SEM 有多种类型,包括连续空间反应扩散偏微分方程(Cantrell 和 Cosner 2003)<ref name="Batchelor">Cantrell RS, Cosner C. 2003. Spatial Ecology via Reaction-Diffusion Equations. Chichester: Wiley. p 411.</ref>、面片模型(Hanski 和 Thomas 1994;Wu 和 Levin 1997)、元胞自动机(CA)邻域模型( 霍格维格 1988),和基于个人的邻里模型(Pacala 和 Silander 1985)。
+
SEM 有多种类型,包括'''连续空间反应扩散偏微分方程'''(Cantrell 和 Cosner 2003)<ref name="Batchelor">Cantrell RS, Cosner C. 2003. Spatial Ecology via Reaction-Diffusion Equations. Chichester: Wiley. p 411.</ref>、'''面片模型'''(Hanski 和 Thomas 1994<ref>Hanski I, Thomas CD. 1994. Metapopulation dynamics and conservation: a spatially explicit model applied to butterflies.Biol Conserv 68:167–80.</ref>;Wu 和 Levin 1997<ref name="测试">Wu J, Levin SA. 1997. A patch-based spatial modeling approach: conceptual framework and simulation scheme. Ecol Model 101:325–46.</ref>)、'''元胞自动机(CA)'''邻域模型( 霍格维格 1988<ref>Hogeweg P. 1988. Cellular automata as a paradigm for ecological modeling. Appl Math Comput 27:81–100.</ref>),和'''基于个人的邻里模型'''(Pacala 和 Silander 1985<ref>Pacala SW, Silander JA Jr. 1985. Neighborhood models of plant population dynamics. I. Single-species models of annuals. Am Nat 125:385–411.</ref>)。