ref>{{cite journal|last=López-Muñoz|first=F|title=Neuron theory, the cornerstone of neuroscience, on the centenary of the Nobel Prize award to Santiago Ramón y Cajal|journal=Brain Research Bulletin|volume=70|issue=4–6|pages=391–405|pmid=17027775|doi=10.1016/j.brainresbull.2006.07.010|date=October 2006|s2cid=11273256}}</ref>。

1930 年代末，[[Kenneth S. Cole]] 和 Howard J. Curtis 最先开始对神经系统进行胞内电生理记录。瑞士人 Rüdolf Albert von Kölliker 和德国人 German Robert Remak 首先对轴突起始段进行了鉴定和性质研究。1952 年，[[Alan Hodgkin]] 和 [[Andrew Huxley]] 也使用了乌贼巨突触（1939年），到 1952 年他们得到动作电位的离子机制的完整定量描述，从而建立了 Hodgkin-Huxley 模型。Hodgkin 和 Huxley 因这项工作在 1963 年共同获得诺贝尔奖。Frankenhaeuser-Huxley 方程式则将将刻画轴突传导的公式推广到脊椎动物。Louis-Antoine Ranvier 首次描述了轴突上的不连续或结，因此这些轴突特征现在通常被称为郎飞结。西班牙解剖学家 Ramón y Cajal 提出轴突是神经元输出的部分<ref>{{cite journal|last=Debanne|first=D|author2=Campanac, E |author3=Bialowas, A |author4=Carlier, E |author5= Alcaraz, G |title=Axon physiology.|journal=Physiological Reviews|date=Apr 2011|volume=91|issue=2|pages=555–602|pmid=21527732 |doi=10.1152/physrev.00048.2009|url=https://hal-amu.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01766861/file/Debanne-Physiol-Rev-2011.pdf}}</ref>。他还指出，神经元是离散的细胞，通过细胞间的特殊连接或空隙，即今天称为突触的结构进行相互通信。Ramón y Cajal 改进了他的竞争对手 [[Camillo Golgi]] 发明的高尔基染色法<ref>{{cite journal|last=López-Muñoz|first=F|title=Neuron theory, the cornerstone of neuroscience, on the centenary of the Nobel Prize award to Santiago Ramón y Cajal|journal=Brain Research Bulletin|volume=70|issue=4–6|pages=391–405|pmid=17027775|doi=10.1016/j.brainresbull.2006.07.010|date=October 2006|s2cid=11273256}}</ref>。