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In a [[Markov chain]], the state variable Xt represents the cause, while Xt+1 represents the effect. Thus, the [math]X_{t + 1}[/math] at the next time can be regarded as the result. Thus, the [[state transition matrix]] of a [[Markov chain]] represents its [[causal mechanism]]. Therefore, the calculation formula for <math>EI</math> for a [[Markov chain]] is as follows:

In a [[Markov chain]], the state variable [math]X_{t}[/math] represents the cause, while [math]X_{t + 1}[/math] represents the effect. Thus, the [math]X_{t + 1}[/math] at the next time can be regarded as the result. Thus, the [[state transition matrix]] of a [[Markov chain]] represents its [[causal mechanism]]. Therefore, the calculation formula for <math>EI</math> for a [[Markov chain]] is as follows: