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Moved page from wikipedia:en:Emergence (history)
此词条暂由彩云小译翻译，未经人工整理和审校，带来阅读不便，请见谅。{{Complex systems}}
{{Other uses}}
{{See also|Emergent (disambiguation)|Spontaneous order|Self-organization}}
{{short description|Phenomenon in complex systems where interactions produce effects not directly predictable from the subsystems}}
{{Citation style|date=February 2019}}
[[File:SnowflakesWilsonBentley.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.20|The formation of complex symmetrical and [[fractal]] [[patterns in nature|patterns]] in [[snowflake]]s exemplifies emergence in a physical system.]]
The formation of complex symmetrical and [[fractal patterns in snowflakes exemplifies emergence in a physical system.]]
复杂对称和[雪花中的分形图案说明了物理系统的出现]的形成
[[File:Termite Cathedral DSC03570.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.10|A [[termite]] "cathedral" mound produced by a [[termites|termite colony]] offers a classic example of emergence in [[nature]]]]
A [[termite "cathedral" mound produced by a termite colony offers a classic example of emergence in nature]]
一个[白蚁聚居地制造的白蚁“大教堂”土墩提供了一个自然界出现的经典例子]
In [[philosophy]], [[systems theory]], [[science]], and [[art]], '''emergence''' occurs when an entity is observed to have properties its parts do not have on their own. These properties or behaviors emerge only when the parts interact in a wider whole. For example, smooth forward motion emerges when a bicycle and its rider interoperate, but neither part can produce the behavior on their own.
In philosophy, systems theory, science, and art, emergence occurs when an entity is observed to have properties its parts do not have on their own. These properties or behaviors emerge only when the parts interact in a wider whole. For example, smooth forward motion emerges when a bicycle and its rider interoperate, but neither part can produce the behavior on their own.
在哲学、系统论、科学和艺术中，当一个实体被观察到具有其组成部分本身没有的属性时，涌现就出现了。这些属性或行为只有当各个部分在一个更广泛的整体中相互作用时才会出现。例如，当一辆自行车和它的骑手互动时，平稳的向前运动就出现了，但是两个部分都不能自己产生这种行为。
Emergence plays a central role in theories of [[integrative level]]s and of [[complex system]]s. For instance, the phenomenon of ''[[life]]'' as studied in [[biology]] is an emergent property of [[chemistry]], and [[psychology|psychological]] phenomena emerge from the [[neurobiology|neurobiological]] phenomena of living things.
Emergence plays a central role in theories of integrative levels and of complex systems. For instance, the phenomenon of life as studied in biology is an emergent property of chemistry, and psychological phenomena emerge from the neurobiological phenomena of living things.
涌现在整合层次理论和复杂系统理论中起着核心作用。例如，生物学所研究的生命现象是化学的一个突现性质，而心理现象是从生物的神经生物学现象中产生的。
In philosophy, theories that emphasize emergent properties have been called [[emergentism]]. Almost all accounts of emergentism include a form of [[epistemic]] or [[ontological]] irreducibility to the lower levels.<ref name=Wong/>
In philosophy, theories that emphasize emergent properties have been called emergentism. Almost all accounts of emergentism include a form of epistemic or ontological irreducibility to the lower levels.
在哲学中，强调突现性质的理论被称为突现论。几乎所有再生主义的叙述都包括一种认识论或本体论不可还原到较低层次的形式。
==In philosophy==
==In philosophy==
在哲学上
{{Main|Emergentism}}
Philosophers often understand emergence as a claim about the [[etiology]] of a [[system]]'s properties. An emergent property of a system, in this context, is one that is not a property of any component of that system, but is still a feature of the system as a whole. [[Nicolai Hartmann]] (1882-1950), one of the first modern philosophers to write on emergence, termed this a ''categorial novum'' (new category).
Philosophers often understand emergence as a claim about the etiology of a system's properties. An emergent property of a system, in this context, is one that is not a property of any component of that system, but is still a feature of the system as a whole. Nicolai Hartmann (1882-1950), one of the first modern philosophers to write on emergence, termed this a categorial novum (new category).
哲学家通常把涌现理解为一种对系统特性的病因学的主张。在这个上下文中，系统的涌现属性不是系统的任何组件的属性，但仍然是整个系统的一个特征。尼古拉·哈特曼(1882-1950) ，第一批写出涌现论的现代哲学家之一，把这种现象称为范畴新见习(新范畴)。
===Definitions===
===Definitions===
定义
This idea of emergence has been around since at least the time of [[Aristotle]].<ref name="Meta">Aristotle, ''[[Metaphysics (Aristotle)]]'', Book Η 1045a 8–10: "... the totality is not, as it were, a mere heap, but the whole is something besides the parts ...", i.e., the whole is other than the sum of the parts.</ref> The many scientists and philosophers<ref>Being Emergence vs. Pattern Emergence: Complexity, Control, and Goal-Directedness in Biological Systems
This idea of emergence has been around since at least the time of Aristotle. The many scientists and philosophers<ref>Being Emergence vs. Pattern Emergence: Complexity, Control, and Goal-Directedness in Biological Systems
这个涌现的概念至少在亚里士多德时代就已经存在了。许多科学家和哲学家提出存在涌现 vs. 模式涌现: 生物系统中的复杂性、控制性和目标导向性
Jason Winning & William Bechtel
Jason Winning & William Bechtel
杰森 · 温宁和威廉 · 贝克特尔
In Sophie Gibb, Robin Hendry & Tom Lancaster (eds.), The Routledge Handbook of Emergence. London: pp. 134-144 (2019)
In Sophie Gibb, Robin Hendry & Tom Lancaster (eds.), The Routledge Handbook of Emergence. London: pp. 134-144 (2019)
在索菲 · 吉布，罗宾 · 亨德利和汤姆 · 兰开斯特(ed。) ，《劳特利奇出现手册》。伦敦: pp。134-144 (2019)
Authors
Authors
作者
Jason Winning
Jason Winning
杰森 · 温宁
University of California, San Diego
University of California, San Diego
加州大学圣地亚哥分校
William Bechtel
William Bechtel
威廉 · 贝克特尔
University of California, San Diego</ref> who have written on the concept include [[John Stuart Mill]] (''[[Composition of Causes]]'' (1843))<ref>"The chemical combination of two substances produces, as is well known, a third substance with properties entirely different from those of either of the two substances separately, or of both of them taken together."</ref> and [[Julian Huxley]]<ref>Julian Huxley: "now and again there is a sudden rapid passage to a totally new and more comprehensive type of order or organization, with quite new emergent properties, and involving quite new methods of further evolution" {{Harv|Huxley|Huxley|1947}}</ref> (1887-1975).
University of California, San Diego</ref> who have written on the concept include John Stuart Mill (Composition of Causes (1843)) and Julian Huxley (1887-1975).
加利福尼亚大学圣地亚哥分校 / 参考人员，他们写过关于这个概念的文章，其中包括《约翰·斯图尔特·密尔(1843年)和 Julian Huxley (1887-1975年)。
The philosopher [[George Henry Lewes|G. H. Lewes]] coined the term "emergent", writing in 1875:
The philosopher G. H. Lewes coined the term "emergent", writing in 1875:
哲学家 g · h · 刘易斯(g. h. Lewes)在1875年创造了“涌现”(emergent)一词:
<blockquote>Every resultant is either a sum or a difference of the co-operant forces; their sum, when their directions are the same – their difference, when their directions are contrary. Further, every resultant is clearly traceable in its components, because these are [[homogeneous]] and [[Commensurability (philosophy of science)|commensurable]]. It is otherwise with emergents, when, instead of adding measurable motion to measurable motion, or things of one kind to other individuals of their kind, there is a co-operation of things of unlike kinds. The emergent is unlike its components insofar as these are incommensurable, and it cannot be reduced to their sum or their difference.<ref>
<blockquote>Every resultant is either a sum or a difference of the co-operant forces; their sum, when their directions are the same – their difference, when their directions are contrary. Further, every resultant is clearly traceable in its components, because these are homogeneous and commensurable. It is otherwise with emergents, when, instead of adding measurable motion to measurable motion, or things of one kind to other individuals of their kind, there is a co-operation of things of unlike kinds. The emergent is unlike its components insofar as these are incommensurable, and it cannot be reduced to their sum or their difference.<ref>
每个合力要么是合作力的和，要么是合作力的差; 当它们的方向相同时，它们的和——当它们的方向相反时，它们的差。此外，每个结果在其组成部分中都可以清楚地追溯，因为这些组成部分是同质的和可公度的。与紧急情况不同的是，不是在可测量的运动中加入可测量的运动，或者在同类的其他个体中加入某种事物，而是在不同种类的事物之间进行合作。突现不同于其组成部分，因为这些部分是不可通约的，不能简化为它们的总和或差异。 裁判
{{cite book
{{cite book
{引用书
| last1 = Lewes
| last1 = Lewes
| 最后1个刘易斯
| first1 = George Henry
| first1 = George Henry
第一名: 乔治 · 亨利
| author-link1 = George Henry Lewes
| author-link1 = George Henry Lewes
| 作者链接1乔治·亨利·刘易斯
| title = Problems of Life and Mind
| title = Problems of Life and Mind
题目: 生活与思想的问题
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=0J8RAAAAYAAJ
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=0J8RAAAAYAAJ
Https://books.google.com/books?id=0j8raaaayaaj
| series = First Series: The Foundations of a Creed
| series = First Series: The Foundations of a Creed
系列第一集: 信条的基础
| volume = 2
| volume = 2
第二卷
| location = Boston
| location = Boston
地点: 波士顿
| publisher = Osgood
| publisher = Osgood
| publisher = Osgood
| date = 1875
| date = 1875
1875年
| page = 369
| page = 369
第369页
| access-date = 24 Mar 2019
| access-date = 24 Mar 2019
| 存取日期: 2019年3月24日
}}
}}
}}
</ref><ref>
</ref><ref>
/ ref
{{Harv|Blitz|1992}}
</ref>
</ref>
/ 参考
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
/ blockquote
In 1999, economist Jeffrey Goldstein provided a current definition of emergence in the journal ''Emergence''.<ref name="Goldstein1999">{{cite journal|last1= Goldstein|first1= Jeffrey|title= Emergence as a Construct: History and Issues|journal= Emergence|date= March 1999|volume= 1|issue= 1|pages= 49–72|doi= 10.1207/s15327000em0101_4}}</ref> Goldstein initially defined emergence as: "the arising of novel and coherent structures, patterns and properties during the process of [[self-organization]] in complex systems".
In 1999, economist Jeffrey Goldstein provided a current definition of emergence in the journal Emergence. Goldstein initially defined emergence as: "the arising of novel and coherent structures, patterns and properties during the process of self-organization in complex systems".
1999年，经济学家杰弗里•戈尔茨坦(Jeffrey Goldstein)在《涌现》(Emergence)杂志上提出了目前对“涌现”的定义。Goldstein 最初将涌现定义为: “在复杂系统的自我组织过程中产生的新颖连贯的结构、模式和性质”。
In 2002 systems scientist [[Peter Corning]] described the qualities of Goldstein's definition in more detail:
In 2002 systems scientist Peter Corning described the qualities of Goldstein's definition in more detail:
2002年，系统科学家 Peter Corning 更详细地描述了 Goldstein 的定义:
<blockquote>The common characteristics are: (1) radical novelty (features not previously observed in systems); (2) coherence or correlation (meaning integrated wholes that maintain themselves over some period of time); (3) A global or macro "level" (i.e. there is some property of "wholeness"); (4) it is the product of a dynamical process (it evolves); and (5) it is "ostensive" (it can be perceived).<ref name="Corning">{{Citation | doi = 10.1002/cplx.10043 | last = Corning | first = Peter A. | authorlink = Peter Corning | title = The Re-Emergence of "Emergence": A Venerable Concept in Search of a Theory | year = 2002 | journal = Complexity | volume = 7 | pages = 18–30 | issue = 6 | bibcode = 2002Cmplx...7f..18C | df = | citeseerx = 10.1.1.114.1724 }}</ref></blockquote>
<blockquote>The common characteristics are: (1) radical novelty (features not previously observed in systems); (2) coherence or correlation (meaning integrated wholes that maintain themselves over some period of time); (3) A global or macro "level" (i.e. there is some property of "wholeness"); (4) it is the product of a dynamical process (it evolves); and (5) it is "ostensive" (it can be perceived).</blockquote>
它们的共同特征是: (1)根本的新颖性(以前在系统中没有观察到的特征) ; (2)连贯性或相关性(意味着在一段时间内维持自身的整体) ; (3)全局或宏观的“层次”(即:。它是一个动力学过程的产物(它在进化) ，它是一个明示的过程(它可以被感知)。 / blockquote
Corning suggests a narrower definition, requiring that the components be unlike in kind (following Lewes), and that they involve [[division of labor]] between these components. He also says that living systems (like the game of [[chess]]), while emergent, cannot be reduced to underlying laws of emergence:
Corning suggests a narrower definition, requiring that the components be unlike in kind (following Lewes), and that they involve division of labor between these components. He also says that living systems (like the game of chess), while emergent, cannot be reduced to underlying laws of emergence:
康宁公司提出了一个狭义的定义，要求零部件不同于实物(跟随刘易斯) ，并且它们涉及这些零部件之间的劳动分工。他还表示，生命系统(如国际象棋)虽然是自然发生的，但不能简化为自然发生的基本规律:
<blockquote><span id="CorningDefn" class="citation">Rules, or laws, have no causal efficacy; they do not in fact 'generate' anything. They serve merely to describe regularities and consistent relationships in nature. These patterns may be very illuminating and important, but the underlying causal agencies must be separately specified (though often they are not). But that aside, the game of chess illustrates ... why any laws or rules of emergence and evolution are insufficient. Even in a chess game, you cannot use the rules to predict 'history' – i.e., the course of any given game. Indeed, you cannot even reliably predict the next move in a chess game. Why? Because the 'system' involves more than the rules of the game. It also includes the players and their unfolding, moment-by-moment decisions among a very large number of available options at each choice point. The game of chess is inescapably historical, even though it is also constrained and shaped by a set of rules, not to mention the laws of physics. Moreover, and this is a key point, the game of chess is also shaped by [[teleonomic]], [[cybernetic]], feedback-driven influences. It is not simply a self-ordered process; it involves an organized, 'purposeful' activity.</span><ref name = Corning/></blockquote>
<blockquote><span id="CorningDefn" class="citation">Rules, or laws, have no causal efficacy; they do not in fact 'generate' anything. They serve merely to describe regularities and consistent relationships in nature. These patterns may be very illuminating and important, but the underlying causal agencies must be separately specified (though often they are not). But that aside, the game of chess illustrates ... why any laws or rules of emergence and evolution are insufficient. Even in a chess game, you cannot use the rules to predict 'history' – i.e., the course of any given game. Indeed, you cannot even reliably predict the next move in a chess game. Why? Because the 'system' involves more than the rules of the game. It also includes the players and their unfolding, moment-by-moment decisions among a very large number of available options at each choice point. The game of chess is inescapably historical, even though it is also constrained and shaped by a set of rules, not to mention the laws of physics. Moreover, and this is a key point, the game of chess is also shaped by teleonomic, cybernetic, feedback-driven influences. It is not simply a self-ordered process; it involves an organized, 'purposeful' activity.</span></blockquote>
这些规则，或者说法律，没有因果效力; 它们事实上并不‘产生’任何东西。它们只是用来描述自然界中的规律性和一致性关系。这些模式可能非常具有启发性和重要性，但必须分别说明潜在的因果机构(尽管通常不是这样)。但是除此之外，国际象棋游戏说明了... 为什么任何关于出现和进化的法则和规则都是不够的。即使在国际象棋游戏中，你也不能用这些规则来预测“历史”——也就是说，任何给定游戏的过程。事实上，你甚至无法可靠地预测下一步棋的走法。为什么？因为系统不仅仅包含游戏规则。它还包括球员和他们的展开，每时每刻的决定在一个非常大的数量可用的选择，在每个选择点。国际象棋是不可避免的历史游戏，尽管它也受到一系列规则的约束和塑造，更不用说物理定律了。此外，这是一个关键点，国际象棋的游戏也形成了，遥控，控制论，反馈驱动的影响。它不仅仅是一个自我有序的过程，它还包括一个有组织的、“有目的的”活动
===Strong and weak emergence===
===Strong and weak emergence===
强涌现和弱涌现
Usage of the notion "emergence" may generally be subdivided into two perspectives, that of "weak emergence" and "strong emergence". One paper discussing this division is ''Weak Emergence'', by philosopher [[Mark Bedau]]. In terms of physical systems, weak emergence is a type of emergence in which the emergent property is amenable to computer simulation or similar forms of after-the-fact analysis (for example, the formation of a traffic jam, the structure of a flight of starlings or a school of fishes, or the formation of galaxies). Crucial in these simulations is that the interacting members retain their independence. If not (for example in a chemical reaction), a new entity is formed with new, emergent properties: this is called strong emergence, which it is argued cannot be simulated or analysed.
Usage of the notion "emergence" may generally be subdivided into two perspectives, that of "weak emergence" and "strong emergence". One paper discussing this division is Weak Emergence, by philosopher Mark Bedau. In terms of physical systems, weak emergence is a type of emergence in which the emergent property is amenable to computer simulation or similar forms of after-the-fact analysis (for example, the formation of a traffic jam, the structure of a flight of starlings or a school of fishes, or the formation of galaxies). Crucial in these simulations is that the interacting members retain their independence. If not (for example in a chemical reaction), a new entity is formed with new, emergent properties: this is called strong emergence, which it is argued cannot be simulated or analysed.
”涌现”概念的用法一般可分为”弱涌现”和”强涌现”两种观点。一篇论述这种区分的论文是哲学家马克 · 贝道的《弱涌现》。就物理系统而言，弱涌现是一种涌现类型，在这种涌现类型中，适合进行计算机模拟或类似形式的事后分析(例如，交通堵塞的形成，椋鸟飞行结构或鱼群结构，或星系的形成)。在这些模拟中至关重要的是相互作用的成员保持他们的独立性。如果没有(例如在化学反应中) ，一个新的实体就形成了，具有新的、自然发生的特性: 这就是所谓的强自然发生，它被认为是不能被模拟或分析的。
Some common points between the two notions are that emergence concerns new properties produced as the system grows, which is to say ones which are not shared with its components or prior states. Also, it is assumed that the properties are [[supervenient]] rather than metaphysically primitive {{Harv|Bedau|1997}}.
Some common points between the two notions are that emergence concerns new properties produced as the system grows, which is to say ones which are not shared with its components or prior states. Also, it is assumed that the properties are supervenient rather than metaphysically primitive .
这两个概念之间的一些共同点是，涌现关系到随着系统的增长而产生的新特性，也就是说，那些不与其组件或先前状态共享的特性。另外，假设这些属性是附生的，而不是形而上学上的原始的。
Weak emergence describes new properties arising in systems as a result of the interactions at an elemental level. However, Bedau stipulates that the properties can be determined only by observing or simulating the system, and not by any process of a [[Reductionism|reductionist]] analysis. As a consequence the emerging properties are '''scale dependent''': they are only observable if the system is large enough to exhibit the phenomenon. Chaotic, unpredictable behaviour can be seen as an emergent phenomenon, while at a microscopic scale the behaviour of the constituent parts can be fully deterministic.
Weak emergence describes new properties arising in systems as a result of the interactions at an elemental level. However, Bedau stipulates that the properties can be determined only by observing or simulating the system, and not by any process of a reductionist analysis. As a consequence the emerging properties are scale dependent: they are only observable if the system is large enough to exhibit the phenomenon. Chaotic, unpredictable behaviour can be seen as an emergent phenomenon, while at a microscopic scale the behaviour of the constituent parts can be fully deterministic.
弱涌现描述了由于元素层次上的相互作用而在系统中产生的新性质。然而，《贝道》规定，只有通过观察或模拟系统才能确定系统的性质，而不是通过任何还原分析的过程。因此，新出现的属性是规模相关的: 它们只有在系统足够大以展现这种现象时才能观察到。混乱、不可预知的行为可以看作是一种突现现象，而在微观尺度上，组成部分的行为可以是完全确定的。
[[Mark Bedau|Bedau]] notes that weak emergence is not a universal metaphysical solvent, as the hypothesis that consciousness is weakly emergent would not resolve the traditional philosophical questions about the physicality of consciousness. However, Bedau concludes that adopting this view would provide a precise notion that emergence is involved in consciousness, and second, the notion of weak emergence is metaphysically benign. {{Harv|Bedau|1997}}
Bedau notes that weak emergence is not a universal metaphysical solvent, as the hypothesis that consciousness is weakly emergent would not resolve the traditional philosophical questions about the physicality of consciousness. However, Bedau concludes that adopting this view would provide a precise notion that emergence is involved in consciousness, and second, the notion of weak emergence is metaphysically benign.
指出，弱涌现不是一种普遍的形而上学溶剂，因为意识是弱涌现的假设不能解决关于意识的物质性的传统哲学问题。然而，Bedau 的结论是，采用这种观点将提供一个精确的概念，即涌现是包含在意识中的，其次，弱涌现的概念在形而上学上是良性的。
Strong emergence describes the direct causal action of a high-level system upon its components; qualities produced this way are [[irreducible (philosophy)|irreducible]] to the system's constituent parts {{Harv|Laughlin|2005}}. The whole is other than the sum of its parts. An example from physics of such emergence is water, which appears unpredictable even after an exhaustive study of the properties of its constituent atoms of hydrogen and oxygen.<ref>{{cite book|last= Luisi|first= Pier L.|title= The Emergence of Life: From Chemical Origins to Synthetic Biology|year= 2006|publisher= Cambridge University Press|location= Cambridge, England|isbn= 978-0521821179|page= 119|url= http://www.cambridge.org/us/academic/subjects/chemistry/organic-chemistry/emergence-life-chemical-origins-synthetic-biology|url-status=live|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20151117023700/http://www.cambridge.org/us/academic/subjects/chemistry/organic-chemistry/emergence-life-chemical-origins-synthetic-biology|archivedate= 2015-11-17}}</ref> It follows then that no simulation of the system can exist, for such a simulation would itself constitute a reduction of the system to its constituent parts. {{Harv|Bedau|1997}}.
Strong emergence describes the direct causal action of a high-level system upon its components; qualities produced this way are irreducible to the system's constituent parts . The whole is other than the sum of its parts. An example from physics of such emergence is water, which appears unpredictable even after an exhaustive study of the properties of its constituent atoms of hydrogen and oxygen. It follows then that no simulation of the system can exist, for such a simulation would itself constitute a reduction of the system to its constituent parts. .
强涌现描述了一个高级系统对其组成部分的直接因果作用; 这种方式产生的质量不可能还原为系统的组成部分。整体不是各部分的总和。从物理学角度来看，这种现象的一个例子是水，即使对其组成原子氢和氧的性质进行了详尽的研究，水也显得不可预测。因此，不可能存在任何对系统的模拟，因为这种模拟本身将构成对系统组成部分的简化。.
====Rejecting the distinction====
====Rejecting the distinction====
拒绝区分
However, biologist Peter Corning has asserted that "the debate about whether or not the whole can be predicted from the properties of the parts misses the point. Wholes produce unique combined effects, but many of these effects may be co-determined by the context and the interactions between the whole and its environment(s)" {{Harv|Corning|2002}}. In accordance with his '''Synergism Hypothesis''' {{Harv|Corning 1983|2005}}, Corning also stated: "It is the [[synergistic]] effects produced by wholes that are the very cause of the evolution of complexity in nature." Novelist [[Arthur Koestler]] used the metaphor of [[Janus]] (a symbol of the unity underlying complements like open/shut, peace/war) to illustrate how the two perspectives (strong vs. weak or [[holistic]] vs. [[reductionistic]]) should be treated as non-exclusive, and should work together to address the issues of emergence {{Harv|Koestler|1969}}. Theoretical physicist PW Anderson states it this way:
However, biologist Peter Corning has asserted that "the debate about whether or not the whole can be predicted from the properties of the parts misses the point. Wholes produce unique combined effects, but many of these effects may be co-determined by the context and the interactions between the whole and its environment(s)" . In accordance with his Synergism Hypothesis , Corning also stated: "It is the synergistic effects produced by wholes that are the very cause of the evolution of complexity in nature." Novelist Arthur Koestler used the metaphor of Janus (a symbol of the unity underlying complements like open/shut, peace/war) to illustrate how the two perspectives (strong vs. weak or holistic vs. reductionistic) should be treated as non-exclusive, and should work together to address the issues of emergence . Theoretical physicist PW Anderson states it this way:
然而，生物学家彼得 · 康宁声称，“关于是否可以从部件的特性来预测整体的争论没有抓住要点。整体产生独特的综合效应，但其中许多效应可能由环境和整体及其环境之间的相互作用共同决定”。根据他的协同论假说，康宁还指出: “正是整体产生的协同效应才是自然界复杂性进化的根本原因。”小说家亚瑟 · 凯斯特勒(Arthur Koestler)用“两面神”(Janus)这个隐喻(两面神是开 / 关、和平 / 战争等潜在补充的统一的象征)来说明两种观点(强与弱、整体与简化论)应该如何被视为非排他性的，并且应该一起解决涌现的问题。理论物理学家 PW Anderson 是这样说的:
<blockquote>The ability to reduce everything to simple fundamental laws does not imply the ability to start from those laws and reconstruct the universe. The constructionist hypothesis breaks down when confronted with the twin difficulties of scale and complexity. At each level of complexity entirely new properties appear. Psychology is not applied biology, nor is biology applied chemistry. We can now see that the whole becomes not merely more, but very different from the sum of its parts {{Harv|Anderson|1972}}.</blockquote>
<blockquote>The ability to reduce everything to simple fundamental laws does not imply the ability to start from those laws and reconstruct the universe. The constructionist hypothesis breaks down when confronted with the twin difficulties of scale and complexity. At each level of complexity entirely new properties appear. Psychology is not applied biology, nor is biology applied chemistry. We can now see that the whole becomes not merely more, but very different from the sum of its parts .</blockquote>
把一切都简化为简单的基本定律的能力并不意味着从这些定律出发并重建宇宙的能力。当面对规模和复杂性的双重困难时，建构主义假设就失败了。在复杂性的每个级别上，都会出现全新的属性。心理学不是应用生物学，生物学也不是应用化学。我们现在可以看到，整体不仅变得更多，而且与各部分的总和大不相同。 / blockquote
====Viability of strong emergence====
====Viability of strong emergence====
强烈涌现的可行性
Some thinkers question the plausibility of strong emergence as contravening our usual understanding of physics. Mark A. Bedau observes:
Some thinkers question the plausibility of strong emergence as contravening our usual understanding of physics. Mark A. Bedau observes:
一些思想家质疑强大涌现的可能性，因为它违背了我们对物理学的通常理解。马克 · 贝道观察到:
<blockquote>Although strong emergence is logically possible, it is uncomfortably like magic. How does an irreducible but supervenient downward causal power arise, since by definition it cannot be due to the aggregation of the micro-level potentialities? Such causal powers would be quite unlike anything within our scientific ken. This not only indicates how they will discomfort reasonable forms of materialism. Their mysteriousness will only heighten the traditional worry that emergence entails illegitimately getting something from nothing.<ref name = Bedau>(Bedau 1997)</ref></blockquote>
<blockquote>Although strong emergence is logically possible, it is uncomfortably like magic. How does an irreducible but supervenient downward causal power arise, since by definition it cannot be due to the aggregation of the micro-level potentialities? Such causal powers would be quite unlike anything within our scientific ken. This not only indicates how they will discomfort reasonable forms of materialism. Their mysteriousness will only heighten the traditional worry that emergence entails illegitimately getting something from nothing.</blockquote>
尽管强烈的涌现在逻辑上是可能的，但它就像魔术一样令人不安。既然根据定义它不可能是由于微观层面潜力的集合，那么一个不可减少但是附带的向下因果力量是如何产生的呢？这种因果关系的力量与我们科学知识范围内的任何东西都完全不同。这不仅表明他们将如何不适应物质主义的合理形式。他们的神秘只会加剧传统的担忧，担心出现需要从无中获得非法的东西
Strong emergence can be criticized for being causally [[Overdetermination|overdetermined]]. The canonical example concerns emergent mental states (M and M∗) that supervene on physical states (P and P∗) respectively. Let M and M∗ be emergent properties. Let M∗ supervene on base property P∗. What happens when M causes M∗? [[Jaegwon Kim]] says:
Strong emergence can be criticized for being causally overdetermined. The canonical example concerns emergent mental states (M and M∗) that supervene on physical states (P and P∗) respectively. Let M and M∗ be emergent properties. Let M∗ supervene on base property P∗. What happens when M causes M∗? Jaegwon Kim says:
强烈的涌现可以被批评为因果过度决定。典型的例子是关于突现的心理状态(m 和 m *) ，它们分别在物理状态(p 和 p *)上叠加。设 m 和 m * 是涌现性质。乘以 m 的立方乘以基数 p * 。当 m 导致 m * 时会发生什么？Jaegwon Kim 表示:
<blockquote>In our schematic example above, we concluded that M causes M∗ by causing P∗. So M causes P∗. Now, M, as an emergent, must itself have an emergence base property, say P. Now we face a critical question: if an emergent, M, emerges from basal condition P, why cannot P displace M as a cause of any putative effect of M? Why cannot P do all the work in explaining why any alleged effect of M occurred? If causation is understood as nomological (law-based) sufficiency, P, as M's emergence base, is nomologically sufficient for it, and M, as P∗'s cause, is nomologically sufficient for P∗. It follows that P is nomologically sufficient for P∗ and hence qualifies as its cause…If M is somehow retained as a cause, we are faced with the highly implausible consequence that every case of downward causation involves overdetermination (since P remains a cause of P∗ as well). Moreover, this goes against the spirit of emergentism in any case: emergents are supposed to make distinctive and novel causal contributions.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Kim | first1 = Jaegwon | year = 2016 | title = Emergence: Core ideas and issues | url = | journal = Synthese | volume = 151 | issue = 3| pages = 547–59 | doi = 10.1007/s11229-006-9025-0 }}</ref></blockquote>
<blockquote>In our schematic example above, we concluded that M causes M∗ by causing P∗. So M causes P∗. Now, M, as an emergent, must itself have an emergence base property, say P. Now we face a critical question: if an emergent, M, emerges from basal condition P, why cannot P displace M as a cause of any putative effect of M? Why cannot P do all the work in explaining why any alleged effect of M occurred? If causation is understood as nomological (law-based) sufficiency, P, as M's emergence base, is nomologically sufficient for it, and M, as P∗'s cause, is nomologically sufficient for P∗. It follows that P is nomologically sufficient for P∗ and hence qualifies as its cause…If M is somehow retained as a cause, we are faced with the highly implausible consequence that every case of downward causation involves overdetermination (since P remains a cause of P∗ as well). Moreover, this goes against the spirit of emergentism in any case: emergents are supposed to make distinctive and novel causal contributions.</blockquote>
在我们上面的示意图中，我们得出结论，m 引起 m * 是由 p * 引起的。So M causes P∗.现在，m，作为一个涌现，本身必须有一个涌现基本性质，比如 p。 现在我们面临一个关键的问题: 如果一个涌现，m，出现在基础条件 p，为什么不能 p 置换 m 作为任何假定的影响的原因？为什么 p 不能做所有的工作来解释为什么会发生所谓的 m 效应？如果因果关系被理解为法律上的充分性，那么 p，作为 m 的涌现基础，在法律上就足够了，m，作为 p * 的原因，在法律上就足够了。如果 m 以某种方式作为原因被保留下来，我们就会面临一个非常难以置信的结果，那就是每一个向下的因果关系都牵涉到过度决定(因为 p 也是 p * 的原因)。此外，这在任何情况下都与紧急主义的精神背道而驰: 紧急主义者应该做出独特而新颖的因果贡献。 / blockquote
If M is the cause of M∗, then M∗ is overdetermined because M∗ can also be thought of as being determined by P. One escape-route that a strong emergentist could take would be to deny [[downward causation]]. However, this would remove the proposed reason that emergent mental states must supervene on physical states, which in turn would call [[physicalism]] into question, and thus be unpalatable for some philosophers and physicists.
If M is the cause of M∗, then M∗ is overdetermined because M∗ can also be thought of as being determined by P. One escape-route that a strong emergentist could take would be to deny downward causation. However, this would remove the proposed reason that emergent mental states must supervene on physical states, which in turn would call physicalism into question, and thus be unpalatable for some philosophers and physicists.
如果 m * 是 m * 的原因，那么 m * 就被过分确定了，因为 m * 也可以被认为是由 p 决定的。 一个强大的刚出现论者可以采取的一条退路是否定向下的因果关系。然而，这将消除突现的精神状态必须附加在物理状态上的理由，这反过来会使物理主义成为问题，因此对于一些哲学家和物理学家来说是难以接受的。
Meanwhile, others have worked towards developing analytical evidence of strong emergence. In 2009, Gu ''et al.'' presented a class of physical systems that exhibits non-computable macroscopic properties.<ref name="morereally">{{cite journal | last1 = Gu | first1 = Mile | display-authors = etal | year = 2009 | title = More really is different | url =| journal = Physica D: Nonlinear Phenomena | volume = 238 | issue = 9| pages = 835–39 | doi=10.1016/j.physd.2008.12.016| arxiv = 0809.0151 | bibcode = 2009PhyD..238..835G }}</ref><ref name="binder">{{cite journal | last1 = Binder | first1 = P-M | year = 2009 | title = Computation: The edge of reductionism | url = | journal = Nature | volume = 459 | issue = 7245| pages = 332–34 | doi=10.1038/459332a| pmid = 19458701 | bibcode = 2009Natur.459..332B}}</ref> More precisely, if one could compute certain macroscopic properties of these systems from the microscopic description of these systems, then one would be able to solve computational problems known to be undecidable in computer science. Gu ''et al.'' concluded that
Meanwhile, others have worked towards developing analytical evidence of strong emergence. In 2009, Gu et al. presented a class of physical systems that exhibits non-computable macroscopic properties. More precisely, if one could compute certain macroscopic properties of these systems from the microscopic description of these systems, then one would be able to solve computational problems known to be undecidable in computer science. Gu et al. concluded that
与此同时，其他人则致力于开发强劲崛起的分析证据。2009年，顾等人。提出了一类具有不可计算的宏观属性的物理系统。更准确地说，如果一个人能够从这些系统的微观描述计算出这些系统的某些宏观性质，那么他就能够解决计算机科学中已知的无法判定的计算问题。谷等人。得出结论
<blockquote>Although macroscopic concepts are essential for understanding our world, much of fundamental physics has been devoted to the search for a 'theory of everything', a set of equations that perfectly describe the behavior of all fundamental particles. The view that this is the goal of science rests in part on the rationale that such a theory would allow us to derive the behavior of all macroscopic concepts, at least in principle. The evidence we have presented suggests that this view may be overly optimistic. A 'theory of everything' is one of many components necessary for complete understanding of the universe, but is not necessarily the only one. The development of macroscopic laws from first principles may involve more than just systematic logic, and could require conjectures suggested by experiments, simulations or insight.<ref name="morereally" /></blockquote>
<blockquote>Although macroscopic concepts are essential for understanding our world, much of fundamental physics has been devoted to the search for a 'theory of everything', a set of equations that perfectly describe the behavior of all fundamental particles. The view that this is the goal of science rests in part on the rationale that such a theory would allow us to derive the behavior of all macroscopic concepts, at least in principle. The evidence we have presented suggests that this view may be overly optimistic. A 'theory of everything' is one of many components necessary for complete understanding of the universe, but is not necessarily the only one. The development of macroscopic laws from first principles may involve more than just systematic logic, and could require conjectures suggested by experiments, simulations or insight.</blockquote>
尽管宏观概念对于理解我们的世界来说是必不可少的，大部分的基础物理学已经致力于寻找一个万有理论，一个完美描述所有基本粒子行为的方程组。认为这是科学目标的观点部分依赖于这样一个理论的基本原理，即这样一个理论将允许我们得出所有宏观概念的行为，至少在原则上。我们提供的证据表明，这种观点可能过于乐观。“万有理论”是完全理解宇宙所必需的许多要素之一，但不一定是唯一的要素。从第一原理发展宏观定律可能不仅仅涉及系统的逻辑，而且可能需要实验、模拟或洞察力的推测。 / blockquote
===Emergence and interaction===
===Emergence and interaction===
涌现和相互作用
Emergent structures are patterns that emerge via the collective actions of many individual entities. To explain such patterns, one might conclude, per [[Aristotle]],<ref name="Meta" /> that emergent structures are other than the sum of their parts on the assumption that the emergent order will not arise if the various parts simply interact independently of one another. However, there are those who [[A New Kind of Science#Simple programs|disagree]].<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.physlink.com/Education/essay_weinberg.cfm|title= A Designer Universe?|author= Steven Weinberg|accessdate= 2008-07-14|quote= A version of the original quote from address at the Conference on Cosmic Design, American Association for the Advancement of Science, Washington, D.C. in April 1999|url-status= live|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20100519145647/http://www.physlink.com/education/essay_weinberg.cfm|archivedate= 2010-05-19}}</ref> According to this argument, the interaction of each part with its immediate surroundings causes a complex chain of processes that can lead to order in some form. In fact, some systems in nature are observed to exhibit emergence based upon the interactions of autonomous parts, and some others exhibit emergence that at least at present cannot be reduced in this way. In particular [[Renormalization group|renormalization]] methods in theoretical physics enable scientists to study systems that are not tractable as the combination of their parts.<ref>{{Cite journal|last= Longo|first= Giuseppe|last2= Montévil|first2= Maël|last3= Pocheville|first3= Arnaud|date= 2012-01-01|title= From bottom-up approaches to levels of organization and extended critical transitions|journal= Frontiers in Physiology|volume= 3|page= 232|doi= 10.3389/fphys.2012.00232|pmc= 3429021|pmid= 22934001}}</ref>
Emergent structures are patterns that emerge via the collective actions of many individual entities. To explain such patterns, one might conclude, per Aristotle, According to this argument, the interaction of each part with its immediate surroundings causes a complex chain of processes that can lead to order in some form. In fact, some systems in nature are observed to exhibit emergence based upon the interactions of autonomous parts, and some others exhibit emergence that at least at present cannot be reduced in this way. In particular renormalization methods in theoretical physics enable scientists to study systems that are not tractable as the combination of their parts.
突现结构是通过许多单个实体的集体行动而出现的模式。为了解释这种模式，人们可能会得出结论，按照亚里士多德的说法，每个部分与其周围环境的相互作用导致了一系列复杂的过程，这些过程可以导致某种形式的秩序。事实上，我们观察到自然界中的一些系统是基于自治部分的相互作用而呈现出涌现的，而另一些系统则呈现出涌现，至少目前不能以这种方式进行简化。特别是理论物理学中的重整化方法使得科学家们能够研究那些不能作为各部分组合而易于处理的系统。
===Objective or subjective quality===
===Objective or subjective quality===
客观或主观的品质
Crutchfield regards the properties of complexity and organization of any system as [[Subjectivity|subjective]] [[Quality (philosophy)|qualities]] determined by the observer.
Crutchfield regards the properties of complexity and organization of any system as subjective qualities determined by the observer.
克拉奇菲尔德认为任何系统的复杂性和组织性都是由观察者决定的主观品质。
<blockquote>Defining structure and detecting the emergence of complexity in nature are inherently subjective, though essential, scientific activities. Despite the difficulties, these problems can be analysed in terms of how model-building observers infer from measurements the computational capabilities embedded in non-linear processes. An observer’s notion of what is ordered, what is random, and what is complex in its environment depends directly on its computational resources: the amount of raw measurement data, of memory, and of time available for estimation and inference. The discovery of structure in an environment depends more critically and subtly, though, on how those resources are organized. The descriptive power of the observer’s chosen (or implicit) computational model class, for example, can be an overwhelming determinant in finding regularity in data.<ref>
<blockquote>Defining structure and detecting the emergence of complexity in nature are inherently subjective, though essential, scientific activities. Despite the difficulties, these problems can be analysed in terms of how model-building observers infer from measurements the computational capabilities embedded in non-linear processes. An observer’s notion of what is ordered, what is random, and what is complex in its environment depends directly on its computational resources: the amount of raw measurement data, of memory, and of time available for estimation and inference. The discovery of structure in an environment depends more critically and subtly, though, on how those resources are organized. The descriptive power of the observer’s chosen (or implicit) computational model class, for example, can be an overwhelming determinant in finding regularity in data.<ref>
定义结构和探测自然界复杂性的出现本质上是主观的，尽管是必不可少的科学活动。尽管存在这些困难，这些问题可以从建模观察者如何从测量中推断出嵌入在非线性过程中的计算能力的角度进行分析。观察者对于什么是有序的，什么是随机的，什么是复杂的环境的概念直接取决于它的计算资源: 原始测量数据的数量，内存，以及可用于估计和推断的时间。发现环境中的结构更加关键和微妙地取决于这些资源是如何组织的。例如，观察者选择的(或隐含的)计算模型类的描述能力，可以是在数据中找到规律性的一个压倒性的决定因素。 裁判
{{cite journal
{{cite journal
{引用期刊
| last1 = Crutchfield
| last1 = Crutchfield
1 Crutchfield
| first1 = James P.
| first1 = James P.
第一名: 詹姆斯 · p。
| author-link1 = James P. Crutchfield
| author-link1 = James P. Crutchfield
1 James p. Crutchfield
| year = 1993
| year = 1993
1993年
| title = The Calculi of Emergence: Computation, Dynamics, and Induction
| title = The Calculi of Emergence: Computation, Dynamics, and Induction
浮现的计算: 计算、动力学和归纳
| url = http://csc.ucdavis.edu/~cmg/compmech/pubs/CalcEmergTitlePage.htm
| url = http://csc.ucdavis.edu/~cmg/compmech/pubs/CalcEmergTitlePage.htm
Http://csc.ucdavis.edu/~cmg/compmech/pubs/calcemergtitlepage.htm
| journal = Physica
| journal = Physica
物理学杂志
| series = D
| series = D
系列 d
| location = Utrecht
| location = Utrecht
| 地点: 乌得勒支
| publication-date = 1994
| publication-date = 1994
1994年出版
| volume = 75
| volume = 75
第75卷
| issue = 1–3
| issue = 1–3
第一季第三集
| pages = 11–54
| pages = 11–54
第11-54页
| issn =
| issn =
不会有事的
| access-date = 24 Mar 2019
| access-date = 24 Mar 2019
| 存取日期: 2019年3月24日
| bibcode = 1994PhyD...75...11C
| bibcode = 1994PhyD...75...11C
1994 / phyd... 75... 11C
| doi = 10.1016/0167-2789(94)90273-9
| doi = 10.1016/0167-2789(94)90273-9
| doi 10.1016 / 0167-2789(94)90273-9
}}
}}
}}
</ref>
</ref>
/ 参考
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
/ blockquote
On the other hand, [[Peter Corning]] argues: "Must the synergies be perceived/observed in order to qualify as emergent effects, as some theorists claim? Most emphatically not. The synergies associated with emergence are real and measurable, even if nobody is there to observe them."{{Harv|Corning|2002}}
On the other hand, Peter Corning argues: "Must the synergies be perceived/observed in order to qualify as emergent effects, as some theorists claim? Most emphatically not. The synergies associated with emergence are real and measurable, even if nobody is there to observe them."
另一方面，彼得 · 康宁认为: “难道协同作用必须被感知 / 观察，才能像某些理论家所说的那样，被称为突发效应吗？最明显的不是。与崛起相关的协同效应是真实的、可衡量的，即使没有人在那里观察它们。”
The low [[entropy]] of an ordered system can be viewed as an example of subjective emergence: the observer sees an ordered system by ignoring the underlying microstructure (i.e. movement of molecules or elementary particles) and concludes that the system has a low entropy.<ref>
The low entropy of an ordered system can be viewed as an example of subjective emergence: the observer sees an ordered system by ignoring the underlying microstructure (i.e. movement of molecules or elementary particles) and concludes that the system has a low entropy.<ref>
有序系统的低熵可以看作是主观涌现的一个例子: 观察者通过忽略基本的微观结构(例如:。分子或基本粒子的运动) ，并得出结论，该系统有一个低熵
See f.i. Carlo Rovelli: The mystery of time, 2017, part 10: Perspective, p.105-110
See f.i. Carlo Rovelli: The mystery of time, 2017, part 10: Perspective, p.105-110
请参阅详细资料。卡洛 · 罗维利: 时间之谜，2017年，第10部分: 透视，第105-110页
</ref>
</ref>
/ 参考
On the other hand, chaotic, unpredictable behaviour can also be seen as subjective emergent, while at a microscopic scale the movement of the constituent parts can be fully deterministic.
On the other hand, chaotic, unpredictable behaviour can also be seen as subjective emergent, while at a microscopic scale the movement of the constituent parts can be fully deterministic.
另一方面，混乱、不可预知的行为也可以被视为主观涌现，而在微观尺度上，组成部分的运动可以是完全确定的。
==In religion, art and humanities==
==In religion, art and humanities==
在宗教、艺术和人文学科
In religion, emergence grounds expressions of [[religious naturalism]] and [[syntheism]] in which a sense of the [[sacred]] is perceived in the workings of entirely naturalistic processes by which more [[Complexity|complex]] forms arise or evolve from simpler forms. Examples are detailed in ''The Sacred Emergence of Nature'' by [[Ursula Goodenough]] & [[Terrence Deacon]] and [http://www.edge.org/3rd_culture/kauffman06/kauffman06_index.html ''Beyond Reductionism: Reinventing the Sacred''] by [[Stuart Kauffman]], both from 2006, and in ''Syntheism – Creating God in The Internet Age'' by [[Alexander Bard]] & [[Jan Söderqvist]] from 2014. An early argument (1904–05) for the emergence of social formations, in part stemming from religion, can be found in [[Max Weber]]'s most famous work, ''[[The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism]]''.<ref>McKinnon, AM. (2010). 'Elective affinities of the Protestant ethic: Weber and the chemistry of capitalism'. Sociological Theory, vol 28, no. 1, pp. 108–26.{{cite web |url=http://aura.abdn.ac.uk/bitstream/2164/3035/1/McKinnon_Elective_Affinities_final_non_format.pdf |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2014-10-26 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140818023547/http://aura.abdn.ac.uk/bitstream/2164/3035/1/McKinnon_Elective_Affinities_final_non_format.pdf |archivedate=2014-08-18 }}</ref> Recently, the emergence of a new social system is linked with the emergence of order from nonlinear relationships among multiple interacting units, where multiple interacting units are individual thoughts, consciousness, and actions.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Complexification: Explaining a paradoxical world through the science of surprise|last=Casti, J. L.|publisher=Harper Collins|year=1994|isbn=|location=New York|pages=}}</ref>
In religion, emergence grounds expressions of religious naturalism and syntheism in which a sense of the sacred is perceived in the workings of entirely naturalistic processes by which more complex forms arise or evolve from simpler forms. Examples are detailed in The Sacred Emergence of Nature by Ursula Goodenough & Terrence Deacon and [http://www.edge.org/3rd_culture/kauffman06/kauffman06_index.html Beyond Reductionism: Reinventing the Sacred] by Stuart Kauffman, both from 2006, and in Syntheism – Creating God in The Internet Age by Alexander Bard & Jan Söderqvist from 2014. An early argument (1904–05) for the emergence of social formations, in part stemming from religion, can be found in Max Weber's most famous work, The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism. Recently, the emergence of a new social system is linked with the emergence of order from nonlinear relationships among multiple interacting units, where multiple interacting units are individual thoughts, consciousness, and actions.
在宗教中，涌现是宗教自然主义和综合主义的表现形式，在完全自然主义的过程中，更复杂的形式从更简单的形式中产生或演化出神圣的感觉。例如，2006年出版的 Ursula Goodenough 和 Terrence Deacon 的《自然的神圣出现》和 Stuart Kauffman 的《超越还原论的 http://www.edge.org/3rd_culture/kauffman06/kauffman06_index.html : 重新创造神圣》 ，以及2014年出版的 Alexander 和 Jan s derqvist 的《互联网时代的综合论-创造上帝》。关于社会形态出现的早期论证(1904-05) ，部分源于宗教，可以在 Max Weber 最著名的作品《新教伦理与资本主义精神找到。最近，一个新的社会系统的出现与多个相互作用的单元之间的非线性关系的秩序的出现联系在一起，其中多个相互作用的单元是个人的思想、意识和行动。
In art, emergence is used to explore the origins of novelty, creativity, and authorship. Some art/literary theorists (Wheeler, 2006;<ref>{{cite book|last=Wheeler|first=Wendy|title=The Whole Creature: Complexity, Biosemiotics and the Evolution of Culture|year=2006|publisher=Lawrence & Wishart|location=London|isbn=978-1-905007-30-1|page=192}}</ref> Alexander, 2011<ref>{{cite book|last=Alexander|first=Victoria N.|title=The Biologist's Mistress: Rethinking Self-Organization in Art, Literature, and Nature|year=2011|publisher=Emergent Publications|location=Litchfield Park, AZ|isbn=978-0-9842165-5-0|url=http://emergentpublications.com/catalog_detail.aspx?Value=82|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141208050459/http://emergentpublications.com/catalog_detail.aspx?Value=82|archivedate=2014-12-08}}</ref>) have proposed alternatives to postmodern understandings of "authorship" using the complexity sciences and emergence theory. They contend that artistic selfhood and meaning are emergent, relatively objective phenomena. [[Michael Pearce (artist)|Michael J. Pearce]] has used emergence to describe the experience of works of art in relation to contemporary neuroscience.<ref>{{cite book|last=Pearce|first=Michael J.|title=Art in the Age of Emergence|year=2015|publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing|location=Manchester, England|isbn=978-1443870573|url=http://www.cambridgescholars.com/art-in-the-age-of-emergence|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150522021953/http://www.cambridgescholars.com/art-in-the-age-of-emergence|archivedate=2015-05-22}}</ref> Practicing artist [[Leonel Moura]], in turn, attributes to his "artbots" a real, if nonetheless rudimentary, creativity based on emergent principles.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Leonel Moura|date=16 July 2018|title=Robot Art: An Interview with Leonel Moura|journal=Arts|volume=7|issue=3|pages=28|doi=10.3390/arts7030028|doi-access=free}}</ref> In literature and linguistics, the concept of emergence has been applied in the domain of stylometry to explain the interrelation between the syntactical structures of the text and the author style (Slautina, Marusenko, 2014).<ref>Slautina, Maria & Marusenko, Mikhail (2014), [https://www.academia.edu/9466688/Lémergence_du_style._Les_méthodes_stylométriques_pour_la_recherche_de_paternité_des_textes_médiévaux "L'émergence du style. Les méthodes stylométriques pour la recherche de paternité des textes médiévaux"] (in French), in ''Les Cahiers du Numérique'' , vol. 10, pp. 179-215.</ref>
In art, emergence is used to explore the origins of novelty, creativity, and authorship. Some art/literary theorists (Wheeler, 2006; Alexander, 2011) have proposed alternatives to postmodern understandings of "authorship" using the complexity sciences and emergence theory. They contend that artistic selfhood and meaning are emergent, relatively objective phenomena. Michael J. Pearce has used emergence to describe the experience of works of art in relation to contemporary neuroscience. Practicing artist Leonel Moura, in turn, attributes to his "artbots" a real, if nonetheless rudimentary, creativity based on emergent principles. In literature and linguistics, the concept of emergence has been applied in the domain of stylometry to explain the interrelation between the syntactical structures of the text and the author style (Slautina, Marusenko, 2014).
在艺术中，涌现被用来探索新颖性、创造性和作者身份的起源。一些艺术 / 文学理论家(Wheeler，2006; Alexander，2011)利用复杂性科学和涌现理论提出了替代后现代理解的“作者身份”。他们认为艺术的自我和意义是涌现的、相对客观的现象。迈克尔 · 皮尔斯用涌现现象来描述与当代神经科学有关的艺术作品的经验。实践艺术家莱昂内尔 · 莫拉则认为他的“机器人艺术”具有真正的创造力，尽管这种创造力是基于自然发生的原理。在文学和语言学中，涌现的概念被应用于文体学领域，以解释文本的句法结构和作者风格之间的相互关系(Slautina，Marusenko，2014)。
In international development, concepts of emergence have been used within a theory of social change termed [[SEED-SCALE]] to show how standard principles interact to bring forward socio-economic development fitted to cultural values, community economics, and natural environment (local solutions emerging from the larger socio-econo-biosphere). These principles can be implemented utilizing a sequence of standardized tasks that [[self-assemble]] in individually specific ways utilizing recursive evaluative criteria.<ref>Daniel C. Taylor, Carl E. Taylor, Jesse O. Taylor, ''Empowerment on an Unstable Planet: From Seeds of Human Energy to a Scale of Global Change'' (New York: Oxford University Press, 2012)</ref>
In international development, concepts of emergence have been used within a theory of social change termed SEED-SCALE to show how standard principles interact to bring forward socio-economic development fitted to cultural values, community economics, and natural environment (local solutions emerging from the larger socio-econo-biosphere). These principles can be implemented utilizing a sequence of standardized tasks that self-assemble in individually specific ways utilizing recursive evaluative criteria.
在国际发展中，涌现的概念被用于一种称为 SEED-SCALE 的社会变革理论中，以显示标准原则是如何相互作用的，从而推动符合文化价值观、社区经济和自然环境的社会经济发展(来自更大的社会经济生物圈的当地解决办法)。这些原则可以利用一系列标准化的任务来实现，这些任务可以利用递归评估标准以各自特定的方式进行自组装。
In postcolonial studies, the term "Emerging Literature" refers to a contemporary body of texts that is gaining momentum in the global literary landscape (v. esp.: J.M. Grassin, ed. ''Emerging Literatures'', Bern, Berlin, etc. : Peter Lang, 1996). By opposition, "emergent literature" is rather a concept used in the theory of literature.
In postcolonial studies, the term "Emerging Literature" refers to a contemporary body of texts that is gaining momentum in the global literary landscape (v. esp.: J.M. Grassin, ed. Emerging Literatures, Bern, Berlin, etc. : Peter Lang, 1996). By opposition, "emergent literature" is rather a concept used in the theory of literature.
在20世纪90年代后殖民主义理论，“新兴文学”一词指的是在全球文学景观中获得势头的当代文本主体。特别是。: j.m.格拉辛，ed。新兴文学，伯尔尼，柏林等。彼得 · 朗，1996)。从对立面看，“涌现文学”更像是文学理论中使用的一个概念。
==Emergent properties and processes==
==Emergent properties and processes==
突现性质和过程
An emergent behavior or emergent property can appear when a number of simple [[wikt:entity|entities]] (agents) operate in an environment, forming more complex behaviors as a collective. If emergence happens over disparate size scales, then the reason is usually a causal relation across different scales. In other words, there is often a form of top-down feedback in systems with emergent properties. The processes causing emergent properties may occur in either the observed or observing system, and are commonly identifiable by their patterns of accumulating change, generally called 'growth'. Emergent behaviours can occur because of intricate causal relations across different scales and feedback, known as [[interconnectivity]]. The emergent property itself may be either very predictable or unpredictable and unprecedented, and represent a new level of the system's evolution. The complex behaviour or properties are not a property of any single such entity, nor can they easily be predicted or deduced from behaviour in the lower-level entities, and might in fact be irreducible to such behavior.<ref>{{cite web |title=Flying in V-formation gives best view for least effort |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn11679-flying-in-v-formation-gives-best-view-for-least-effort/ |website=New Scientist |date=21 April 2007}}</ref> The shape and behaviour of a flock of birds or school of fish are good examples of emergent properties.
An emergent behavior or emergent property can appear when a number of simple entities (agents) operate in an environment, forming more complex behaviors as a collective. If emergence happens over disparate size scales, then the reason is usually a causal relation across different scales. In other words, there is often a form of top-down feedback in systems with emergent properties. The processes causing emergent properties may occur in either the observed or observing system, and are commonly identifiable by their patterns of accumulating change, generally called 'growth'. Emergent behaviours can occur because of intricate causal relations across different scales and feedback, known as interconnectivity. The emergent property itself may be either very predictable or unpredictable and unprecedented, and represent a new level of the system's evolution. The complex behaviour or properties are not a property of any single such entity, nor can they easily be predicted or deduced from behaviour in the lower-level entities, and might in fact be irreducible to such behavior. The shape and behaviour of a flock of birds or school of fish are good examples of emergent properties.
当一些简单的实体(代理)在一个环境中运行时，可能会出现一个突发行为或突发属性，形成更复杂的集体行为。如果涌现发生在不同的尺度上，那么原因通常是不同尺度上的因果关系。换句话说，在具有紧急属性的系统中，通常存在一种自上而下的反馈形式。引起突发特性的过程可能发生在观察系统或观察系统中，并且通常可以通过累积变化的模式来识别，一般称为“增长”。突发行为之所以会出现，是因为不同尺度和反馈之间存在复杂的因果关系，这种关系被称为互联性。突现属性本身可能是非常可预测的或不可预测的和前所未有的，并代表了一个新的水平的系统的进化。复杂的行为或性质不是任何单一此类实体的性质，也不能轻易地从较低级别实体的行为中预测或推断出来，事实上可能不能还原为这种行为。鸟群或鱼群的形状和行为是突现特性的很好例子。
One reason emergent behaviour is hard to predict is that the number of [[interaction]]s between a system's components increases exponentially with the number of components, thus allowing for many new and subtle types of behaviour to emerge. Emergence is often a product of particular patterns of interaction. [[Negative feedback]] introduces constraints that serve to fix structures or behaviours. In contrast, [[positive feedback]] promotes change, allowing local variations to grow into global patterns. Another way in which interactions leads to emergent properties is [[dual-phase evolution]]. This occurs where interactions are applied intermittently, leading to two phases: one in which patterns form or grow, the other in which they are refined or removed.
One reason emergent behaviour is hard to predict is that the number of interactions between a system's components increases exponentially with the number of components, thus allowing for many new and subtle types of behaviour to emerge. Emergence is often a product of particular patterns of interaction. Negative feedback introduces constraints that serve to fix structures or behaviours. In contrast, positive feedback promotes change, allowing local variations to grow into global patterns. Another way in which interactions leads to emergent properties is dual-phase evolution. This occurs where interactions are applied intermittently, leading to two phases: one in which patterns form or grow, the other in which they are refined or removed.
涌现行为难以预测的一个原因是，系统组件之间的相互作用的数量随组件的数量呈指数增长，从而允许许多新的和微妙的行为类型出现。涌现通常是特定交互模式的产物。负面反馈引入了有助于修复结构或行为的约束。相比之下，积极的反馈促进改变，允许局部变化发展成为全球模式。相互作用产生涌现特性的另一种方式是双阶段进化。这发生在相互作用是间歇地应用，导致两个阶段: 一个是模式的形成或增长，另一个是他们被改进或删除。
On the other hand, merely having a large number of interactions is not enough by itself to guarantee emergent behaviour; many of the interactions may be negligible or irrelevant, or may cancel each other out. In some cases, a large number of interactions can in fact hinder the emergence of interesting behaviour, by creating a lot of "noise" to drown out any emerging "signal"; the emergent behaviour may need to be temporarily isolated from other interactions before it reaches enough critical mass to self-support. Thus it is not just the sheer number of connections between components which encourages emergence; it is also how these connections are organised. A hierarchical organisation is one example that can generate emergent behaviour (a bureaucracy may behave in a way quite different from the individual departments of that bureaucracy); but emergent behaviour can also arise from more decentralized organisational structures, such as a marketplace. In some cases, the system has to reach a combined threshold of diversity, organisation, and connectivity before emergent behaviour appears.
On the other hand, merely having a large number of interactions is not enough by itself to guarantee emergent behaviour; many of the interactions may be negligible or irrelevant, or may cancel each other out. In some cases, a large number of interactions can in fact hinder the emergence of interesting behaviour, by creating a lot of "noise" to drown out any emerging "signal"; the emergent behaviour may need to be temporarily isolated from other interactions before it reaches enough critical mass to self-support. Thus it is not just the sheer number of connections between components which encourages emergence; it is also how these connections are organised. A hierarchical organisation is one example that can generate emergent behaviour (a bureaucracy may behave in a way quite different from the individual departments of that bureaucracy); but emergent behaviour can also arise from more decentralized organisational structures, such as a marketplace. In some cases, the system has to reach a combined threshold of diversity, organisation, and connectivity before emergent behaviour appears.
另一方面，仅仅有大量的相互作用本身并不足以保证紧急行为; 许多相互作用可能是微不足道或无关紧要的，或者可能相互抵消。在某些情况下，大量的相互作用实际上可能阻碍有趣行为的出现，因为它们制造了大量的”噪音”以淹没任何新出现的”信号” ; 在达到足够的临界质量以自立之前，这种突现的行为可能需要暂时与其他相互作用隔离。因此，鼓励出现的不仅仅是组件之间连接的绝对数量，还有这些连接的组织方式。等级组织就是能够产生应急行为的一个例子(官僚机构的行为方式可能与官僚机构的单个部门大不相同) ; 但应急行为也可能产生于更为分散的组织结构，如市场。在某些情况下，在突发行为出现之前，系统必须达到多样性、组织性和连通性的组合阈值。
[[Unintended consequence]]s and side effects are closely related to emergent properties. [[Luc Steels]] writes: "A component has a particular functionality but this is not recognizable as a subfunction of the global functionality. Instead a component implements a behaviour whose side effect contributes to the global functionality [...] Each behaviour has a side effect and the sum of the side effects gives the desired functionality".{{Harv|Steels|1990}} In other words, the global or macroscopic functionality of a system with "emergent functionality" is the sum of all "side effects", of all emergent properties and functionalities.
Unintended consequences and side effects are closely related to emergent properties. Luc Steels writes: "A component has a particular functionality but this is not recognizable as a subfunction of the global functionality. Instead a component implements a behaviour whose side effect contributes to the global functionality [...] Each behaviour has a side effect and the sum of the side effects gives the desired functionality". In other words, the global or macroscopic functionality of a system with "emergent functionality" is the sum of all "side effects", of all emergent properties and functionalities.
意外后果和副作用与突发特性密切相关。吕克斯蒂尔写道: “一个组件有一个特定的功能，但这不能识别为全局功能的子功能。相反，一个组件实现了一种行为，其副作用有助于实现全局功能[ ... ]每种行为都有副作用，副作用的总和就是所需的功能”。换句话说，具有“紧急功能”的系统的全局或宏观功能是所有“副作用”的总和，所有紧急属性和功能的总和。
Systems with emergent properties or emergent structures may appear to defy [[entropy|entropic]] principles and the second law of [[thermodynamics]], because they form and increase order despite the lack of command and central control. This is possible because open systems can extract information and order out of the environment.
Systems with emergent properties or emergent structures may appear to defy entropic principles and the second law of thermodynamics, because they form and increase order despite the lack of command and central control. This is possible because open systems can extract information and order out of the environment.
具有突发特性或突发结构的系统可能看起来对抗熵原理和热力学第二定律，因为他们形成并增加秩序，尽管缺乏指挥和中央控制。这是可能的，因为开放系统可以从环境中提取信息和命令。
Emergence helps to explain why the [[fallacy of division]] is a fallacy.
Emergence helps to explain why the fallacy of division is a fallacy.
涌现有助于解释为什么分割是一个谬论。
==Emergent structures in nature==
==Emergent structures in nature==
自然界中的突现结构
{{main|Patterns in nature}}
{{More citations needed section|date=November 2008}}
[[File:Sand dune ripples.jpg|thumb|280px|right|Ripple patterns in a [[sand dune]] created by wind or water is an example of an emergent structure in nature.]]
Ripple patterns in a [[sand dune created by wind or water is an example of an emergent structure in nature.]]
在[风或水产生的沙丘是自然界涌现结构的一个例子]
[[File:Causeway-code poet-4.jpg|thumb|right|280px|[[Giant's Causeway]] in Northern Ireland is an example of a complex emergent structure.]]
[[Giant's Causeway in Northern Ireland is an example of a complex emergent structure.]]
[[北爱尔兰的巨人堤道是复杂新兴结构的一个例子]
Emergent structures can be found in many natural phenomena, from the physical to the biological domain. For example, the shape of weather phenomena such as [[hurricane]]s are emergent structures. The development and growth of complex, orderly [[crystal]]s, as driven by the [[random motion]] of water molecules within a conducive natural environment, is another example of an emergent process, where [[randomness]] can give rise to complex and deeply attractive, orderly structures.
Emergent structures can be found in many natural phenomena, from the physical to the biological domain. For example, the shape of weather phenomena such as hurricanes are emergent structures. The development and growth of complex, orderly crystals, as driven by the random motion of water molecules within a conducive natural environment, is another example of an emergent process, where randomness can give rise to complex and deeply attractive, orderly structures.
突现结构可以在许多自然现象中找到，从物理领域到生物领域。例如，诸如飓风之类的天气现象的形状就是突发结构。在有利的自然环境中，由水分子的随机运动驱动的复杂有序晶体的发展和生长，是突发过程的另一个例子，在这种突发过程中，随机性可以产生复杂而深具吸引力的有序结构。
[[File:Water Crystals on Mercury 20Feb2010 CU1.jpg|thumb|280px|right|Water crystals forming on glass demonstrate an emergent, [[fractal]] process occurring under appropriate conditions of temperature and humidity.]] However, crystalline structure and hurricanes are said to have a self-organizing phase.
Water crystals forming on glass demonstrate an emergent, [[fractal process occurring under appropriate conditions of temperature and humidity.]] However, crystalline structure and hurricanes are said to have a self-organizing phase.
在玻璃上形成的水晶显示了一个突现的，[在适当的温度和湿度条件下发生的分形过程]然而，水晶结构和飓风据说有一个自组织的阶段。
It is useful to distinguish three forms of emergent structures. A ''first-order'' emergent structure occurs as a result of shape interactions (for example, [[hydrogen bond]]s in water molecules lead to [[surface tension]]). A ''second-order'' emergent structure involves shape interactions played out sequentially over time (for example, changing atmospheric conditions as a snowflake falls to the ground build upon and alter its form). Finally, a ''third-order'' emergent structure is a consequence of shape, time, and heritable instructions. For example, an organism's [[genetic code]] affects the form of the organism's systems in space and time.
It is useful to distinguish three forms of emergent structures. A first-order emergent structure occurs as a result of shape interactions (for example, hydrogen bonds in water molecules lead to surface tension). A second-order emergent structure involves shape interactions played out sequentially over time (for example, changing atmospheric conditions as a snowflake falls to the ground build upon and alter its form). Finally, a third-order emergent structure is a consequence of shape, time, and heritable instructions. For example, an organism's genetic code affects the form of the organism's systems in space and time.
区分突现结构的三种形式是有用的。一级突现结构是形状相互作用的结果(例如，水分子中的氢键导致表面张力)。二阶突现结构涉及形状的相互作用随着时间的推移而发生(例如，当雪花落到地面时改变大气条件，建立并改变其形状)。最后，三阶紧急结构是形状、时间和可遗传指令的结果。例如，有机体的遗传密码影响着有机体系统在空间和时间上的形式。
===Nonliving, physical systems===
===Nonliving, physical systems===
无生命的物理系统
In [[physics]], emergence is used to describe a property, law, or phenomenon which occurs at macroscopic scales (in space or time) but not at microscopic scales, despite the fact that a macroscopic system can be viewed as a very large ensemble of microscopic systems.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Anderson|first=Philip W.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9HhQDwAAQBAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&hl=en#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Basic Notions Of Condensed Matter Physics|date=2018-03-09|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-0-429-97374-1|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Girvin|first=Steven M.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2ESIDwAAQBAJ&hl=en|title=Modern Condensed Matter Physics|last2=Yang|first2=Kun|date=2019-02-28|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-108-57347-4|language=en}}</ref>
In physics, emergence is used to describe a property, law, or phenomenon which occurs at macroscopic scales (in space or time) but not at microscopic scales, despite the fact that a macroscopic system can be viewed as a very large ensemble of microscopic systems.
在物理学中，涌现被用来描述在宏观尺度(空间或时间)而不是在微观尺度上发生的性质、规律或现象，尽管事实上一个宏观系统可以被看作是一个非常庞大的微观系统的集合。
An emergent property need not be more complicated than the underlying non-emergent properties which generate it. For instance, the laws of [[thermodynamics]] are remarkably simple, even if the laws which govern the interactions between component particles are complex. The term emergence in physics is thus used not to signify complexity, but rather to distinguish which laws and concepts apply to macroscopic scales, and which ones apply to microscopic scales.
An emergent property need not be more complicated than the underlying non-emergent properties which generate it. For instance, the laws of thermodynamics are remarkably simple, even if the laws which govern the interactions between component particles are complex. The term emergence in physics is thus used not to signify complexity, but rather to distinguish which laws and concepts apply to macroscopic scales, and which ones apply to microscopic scales.
紧急属性不必比生成它的底层非紧急属性更复杂。例如，热力学定律是非常简单的，即使支配组分粒子之间相互作用的法则是复杂的。因此，物理学中的涌现一词不是用来表示复杂性，而是用来区分哪些定律和概念适用于宏观尺度，哪些定律和概念适用于微观尺度。
However, another, perhaps more broadly applicable way to conceive of the emergent divide does involve a dose of complexity insofar as the computational feasibility of going from the microscopic to the macroscopic property tells the 'strength' of the emergence. This is better understood given the following definition of emergence that comes from physics:
However, another, perhaps more broadly applicable way to conceive of the emergent divide does involve a dose of complexity insofar as the computational feasibility of going from the microscopic to the macroscopic property tells the 'strength' of the emergence. This is better understood given the following definition of emergence that comes from physics:
然而，另一种，也许更广泛适用的方式来设想涌现的分水岭涉及到一定程度的复杂性，因为计算的可行性从微观到宏观的性质告诉出现的力量。考虑到以下来自物理学的涌现的定义，这一点可以更好地理解:
"An emergent behavior of a physical system is a qualitative property that can only occur in the limit that the number of microscopic constituents tends to infinity."<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kivelson |first1=Sophia |last2=Kivelson |first2=Steve |title=Defining Emergence in Physics |journal=NPJ Quantum Materials |volume=1 |publisher=Nature Research |doi=10.1038/npjquantmats.2016.24 |year=2016 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
"An emergent behavior of a physical system is a qualitative property that can only occur in the limit that the number of microscopic constituents tends to infinity."
物理系统的突现行为是一种定性的性质，只有在微观成分的数量趋于无穷大的极限下才能发生
Since there are no actually infinite systems in the real world, there is no obvious naturally occurring notion of a hard separation between the properties of the constituents of a system and those of the emergent whole. As discussed below, classical mechanics is thought to be emergent from quantum mechanics, though in principle, quantum dynamics fully describes everything happening at a classical level. However, it would take a computer larger than the size of the universe with more computing time than life time of the universe to describe the motion of a falling apple in terms of the locations of its electrons {{citation needed|date=November 2018}}; thus we can take this to be a "strong" emergent divide.
Since there are no actually infinite systems in the real world, there is no obvious naturally occurring notion of a hard separation between the properties of the constituents of a system and those of the emergent whole. As discussed below, classical mechanics is thought to be emergent from quantum mechanics, though in principle, quantum dynamics fully describes everything happening at a classical level. However, it would take a computer larger than the size of the universe with more computing time than life time of the universe to describe the motion of a falling apple in terms of the locations of its electrons ; thus we can take this to be a "strong" emergent divide.
因为在现实世界中实际上并不存在无限的系统，所以在一个系统的组成部分的属性和突现的整体的属性之间，并不存在明显的自然产生的难以区分的概念。正如下面所讨论的，经典力学被认为是从量子力学中涌现出来的，尽管在原则上，量子动力学完全描述了在经典水平上发生的一切。然而，需要一台比宇宙大的计算机，其计算时间比宇宙的生命时间更长，才能根据电子的位置来描述一个落下的苹果的运动，因此我们可以把这看作是一个“强烈的”涌现分水岭。
Some examples include:
Some examples include:
一些例子包括:
* [[Classical mechanics]]: The laws of classical mechanics can be said to emerge as a limiting case from the rules of [[quantum mechanics]] applied to large enough masses. This is particularly strange since quantum mechanics is generally thought of as ''more'' complicated than classical mechanics.
* [[Friction]]: Forces between elementary particles are conservative. However, friction emerges when considering more complex structures of matter, whose surfaces can convert mechanical energy into heat energy when rubbed against each other. Similar considerations apply to other emergent concepts in [[continuum mechanics]] such as [[viscosity]], [[Elasticity (physics)|elasticity]], [[tensile strength]], etc.
* [[Patterned ground]]: the distinct, and often symmetrical geometric shapes formed by ground material in periglacial regions.
* [[Statistical mechanics]] was initially derived using the concept of a large enough [[statistical ensemble (mathematical physics)|ensemble]] that fluctuations about the most likely distribution can be all but ignored. However, small clusters do not exhibit sharp first order [[phase transition]]s such as melting, and at the boundary it is not possible to completely categorize the cluster as a liquid or solid, since these concepts are (without extra definitions) only applicable to macroscopic systems. Describing a system using statistical mechanics methods is much simpler than using a low-level atomistic approach.
* [[Electrical networks]]: The bulk conductive response of binary (RC) electrical networks with random arrangements, known as the [[Universal dielectric response|Universal Dielectric Response (UDR)]], can be seen as emergent properties of such physical systems. Such arrangements can be used as simple physical prototypes for deriving mathematical formulae for the emergent responses of complex systems.<ref>{{cite journal|url = | doi=10.1016/j.physa.2012.10.035 | volume=392 | issue=4 | title=The origin of power-law emergent scaling in large binary networks | year=2013 | journal=Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and Its Applications | pages=1004–1027 | last1 = Almond | first1 = D.P. | last2 = Budd | first2 = C.J. | last3 = Freitag | first3 = M.A. | last4 = Hunt | first4 = G.W. | last5 = McCullen | first5 = N.J. | last6 = Smith | first6 = N.D.| arxiv=1204.5601 | bibcode=2013PhyA..392.1004A }}</ref>
* [[Weather]]
[[Temperature]] is sometimes used as an example of an emergent macroscopic behaviour. In classical dynamics, a ''snapshot'' of the instantaneous momenta of a large number of particles at equilibrium is sufficient to find the average kinetic energy per degree of freedom which is proportional to the temperature. For a small number of particles the instantaneous momenta at a given time are not statistically sufficient to determine the temperature of the system. However, using the [[ergodic hypothesis]], the temperature can still be obtained to arbitrary precision by further averaging the momenta over a long enough time.
Temperature is sometimes used as an example of an emergent macroscopic behaviour. In classical dynamics, a snapshot of the instantaneous momenta of a large number of particles at equilibrium is sufficient to find the average kinetic energy per degree of freedom which is proportional to the temperature. For a small number of particles the instantaneous momenta at a given time are not statistically sufficient to determine the temperature of the system. However, using the ergodic hypothesis, the temperature can still be obtained to arbitrary precision by further averaging the momenta over a long enough time.
温度有时被用来作为一个突发的宏观行为的例子。在经典动力学中，对处于平衡状态的大量粒子瞬时动量的快照足以求出每个自由度的平均动能与温度成正比。对于少数粒子，在给定时间内的瞬时动量在统计学上不足以确定系统的温度。然而，使用遍历假设，温度仍然可以通过在足够长的时间内进一步平均动量而得到任意精度。
[[Convection]] in a liquid or gas is another example of emergent macroscopic behaviour that makes sense only when considering differentials of temperature. [[Convection cells]], particularly [[Bénard cells]], are an example of a [[self-organizing]] system (more specifically, a [[dissipative system]]) whose structure is determined both by the constraints of the system and by random perturbations: the possible realizations of the shape and size of the cells depends on the temperature gradient as well as the nature of the fluid and shape of the container, but which configurations are actually realized is due to random perturbations (thus these systems exhibit a form of [[symmetry breaking]]).
Convection in a liquid or gas is another example of emergent macroscopic behaviour that makes sense only when considering differentials of temperature. Convection cells, particularly Bénard cells, are an example of a self-organizing system (more specifically, a dissipative system) whose structure is determined both by the constraints of the system and by random perturbations: the possible realizations of the shape and size of the cells depends on the temperature gradient as well as the nature of the fluid and shape of the container, but which configurations are actually realized is due to random perturbations (thus these systems exhibit a form of symmetry breaking).
液体或气体中的对流是另一个突发宏观行为的例子，只有在考虑温差时才有意义。对流细胞，特别是 b. nard 细胞，是一个自组织系统(更具体地说，是一个 Dissipative system)的例子，其结构既由系统的约束和随机扰动决定: 细胞的形状和大小的可能实现取决于温度梯度以及流体的性质和容器的形状，但实际上实现的配置是由于随机扰动(因此这些系统呈现一种对称性破缺形式)。
In some theories of particle physics, even such basic structures as [[mass]], [[space]], and [[time]] are viewed as emergent phenomena, arising from more fundamental concepts such as the [[Higgs boson]] or [[string theory|strings]]. In some interpretations of [[quantum mechanics]], the perception of a [[deterministic]] reality, in which all objects have a definite position, momentum, and so forth, is actually an emergent phenomenon, with the true state of matter being described instead by a [[wavefunction]] which need not have a single position or momentum.
In some theories of particle physics, even such basic structures as mass, space, and time are viewed as emergent phenomena, arising from more fundamental concepts such as the Higgs boson or strings. In some interpretations of quantum mechanics, the perception of a deterministic reality, in which all objects have a definite position, momentum, and so forth, is actually an emergent phenomenon, with the true state of matter being described instead by a wavefunction which need not have a single position or momentum.
在一些粒子物理学理论中，甚至像质量、空间和时间这样的基本结构都被视为涌现的现象，这些涌现的现象来自于更基本的概念，比如希格斯玻色子或者弦。在某些量子力学诠释中，对所有物体都具有确定的位置、动量等等的确定性实在的感知，实际上是一种涌现的现象，物质的真实状态被一个不需要单一位置或动量的波函数所描述。
Most of the laws of [[physics]] themselves as we experience them today appear to have emerged during the course of time making emergence the most fundamental principle in the universe{{According to whom|date=September 2016}} and raising the question of what might be the most fundamental law of physics from which all others emerged. [[Chemistry]] can in turn be viewed as an emergent property of the laws of physics. [[Biology]] (including biological [[evolution]]) can be viewed as an emergent property of the laws of chemistry. Similarly, [[psychology]] could be understood as an emergent property of neurobiological laws. Finally, free-market theories understand [[economy]] as an emergent feature of psychology.
Most of the laws of physics themselves as we experience them today appear to have emerged during the course of time making emergence the most fundamental principle in the universe and raising the question of what might be the most fundamental law of physics from which all others emerged. Chemistry can in turn be viewed as an emergent property of the laws of physics. Biology (including biological evolution) can be viewed as an emergent property of the laws of chemistry. Similarly, psychology could be understood as an emergent property of neurobiological laws. Finally, free-market theories understand economy as an emergent feature of psychology.
我们今天所经历的大多数物理定律，似乎都是在时间的推移中出现的，这使得涌现成为宇宙中最基本的定律，并提出了一个问题: 什么可能是物理学中最基本的定律，而其他所有定律都是从这个定律出现的。反过来，化学又可以被看作是物理定律的一种突现性质。生物学(包括生物进化)可以看作是化学定律的突现性质。同样，心理学也可以被理解为神经生物学定律的一个新兴属性。最后，自由市场理论把经济理解为心理学的一个突现特征。
According to Laughlin (2005), for many particle systems, nothing can be calculated exactly from the microscopic equations, and macroscopic systems are characterised by broken symmetry: the symmetry present in the microscopic equations is not present in the macroscopic system, due to phase transitions. As a result, these macroscopic systems are described in their own terminology, and have properties that do not depend on many microscopic details. This does not mean that the microscopic interactions are irrelevant, but simply that you do not see them anymore — you only see a renormalized effect of them. Laughlin is a pragmatic theoretical physicist: if you cannot, possibly ever, calculate the broken symmetry macroscopic properties from the microscopic equations, then what is the point of talking about reducibility?
According to Laughlin (2005), for many particle systems, nothing can be calculated exactly from the microscopic equations, and macroscopic systems are characterised by broken symmetry: the symmetry present in the microscopic equations is not present in the macroscopic system, due to phase transitions. As a result, these macroscopic systems are described in their own terminology, and have properties that do not depend on many microscopic details. This does not mean that the microscopic interactions are irrelevant, but simply that you do not see them anymore — you only see a renormalized effect of them. Laughlin is a pragmatic theoretical physicist: if you cannot, possibly ever, calculate the broken symmetry macroscopic properties from the microscopic equations, then what is the point of talking about reducibility?
劳克林(2005)认为，对于许多粒子系统来说，从微观方程中无法精确地计算出任何东西，而宏观系统的特征是对称性破缺: 由于相变，微观方程中存在的对称性在宏观系统中并不存在。因此，这些宏观系统用它们自己的术语来描述，并且具有不依赖于许多微观细节的性质。这并不意味着微观相互作用是无关的，只是你不再看到它们了ーー你只看到它们的重整化效应。劳克林是一个务实的理论物理学家: 如果你不能，可能永远，从微观方程计算出对称性破缺的宏观性质，那么谈论可还原性还有什么意义？
===Living, biological systems===
===Living, biological systems===
生命，生物系统
====Emergence and evolution====
====Emergence and evolution====
涌现与进化
{{see also|Abiogenesis}}
[[Life]] is a major source of complexity, and [[evolution]] is the major process behind the varying forms of life. In this view, evolution is the process describing the growth of complexity in the natural world and in speaking of the emergence of complex living beings and life-forms, this view refers therefore to processes of sudden changes in evolution.
Life is a major source of complexity, and evolution is the major process behind the varying forms of life. In this view, evolution is the process describing the growth of complexity in the natural world and in speaking of the emergence of complex living beings and life-forms, this view refers therefore to processes of sudden changes in evolution.
生命是复杂性的主要来源，进化是不同生命形式背后的主要过程。这种观点认为，进化是描述自然界中复杂性增长的过程，在谈到复杂生物和生命形式的出现时，这种观点因此指的是进化中的突然变化过程。
[[Life]] is thought to have emerged in the early [[RNA world hypothesis|RNA world]] when [[RNA]] chains began to express the basic conditions necessary for natural selection to operate as conceived by [[Charles Darwin|Darwin]]: heritability, variation of type, and competition for limited resources. [[Fitness (biology)|Fitness]] of an RNA replicator (its per capita rate of increase) would likely be a function of adaptive capacities that were intrinsic (in the sense that they were determined by the nucleotide sequence) and the availability of resources.<ref name="Bernstein">{{cite journal | last1 = Bernstein | first1 = H | last2 = Byerly | first2 = HC | last3 = Hopf | first3 = FA | last4 = Michod | first4 = RA | last5 = Vemulapalli | first5 = GK | year = 1983 | title = The Darwinian Dynamic | journal = Quarterly Review of Biology | volume = 58 | issue = 2| pages = 185–207 | doi=10.1086/413216| jstor = 2828805 }}</ref><ref name="Michod">Michod RE. (2000) Darwinian Dynamics: Evolutionary Transitions in Fitness and Individuality. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey {{ISBN|0691050112}}</ref> The three primary adaptive capacities may have been (1) the capacity to replicate with moderate fidelity (giving rise to both heritability and variation of type); (2) the capacity to avoid decay; and (3) the capacity to acquire and process resources.<ref name=Bernstein /><ref name =Michod /> These capacities would have been determined initially by the folded configurations of the RNA replicators (see “[[Ribozyme]]”) that, in turn, would be encoded in their individual nucleotide sequences. Competitive success among different replicators would have depended on the relative values of these adaptive capacities.
Life is thought to have emerged in the early RNA world when RNA chains began to express the basic conditions necessary for natural selection to operate as conceived by Darwin: heritability, variation of type, and competition for limited resources. Fitness of an RNA replicator (its per capita rate of increase) would likely be a function of adaptive capacities that were intrinsic (in the sense that they were determined by the nucleotide sequence) and the availability of resources. The three primary adaptive capacities may have been (1) the capacity to replicate with moderate fidelity (giving rise to both heritability and variation of type); (2) the capacity to avoid decay; and (3) the capacity to acquire and process resources. These capacities would have been determined initially by the folded configurations of the RNA replicators (see “Ribozyme”) that, in turn, would be encoded in their individual nucleotide sequences. Competitive success among different replicators would have depended on the relative values of these adaptive capacities.
生命被认为是在早期的 RNA 世界中出现的，当时 RNA 链开始表达达尔文所构想的自然选择运作的基本条件: 遗传性、类型变异和对有限资源的竞争。Rna 复制因子的适合度(其人均增长率)可能是适应能力的函数，这种适应能力是内在的(在某种意义上说，它们是由核苷酸序列决定的)和资源的可用性。三种主要的适应能力可能是: (1)具有中等保真度的复制能力(同时产生遗传力和类型变异) ; (2)避免衰变的能力; (3)获取和处理资源的能力。这些能力最初是由 RNA 复制器(见“核酶”)的折叠结构决定的，而这些结构又反过来编码在各自的核苷酸序列中。不同复制因子之间的竞争成功将取决于这些适应能力的相对价值。
Regarding [[causality]] in evolution [[Peter Corning]] observes:
Regarding causality in evolution Peter Corning observes:
关于进化中的因果关系，Peter Corning 观察到:
<blockquote>Synergistic effects of various kinds have played a major causal role in the evolutionary process generally and in the evolution of cooperation and complexity in particular... Natural selection is often portrayed as a “mechanism”, or is personified as a causal agency... In reality, the differential “selection” of a trait, or an adaptation, is a consequence of the functional effects it produces in relation to the survival and reproductive success of a given organism in a given environment. It is these functional effects that are ultimately responsible for the trans-generational continuities and changes in nature.{{nowrap|{{Harv|Corning|2002}}}}</blockquote>
<blockquote>Synergistic effects of various kinds have played a major causal role in the evolutionary process generally and in the evolution of cooperation and complexity in particular... Natural selection is often portrayed as a “mechanism”, or is personified as a causal agency... In reality, the differential “selection” of a trait, or an adaptation, is a consequence of the functional effects it produces in relation to the survival and reproductive success of a given organism in a given environment. It is these functional effects that are ultimately responsible for the trans-generational continuities and changes in nature.}}</blockquote>
一般来说，各种协同作用在进化过程中，特别是在合作和复杂性的进化中起着重要的因果作用... ... 自然选择通常被描述为一种“机制” ，或者被人格化为一种因果机制... ..。实际上，对某一特性或适应性的差异性”选择”是它对特定生物体在特定环境中的生存和繁殖成功所产生的功能性影响的结果。正是这些功能性影响最终导致了跨代连续性和自然界的变化。[} / blockquote
Per his [[#CorningDefn|definition of emergence]], Corning also addresses emergence and evolution:
Per his definition of emergence, Corning also addresses emergence and evolution:
根据康宁对“涌现”的定义，他还提到了“涌现”和“进化” :
<blockquote>[In] evolutionary processes, causation is iterative; effects are also causes. And this is equally true of the synergistic effects produced by emergent systems. In other words, emergence itself... has been the underlying cause of the evolution of emergent phenomena in biological evolution; it is the synergies produced by organized systems that are the key.{{nowrap|{{Harv|Corning|2002}}}}</blockquote>
<blockquote>[In] evolutionary processes, causation is iterative; effects are also causes. And this is equally true of the synergistic effects produced by emergent systems. In other words, emergence itself... has been the underlying cause of the evolution of emergent phenomena in biological evolution; it is the synergies produced by organized systems that are the key.}}</blockquote>
在进化过程中，因果关系是迭代的; 结果也是原因。这同样适用于由突发系统产生的协同效应。换句话说，涌现本身... ... 一直是生物进化中涌现现象进化的根本原因; 有组织的系统产生的协同作用才是关键。[} / blockquote
[[Swarming]] is a well-known behaviour in many animal species from [[marching locusts]] to [[Shoaling and schooling|schooling fish]] to [[Flocking (behaviour)|flocking birds]]. Emergent structures are a common strategy found in many animal groups: colonies of ants, mounds built by termites, swarms of bees, shoals/schools of fish, flocks of birds, and herds/packs of mammals.
Swarming is a well-known behaviour in many animal species from marching locusts to schooling fish to flocking birds. Emergent structures are a common strategy found in many animal groups: colonies of ants, mounds built by termites, swarms of bees, shoals/schools of fish, flocks of birds, and herds/packs of mammals.
群集在许多动物物种中是一种众所周知的行为，从蝗虫群集到鱼群，再到群集的鸟类。紧急结构是许多动物群体中常见的策略: 蚁群、白蚁筑成的蚁丘、蜜蜂群、浅滩 / 鱼群、鸟群和哺乳动物群落。
An example to consider in detail is an [[ant colony]]. The queen does not give direct orders and does not tell the ants what to do. Instead, each ant reacts to stimuli in the form of chemical scent from larvae, other ants, intruders, food and buildup of waste, and leaves behind a chemical trail, which, in turn, provides a stimulus to other ants. Here each ant is an autonomous unit that reacts depending only on its local environment and the genetically encoded rules for its variety of ant. Despite the lack of centralized decision making, ant colonies exhibit complex behavior and have even demonstrated the ability to solve geometric problems. For example, colonies routinely find the maximum distance from all colony entrances to dispose of dead bodies.<ref>Steven Johnson. 2001. [[Emergence: The Connected Lives of Ants, Brains, Cities, and Software]]</ref>
An example to consider in detail is an ant colony. The queen does not give direct orders and does not tell the ants what to do. Instead, each ant reacts to stimuli in the form of chemical scent from larvae, other ants, intruders, food and buildup of waste, and leaves behind a chemical trail, which, in turn, provides a stimulus to other ants. Here each ant is an autonomous unit that reacts depending only on its local environment and the genetically encoded rules for its variety of ant. Despite the lack of centralized decision making, ant colonies exhibit complex behavior and have even demonstrated the ability to solve geometric problems. For example, colonies routinely find the maximum distance from all colony entrances to dispose of dead bodies.
需要详细考虑的一个例子是蚁群。蚁后不会直接下达命令，也不会告诉蚂蚁该做什么。相反，每只蚂蚁对来自幼虫、其他蚂蚁、入侵者、食物和排泄物的化学气味的刺激作出反应，并留下化学痕迹，这反过来刺激其他蚂蚁。在这里，每只蚂蚁都是一个自主的单元，它们的反应仅仅取决于它们所处的局部环境和它们的蚂蚁品种的遗传编码规则。尽管缺乏集中决策，蚁群表现出复杂的行为，甚至证明了解决几何问题的能力。例如，蜂群通常会找到距离所有蜂群入口的最大距离来处理尸体。
It appears that environmental factors may play a role in influencing emergence. Research suggests induced emergence of the bee species [[Macrotera portalis]]. In this species, the bees emerge in a pattern consistent with rainfall. Specifically, the pattern of emergence is consistent with southwestern deserts' late summer rains and lack of activity in the spring.<ref name="Danforth2">{{cite journal|last1=Danforth|first1=Bryan|title=Female Foraging and Intranest Behavior of a Communal Bee, Perdita portalis (Hymenoptera: Andrenidae)|journal=Annals of the Entomological Society of America|date=1991|volume=84|issue=5|pages=537–48|doi= 10.1093/aesa/84.5.537}}</ref>
It appears that environmental factors may play a role in influencing emergence. Research suggests induced emergence of the bee species Macrotera portalis. In this species, the bees emerge in a pattern consistent with rainfall. Specifically, the pattern of emergence is consistent with southwestern deserts' late summer rains and lack of activity in the spring.
似乎环境因素可能在影响突现方面发挥作用。研究表明，大翅目(Macrotera portalis)蜜蜂可诱导出苗。在这个物种中，蜜蜂以与降雨量一致的模式出现。具体来说，沙漠羽化的模式与西南部沙漠夏末的降雨和春季缺乏活动的情况相一致。
====Organization of life====
====Organization of life====
生命的组织
A broader example of emergent properties in biology is viewed in the [[biological organisation]] of life, ranging from the [[subatomic]] level to the entire [[biosphere]]. For example, individual [[atom]]s can be combined to form [[molecule]]s such as [[polypeptide]] chains, which in turn [[Protein folding|fold]] and refold to form [[protein]]s, which in turn create even more complex structures. These proteins, assuming their functional status from their spatial conformation, interact together and with other molecules to achieve higher biological functions and eventually create an [[organism]]. Another example is how cascade [[phenotype]] reactions, as detailed in [[chaos theory]], arise from individual genes mutating respective positioning.<ref>[[Neil Campbell (scientist)|Campbell]], Neil A., and Jane B. Reece. ''Biology''. 6th ed. San Francisco: Benjamin Cummings, 2002.</ref> At the highest level, all the [[biocoenosis|biological communities]] in the world form the biosphere, where its human participants form societies, and the complex interactions of meta-social systems such as the stock market.
A broader example of emergent properties in biology is viewed in the biological organisation of life, ranging from the subatomic level to the entire biosphere. For example, individual atoms can be combined to form molecules such as polypeptide chains, which in turn fold and refold to form proteins, which in turn create even more complex structures. These proteins, assuming their functional status from their spatial conformation, interact together and with other molecules to achieve higher biological functions and eventually create an organism. Another example is how cascade phenotype reactions, as detailed in chaos theory, arise from individual genes mutating respective positioning. At the highest level, all the biological communities in the world form the biosphere, where its human participants form societies, and the complex interactions of meta-social systems such as the stock market.
从生命的生物组织，从亚原子水平到整个生物圈，我们可以看到生物突现特性的一个更广泛的例子。例如，单个原子可以结合形成多肽链之类的分子，多肽链反过来折叠再折叠形成蛋白质，而蛋白质又反过来形成更复杂的结构。这些蛋白质，从它们的空间构象中获得它们的功能状态，并与其他分子相互作用，实现更高的生物功能，最终创造出一个生物体。另一个例子是级联表型反应，正如混沌理论中详细描述的，如何产生于个体基因变异各自的位置。在最高层次上，世界上所有的生物群落形成了生物圈，其中的人类参与者形成了社会，并形成了诸如股票市场等元社会系统的复杂相互作用。
====Emergence of mind====
====Emergence of mind====
思想的出现
Among the considered phenomena in the evolutionary account of life, as a continuous history, marked by stages at which fundamentally new forms have appeared - the origin of sapiens intelligence.<ref>[https://global.britannica.com/science/emergence-science Emergence // Encyclopædia Britannica, 2017]</ref> The emergence of mind and its evolution is researched and considered as a separate phenomenon in a special system knowledge called [[noogenesis]].<ref>[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259390703_Eryomin_A.L._Noogenesis_and_Theory_of_Intellect._Krasnodar_2005.__356_p.__._.____.___2005.__356_ Eryomin A.L. '''Noogenesis and Theory of Intellect'''. Krasnodar, 2005. 356 pp.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141031233209/http://www.researchgate.net/publication/259390703_Eryomin_A.L._Noogenesis_and_Theory_of_Intellect._Krasnodar_2005.__356_p.__._.____.___2005.__356_ |date=2014-10-31 }}</ref>
Among the considered phenomena in the evolutionary account of life, as a continuous history, marked by stages at which fundamentally new forms have appeared - the origin of sapiens intelligence. The emergence of mind and its evolution is researched and considered as a separate phenomenon in a special system knowledge called noogenesis.
在生命进化论所考虑的现象中，智人智力的起源作为一个连续的历史，以出现基本的新形式的阶段为标志。心智的产生及其演化被认为是一个独立的现象，在一个特殊的系统知识称为人脑发生。
==In humanity==
==In humanity==
在人性中
===Spontaneous order===
===Spontaneous order===
自发秩序
{{see also|Spontaneous order|Self-organization}}
Groups of human beings, left free to each regulate themselves, tend to produce [[spontaneous order]], rather than the meaningless chaos often feared. This has been observed in society at least since [[Zhuang Zhou|Chuang Tzu]] in ancient China. Human beings are the basic elements of social systems, which perpetually interact and create, maintain, or untangle mutual social bonds. Social bonds in social systems are perpetually changing in the sense of the ongoing reconfiguration of their structure.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Social systems|last=Luhmann, N.|publisher=Stanford University Press|year=1995|isbn=|location=Stanford|pages=}}</ref> A classic [[traffic]] [[roundabout]] is also a good example, with cars moving in and out with such effective organization that some modern cities have begun replacing stoplights at problem intersections with traffic circles [http://www.terrain.org/articles/2/siegman.htm], and getting better results. [[Open-source software]] and [[Wiki]] projects form an even more compelling illustration.
Groups of human beings, left free to each regulate themselves, tend to produce spontaneous order, rather than the meaningless chaos often feared. This has been observed in society at least since Chuang Tzu in ancient China. Human beings are the basic elements of social systems, which perpetually interact and create, maintain, or untangle mutual social bonds. Social bonds in social systems are perpetually changing in the sense of the ongoing reconfiguration of their structure. A classic traffic roundabout is also a good example, with cars moving in and out with such effective organization that some modern cities have begun replacing stoplights at problem intersections with traffic circles [http://www.terrain.org/articles/2/siegman.htm], and getting better results. Open-source software and Wiki projects form an even more compelling illustration.
成群结队的人，任其自由自在地调节自己，往往会产生自发的秩序，而不是人们常常害怕的那种毫无意义的混乱。至少从中国古代庄子以来，这种现象就已经存在于社会中了。人类是社会系统的基本要素，社会系统不断地相互作用，创造、维持或理清相互之间的社会联系。社会系统中的社会纽带随着其结构的不断重构而不断变化。一个经典的环形交叉路口也是一个很好的例子，汽车进进出出的组织非常有效，以至于一些现代城市已经开始用环形交叉路口的红绿灯取代问题十字路口的红绿灯，并取得了更好的 http://www.terrain.org/articles/2/siegman.htm。开源软件和 Wiki 项目构成了一个更加引人注目的例子。
Emergent processes or behaviors can be seen in many other places, such as cities, [[cabal]] and [[market-dominant minority]] phenomena in economics, organizational phenomena in [[computer simulation]]s and [[cellular automata]]. Whenever there is a multitude of individuals interacting, an order emerges from disorder; a pattern, a decision, a structure, or a change in direction occurs.<ref>Miller, Peter. 2010. The Smart Swarm: How understanding flocks, schools, and colonies can make us better at communicating, decision making, and getting things done. New York: Avery.</ref>
Emergent processes or behaviors can be seen in many other places, such as cities, cabal and market-dominant minority phenomena in economics, organizational phenomena in computer simulations and cellular automata. Whenever there is a multitude of individuals interacting, an order emerges from disorder; a pattern, a decision, a structure, or a change in direction occurs.
涌现过程或行为可以在许多其他地方看到，如城市，阴谋和市场占主导地位的少数民族现象在经济学，组织现象在计算机模拟和元胞自动机。无论何时，只要有大量的个体相互作用，一种秩序就会从混乱中产生; 一种模式、一种决定、一种结构或方向的改变就会发生。
====Economics====
====Economics====
经济学
The [[stock market]] (or any market for that matter) is an example of emergence on a grand scale. As a whole it precisely regulates the relative security prices of companies across the world, yet it has no leader; when no [[Economic planning|central planning]] is in place, there is no one entity which controls the workings of the entire market. Agents, or investors, have knowledge of only a limited number of companies within their portfolio, and must follow the regulatory rules of the market and analyse the transactions individually or in large groupings. Trends and patterns emerge which are studied intensively by [[technical analysis|technical analysts]].{{Citation needed|date=August 2011}}.
The stock market (or any market for that matter) is an example of emergence on a grand scale. As a whole it precisely regulates the relative security prices of companies across the world, yet it has no leader; when no central planning is in place, there is no one entity which controls the workings of the entire market. Agents, or investors, have knowledge of only a limited number of companies within their portfolio, and must follow the regulatory rules of the market and analyse the transactions individually or in large groupings. Trends and patterns emerge which are studied intensively by technical analysts..
股票市场(或任何市场)就是一个大规模涌现的例子。作为一个整体，它精确地调节着世界各地公司的相对安全价格，然而它没有领导者; 当没有中央计划的时候，就没有一个实体控制着整个市场的运作。代理人或投资者在其投资组合中只了解有限数量的公司，必须遵守市场的监管规则，分别或大组分析交易。趋势和模式的出现是由技术分析师深入研究的。
====World Wide Web and the Internet====
====World Wide Web and the Internet====
万维网与互联网
The [[World Wide Web]] is a popular example of a decentralized system exhibiting emergent properties. There is no central organization rationing the number of links, yet the number of links pointing to each page follows a [[power law]] in which a few pages are linked to many times and most pages are seldom linked to. A related property of the network of links in the World Wide Web is that almost any pair of pages can be connected to each other through a relatively short chain of links. Although relatively well known now, this property was initially unexpected in an unregulated network. It is shared with many other types of networks called [[small-world network]]s. {{Harv|Barabasi, Jeong, & Albert|1999|pp=130–31}}
The World Wide Web is a popular example of a decentralized system exhibiting emergent properties. There is no central organization rationing the number of links, yet the number of links pointing to each page follows a power law in which a few pages are linked to many times and most pages are seldom linked to. A related property of the network of links in the World Wide Web is that almost any pair of pages can be connected to each other through a relatively short chain of links. Although relatively well known now, this property was initially unexpected in an unregulated network. It is shared with many other types of networks called small-world networks.
万维网是一个分散式系统的流行例子，显示了突现的特性。没有一个中心组织定量分配链接的数量，然而指向每个页面的链接数量遵循幂法则，在幂法则中，几个页面被多次链接，大多数页面很少被链接到。万维网链接网络的一个相关特性是，几乎任何一对网页都可以通过一个相对较短的链接链相互连接。虽然现在相对比较知名，但这个属性最初在不受管制的网络中是意想不到的。它与许多其他类型的网络共享，称为小世界网络。
Internet traffic can also exhibit some seemingly emergent properties. In the congestion control mechanism, [[Transmission Control Protocol|TCP]] flows can become globally synchronized at bottlenecks, simultaneously increasing and then decreasing throughput in coordination. Congestion, widely regarded as a nuisance, is possibly an emergent property of the spreading of bottlenecks across a network in high traffic flows which can be considered as a phase transition [see review of related research in {{Harv|Smith|2008|pp=1–31}}].
Internet traffic can also exhibit some seemingly emergent properties. In the congestion control mechanism, TCP flows can become globally synchronized at bottlenecks, simultaneously increasing and then decreasing throughput in coordination. Congestion, widely regarded as a nuisance, is possibly an emergent property of the spreading of bottlenecks across a network in high traffic flows which can be considered as a phase transition [see review of related research in ].
互联网流量也可以表现出一些看似突发的特性。在拥塞控制 / 服务机制中，TCP 流可以在瓶颈处实现全局同步，在协调中同时增加和减少吞吐量。拥塞，被广泛认为是一种滋扰，它可能是在高流量情况下瓶颈在网络中扩散的一种突发特性，可以被认为是一种相变[参见文献中的相关研究综述]。
Another important example of emergence in web-based systems is [[social bookmarking]] (also called collaborative tagging). In social bookmarking systems, users assign tags to resources shared with other users, which gives rise to a type of information organisation that emerges from this crowdsourcing process. Recent research which analyzes empirically the complex dynamics of such systems<ref name="TWEB-ref" >Valentin Robu, Harry Halpin, Hana Shepherd [http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1594173.1594176 Emergence of consensus and shared vocabularies in collaborative tagging systems], ACM Transactions on the Web (TWEB), Vol. 3(4), article 14, ACM Press, September 2009.</ref> has shown that consensus on stable distributions and a simple form of [[Folksonomy|shared vocabularies]] does indeed emerge, even in the absence of a central controlled vocabulary. Some believe that this could be because users who contribute tags all use the same language, and they share similar semantic structures underlying the choice of words. The convergence in social tags may therefore be interpreted as the emergence of structures as people who have similar semantic interpretation collaboratively index online information, a process called semantic imitation.<ref>{{Citation
Another important example of emergence in web-based systems is social bookmarking (also called collaborative tagging). In social bookmarking systems, users assign tags to resources shared with other users, which gives rise to a type of information organisation that emerges from this crowdsourcing process. Recent research which analyzes empirically the complex dynamics of such systems has shown that consensus on stable distributions and a simple form of shared vocabularies does indeed emerge, even in the absence of a central controlled vocabulary. Some believe that this could be because users who contribute tags all use the same language, and they share similar semantic structures underlying the choice of words. The convergence in social tags may therefore be interpreted as the emergence of structures as people who have similar semantic interpretation collaboratively index online information, a process called semantic imitation.<ref>{{Citation
在基于网络的系统中出现的另一个重要的例子是社会性书签分众分类法。在社会性书签系统中，用户将标签分配给与其他用户共享的资源，这就产生了一种从众包过程中产生的信息组织。最近的研究经验性地分析了这些系统的复动力学 / 功能，结果表明，即使在没有中央受控词表的情况下，关于稳定分布和一种简单的共享词汇的共识也确实出现了。一些人认为这可能是因为发布标签的用户都使用同一种语言，而且他们在选择词汇时共享相似的语义结构。因此，社交标签的趋同可以解释为具有相似语义解释的人协同索引在线信息的结构的出现，这一过程称为语义模仿。 参考文献{ Citation
| last = Fu | first = Wai-Tat
| last = Fu | first = Wai-Tat
| 最后一个符 | 第一个伟达
| title = A Semantic Imitation Model of Social Tagging
| title = A Semantic Imitation Model of Social Tagging
社会标签的语义模仿模型
| journal = Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Social Computing
| journal = Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Social Computing
美国电气和电子工程师协会会议论文集
| pages = 66–72
| pages = 66–72
第66-72页
| date = August 2009
| date = August 2009
2009年8月
| url = http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1633745
| url = http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1633745
Http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1633745
| doi = 10.1109/CSE.2009.382
| doi = 10.1109/CSE.2009.382
10.1109 / CSE. 2009
| last2 = Kannampallil
| last2 = Kannampallil
2 Kannampallil
| first2 = Thomas George
| first2 = Thomas George
第二名: 托马斯 · 乔治
| last3 = Kang
| last3 = Kang
3 Kang
| first3 = Ruogu
| first3 = Ruogu
| first3 Ruogu
| isbn = 978-1-4244-5334-4 }}</ref><ref>{{Citation
| isbn = 978-1-4244-5334-4 }}</ref><ref>{{Citation
978-1-4244-5334-4}
| last = Fu | first = Wai-Tat
| last = Fu | first = Wai-Tat
| 最后一个符 | 第一个伟达
| title = Semantic Imitation in Social Tagging
| title = Semantic Imitation in Social Tagging
社会标签中的语义模仿
| journal = ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction
| journal = ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction
计算机-人机交互学报
| year = 2010
| year = 2010
2010年
| doi = 10.1145/1806923.1806926
| doi = 10.1145/1806923.1806926
10.1145 / 1806923.1806926
| last2 = Kannampallil
| last2 = Kannampallil
2 Kannampallil
| first2 = Thomas
| first2 = Thomas
第二名: 托马斯
| last3 = Kang
| last3 = Kang
3 Kang
| first3 = Ruogu
| first3 = Ruogu
| first3 Ruogu
| last4 = He
| last4 = He
| 最后4他
| first4 = Jibo
| first4 = Jibo
| first4 Jibo
| volume = 17
| volume = 17
第17卷
| issue = 3
| issue = 3
第三期
| pages = 1–37 }}</ref>
| pages = 1–37 }}</ref>
| pages 1-37} / ref
====Architecture and cities====
====Architecture and cities====
建筑与城市
[[File:Bangkok skytrain sunset.jpg|thumb|right|300px| Traffic patterns in cities can be seen as an example of [[spontaneous order]]{{citation needed|date=January 2013}}]]
Traffic patterns in cities can be seen as an example of [[spontaneous order]]
城市的交通模式可以看作是[[自发秩序]]的一个例子
Emergent structures appear at many different [[integrative level|levels of organization]] or as [[spontaneous order]]. Emergent [[self-organization]] appears frequently in [[city|cities]] where no planning or zoning entity predetermines the layout of the city. {{Harv|Krugman|1996|pp=9–29}} The interdisciplinary study of emergent behaviors is not generally considered a [[wikt:Homogeneous|homogeneous]] field, but divided across its application or problem [[function domain|domains]].
Emergent structures appear at many different levels of organization or as spontaneous order. Emergent self-organization appears frequently in cities where no planning or zoning entity predetermines the layout of the city. The interdisciplinary study of emergent behaviors is not generally considered a homogeneous field, but divided across its application or problem domains.
突现结构在许多不同层次的组织或自发秩序中出现。在没有任何规划或分区实体预先决定城市布局的城市中，紧急自我组织频繁出现。突现行为的跨学科研究一般不被认为是一个单一的领域，而是跨越其应用或问题领域进行分割。
Architects may not design all the pathways of a complex of buildings. Instead they might let usage patterns emerge and then place pavement where pathways have become worn, such as a [[desire path]].
Architects may not design all the pathways of a complex of buildings. Instead they might let usage patterns emerge and then place pavement where pathways have become worn, such as a desire path.
建筑师可能不会设计一个建筑群的所有通道。相反，他们可能会让使用模式出现，然后在路径已经磨损的地方铺设人行道，比如欲望之路。
The on-course action and vehicle progression of the [[DARPA Grand Challenge#2007 Urban Challenge|2007 Urban Challenge]] could possibly be regarded as an example of [[cybernetic]] emergence. Patterns of road use, indeterministic obstacle clearance times, etc. will work together to form a complex emergent pattern that can not be deterministically planned in advance.
The on-course action and vehicle progression of the 2007 Urban Challenge could possibly be regarded as an example of cybernetic emergence. Patterns of road use, indeterministic obstacle clearance times, etc. will work together to form a complex emergent pattern that can not be deterministically planned in advance.
“2007年城市挑战”(2007 Urban Challenge)的行进方向和车辆进展，可能被视为控制论出现的一个例子。道路使用模式，不确定的障碍物清除时间等。将共同工作，形成一个复杂的紧急模式，不能事先确定计划。
The architectural school of [[Christopher Alexander]] takes a deeper approach to emergence, attempting to rewrite the process of urban growth itself in order to affect form, establishing a new methodology of planning and design tied to traditional practices, an [http://emergenturbanism.com/2009/03/23/the-journey-to-emergence/ Emergent Urbanism]. Urban emergence has also been linked to theories of urban complexity {{Harv|Batty|2005}} and urban evolution.{{Harv|Marshall|2009}}
The architectural school of Christopher Alexander takes a deeper approach to emergence, attempting to rewrite the process of urban growth itself in order to affect form, establishing a new methodology of planning and design tied to traditional practices, an [http://emergenturbanism.com/2009/03/23/the-journey-to-emergence/ Emergent Urbanism]. Urban emergence has also been linked to theories of urban complexity and urban evolution.
克里斯托佛·亚历山大的建筑学派对涌现采取了更深入的方法，试图重写城市发展本身的过程，以影响形式，建立一个与传统实践相联系的规划和设计的新方法论，一个[ http://emergenturbanism.com/2009/03/23/The-journey-to-emergence/ 涌现的城市主义]。城市的涌现也与城市复杂性和城市演化的理论联系在一起。
Building ecology is a conceptual framework for understanding architecture and the built environment as the interface between the dynamically interdependent elements of buildings, their occupants, and the larger environment. Rather than viewing buildings as inanimate or static objects, building ecologist Hal Levin views them as interfaces or intersecting domains of living and non-living systems.<ref name="microbe.net">{{cite web |url=http://www.microbe.net/fact-sheet-building-ecology/ |title=Fact Sheet: Building Ecology |accessdate=2011-08-04 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120203182235/http://www.microbe.net/fact-sheet-building-ecology/ |archivedate=2012-02-03 |date=2011-05-26 }}</ref> The microbial ecology of the indoor environment is strongly dependent on the building materials, occupants, contents, environmental context and the indoor and outdoor climate. The strong relationship between atmospheric chemistry and indoor air quality and the chemical reactions occurring indoors. The chemicals may be nutrients, neutral or biocides for the microbial organisms. The microbes produce chemicals that affect the building materials and occupant health and well being. Humans manipulate the ventilation, temperature and humidity to achieve comfort with the concomitant effects on the microbes that populate and evolve.<ref name="microbe.net"/><ref>http://www.microbe.net {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723210118/http://www.microbe.net/ |date=2011-07-23 }}</ref><ref>http://buildingecology.com {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110808024931/http://www.buildingecology.com/ |date=2011-08-08 }}</ref>
Building ecology is a conceptual framework for understanding architecture and the built environment as the interface between the dynamically interdependent elements of buildings, their occupants, and the larger environment. Rather than viewing buildings as inanimate or static objects, building ecologist Hal Levin views them as interfaces or intersecting domains of living and non-living systems. The microbial ecology of the indoor environment is strongly dependent on the building materials, occupants, contents, environmental context and the indoor and outdoor climate. The strong relationship between atmospheric chemistry and indoor air quality and the chemical reactions occurring indoors. The chemicals may be nutrients, neutral or biocides for the microbial organisms. The microbes produce chemicals that affect the building materials and occupant health and well being. Humans manipulate the ventilation, temperature and humidity to achieve comfort with the concomitant effects on the microbes that populate and evolve.
建筑生态学是理解建筑和建筑环境之间动态相互依赖的建筑元素，它们的居住者和更大的环境之间的接口的概念框架。建筑生态学家哈尔 · 莱文将建筑物视为有生命和无生命系统的界面或交叉领域，而不是将其视为无生命或静态的物体。室内环境的微生物生态学强烈依赖于建筑材料、居住者、内容、环境背景和室内外气候。大气化学与室内空气质量及室内发生的化学反应密切相关。这些化学物质可能是微生物的营养物质、中性物质或生物杀灭剂。微生物产生的化学物质影响建筑材料和居住者的健康和幸福。人类操纵通风，温度和湿度，以实现舒适与随之而来的影响，对微生物的居住和进化。
Eric Bonabeau's attempt to define emergent phenomena is through traffic: "traffic jams are actually very complicated and mysterious. On an individual level, each driver is trying to get somewhere and is following (or breaking) certain rules, some legal (the speed limit) and others societal or personal (slow down to let another driver change into your lane). But a traffic jam is a separate and distinct entity that emerges from those individual behaviors. [[Gridlock]] on a highway, for example, can travel backward for no apparent reason, even as the cars are moving forward." He has also likened emergent phenomena to the analysis of market trends and employee behavior.<ref>Bonabeau E. Predicting the Unpredictable. Harvard Business Review [serial online]. March 2002. 80(3):109–16. Available from: Business Source Complete, Ipswich, MA. Accessed February 1, 2012.</ref>
Eric Bonabeau's attempt to define emergent phenomena is through traffic: "traffic jams are actually very complicated and mysterious. On an individual level, each driver is trying to get somewhere and is following (or breaking) certain rules, some legal (the speed limit) and others societal or personal (slow down to let another driver change into your lane). But a traffic jam is a separate and distinct entity that emerges from those individual behaviors. Gridlock on a highway, for example, can travel backward for no apparent reason, even as the cars are moving forward." He has also likened emergent phenomena to the analysis of market trends and employee behavior.
Eric Bonabeau 试图通过交通来定义突发现象: “交通堵塞实际上是非常复杂和神秘的。在个人层面上，每个司机都试图到达某个地方，并遵守(或打破)某些规则，一些是合法的(限速) ，另一些是社会的或个人的(减速让另一个司机进入你的车道)。但是，交通堵塞是一个独立的、不同的实体，从这些个人行为中浮现出来。例如，高速公路上的交通堵塞可能无缘无故地向后延伸，即使车辆在向前行驶。”他还把突发现象比作对市场趋势和员工行为的分析。
Computational emergent phenomena have also been utilized in architectural design processes, for example for formal explorations and experiments in digital materiality.<ref>Roudavski, Stanislav and Gwyllim Jahn (2012). 'Emergent Materiality though an Embedded Multi-Agent System', in 15th Generative Art Conference, ed. by Celestino Soddu (Lucca, Italy: Domus Argenia), pp. 348–63
Computational emergent phenomena have also been utilized in architectural design processes, for example for formal explorations and experiments in digital materiality.<ref>Roudavski, Stanislav and Gwyllim Jahn (2012). 'Emergent Materiality though an Embedded Multi-Agent System', in 15th Generative Art Conference, ed. by Celestino Soddu (Lucca, Italy: Domus Argenia), pp. 348–63
计算涌现现象也被用于建筑设计过程中，例如在数字物质性的形式化探索和实验。 裁判罗达夫斯基，斯坦尼斯拉夫和 Gwyllim Jahn (2012)。在第15届生成艺术会议上，《通过嵌入式多智能体系统实现非凡的物质性》出版。by Celestino Soddu (Lucca, Italy: Domus Argenia), pp.348–63
{{cite journal |url=https://www.academia.edu/2368574 |title=Emergent Materiality though an Embedded Multi-Agent System |accessdate=2017-11-01 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150523233743/http://www.academia.edu/2368574/Emergent_Materiality_though_an_Embedded_Multi-Agent_System |archivedate=2015-05-23 |last1=Roudavski |first1=Stanislav }}
</ref>
</ref>
/ 参考
===Computer AI===
===Computer AI===
电脑人工智能
Some artificially intelligent (AI) computer applications utilize emergent behavior for animation. One example is [[Boids]], which mimics the [[swarming behavior]] of birds.
Some artificially intelligent (AI) computer applications utilize emergent behavior for animation. One example is Boids, which mimics the swarming behavior of birds.
一些人工智能(AI)计算机应用程序利用突发行为进行动画。一个例子是 Boids，它模仿鸟类的群集行为。
===Language===
===Language===
语言
It has been argued that the structure and regularity of [[language]] [[grammar]], or at least [[language change]], is an emergent phenomenon {{Harv|Hopper|1998}}. While each speaker merely tries to reach his or her own communicative goals, he or she uses language in a particular way. If enough speakers behave in that way, language is changed {{Harv|Keller|1994}}. In a wider sense, the norms of a language, i.e. the linguistic conventions of its speech society, can be seen as a system emerging from long-time participation in communicative problem-solving in various social circumstances {{Harv|Määttä|2000}}.
It has been argued that the structure and regularity of language grammar, or at least language change, is an emergent phenomenon . While each speaker merely tries to reach his or her own communicative goals, he or she uses language in a particular way. If enough speakers behave in that way, language is changed . In a wider sense, the norms of a language, i.e. the linguistic conventions of its speech society, can be seen as a system emerging from long-time participation in communicative problem-solving in various social circumstances .
语言语法的结构和规律，或者至少是语言变化，是一种突现现象。虽然每个说话者只是试图达到他或她自己的交际目的，但他或她使用语言的方式是特定的。如果有足够多的说话者以这种方式行事，语言就会改变。在更广泛的意义上，一种语言的规范，即。语言社会的语言习惯，可以看作是在各种社会环境下长期参与交际问题解决的一个系统。
===Emergent change processes===
===Emergent change processes===
突发的变化过程
Within the field of group facilitation and organization development, there have been a number of new group processes that are designed to maximize emergence and self-organization, by offering a minimal set of effective initial conditions. Examples of these processes include [[SEED-SCALE]], [[appreciative inquiry]], Future Search, the world cafe or [[knowledge cafe]], [[Open Space Technology]], and others (Holman, 2010<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Holman|first=Peggy|date=December 2010 – January 2011|title=Engaging Emergence: Turning Upheaval into Opportunity|url=http://peggyholman.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/211001pkSystems-Thinkerarticle.pdf|journal=Pegasus Communication: The Systems Thinker|volume=21|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130418075443/http://peggyholman.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/211001pkSystems-Thinkerarticle.pdf|archivedate=2013-04-18}}</ref>).
Within the field of group facilitation and organization development, there have been a number of new group processes that are designed to maximize emergence and self-organization, by offering a minimal set of effective initial conditions. Examples of these processes include SEED-SCALE, appreciative inquiry, Future Search, the world cafe or knowledge cafe, Open Space Technology, and others (Holman, 2010).
在团队促进和组织发展领域，已经出现了一些新的团队过程，旨在通过提供最小的有效初始条件，最大限度地扩大涌现和自我组织。这些过程的例子包括 SEED-SCALE、赏识调查、未来搜索、世界咖啡馆或知识咖啡馆、开放空间技术等(Holman，2010)。
== See also ==
== See also ==
参见
{{columns-list|colwidth=35em|
{{columns-list|colwidth=35em|
{ columns-list | colwidth 35em |
* {{annotated link|Abstraction}}
* {{annotated link|Abiogenesis}}
* {{annotated link|Agent-based model}}
* {{annotated link|Anthropic principle}}
* {{annotated link|Big History}}
* {{annotated link|Connectionism}}
* {{annotated link|Consilience}}
* {{annotated link|Constructal law}}
* {{annotated link|Dynamical system}}
* {{annotated link|Deus ex machina}}
* {{annotated link|Dual-phase evolution}}
* {{annotated link|Emergenesis}}
* {{annotated link|Emergent algorithm}}
* {{annotated link|Emergent evolution}}
* {{annotated link|Emergent gameplay}}
* {{annotated link|Emergent organization}}
* {{annotated link|Emergentism}}
* {{annotated link|Epiphenomenon}}
* {{annotated link|Externality}}
* {{annotated link|Free will}}
* {{annotated link|Generative science}}
* {{annotated link|Innovation butterfly}}
* {{annotated link|Irreducible complexity}}
* {{annotated link|Langton's ant}}
* {{annotated link|Law of Complexity-Consciousness}}
* {{annotated link|Libertarianism (metaphysics)}}
* {{annotated link|Mass action (sociology)}}
* {{annotated link|Neural network}}
* {{annotated link|Noogenesis}}
* {{annotated link|G. E. Moore#Organic wholes|Organic Wholes of G.E. Moore}}
* {{annotated link|Polytely}}
* {{annotated link|Society of Mind}}
* {{annotated link|Structuralism}}
* {{annotated link|Superorganism}}
* {{annotated link|Supervenience}}
* {{annotated link|Swarm intelligence}}
* {{annotated link|System of systems}}
* {{annotated link|Teleology}}
* {{annotated link|Spontaneous order}}
* {{annotated link|Synergetics (Fuller)}}
* {{annotated link|Synergetics (Haken)}}
}}
}}
}}
==References==
==References==
参考资料
{{Reflist|30em|refs=
{{Reflist|30em|refs=
{通货再膨胀 | 30em | 参考文献
<ref name=Wong>
<ref name=Wong>
裁判姓名黄
{{cite journal |author1=O'Connor, Timothy |author2=Wong, Hong Yu |title=Emergent Properties|encyclopedia=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2012 Edition) |editor1=Edward N. Zalta |url=http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2012/entries/properties-emergent/ |date=February 28, 2012}}
</ref>
</ref>
/ 参考
}}
}}
}}
===Bibliography===
===Bibliography===
参考书目
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{{div col end}}
{{refend}}
==Further reading==
==Further reading==
进一步阅读
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{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
{{refbegin}}
* Alexander, V. N. (2011). ''The Biologist’s Mistress: Rethinking Self-Organization in Art, Literature and Nature''. Litchfield Park AZ: Emergent Publications.
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* {{Citation | last = Batty | first=Michael | authorlink = Michael Batty | title = Cities and Complexity | year = 2005 | publisher = MIT Press | isbn = 978-0-262-52479-7}}
* Blitz, David. (1992). ''Emergent Evolution: Qualitative Novelty and the Levels of Reality''. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic.
* {{Citation | last = Bunge | first=Mario Augusto | authorlink = Mario Bunge | title = Emergence and Convergence: Qualitiative Novelty and the Unity of Knowledge | publisher = Toronto: University of Toronto Press| year = 2003}}
* Chalmers, David J. (2002). "Strong and Weak Emergence" http://consc.net/papers/emergence.pdf Republished in P. Clayton and P. Davies, eds. (2006) ''The Re-Emergence of Emergence''. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
* [[Philip Clayton]] & [[Paul Davies]] (eds.) (2006). ''The Re-Emergence of Emergence: The Emergentist Hypothesis from Science to Religion'' Oxford: Oxford University Press.
* Corning, Peter A. (2005). "Holistic Darwinism: Synergy, Cybernetics and the Bioeconomics of Evolution." Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
* Felipe Cucker and [[Stephen Smale]] (2007), The Japanese Journal of Mathematics, [http://ttic.uchicago.edu/~smale/papers/math-of-emergence.pdf ''The Mathematics of Emergence'']
* {{Citation | last = Delsemme | first=Armand | title = Our Cosmic Origins: From the Big Bang to the Emergence of Life and Intelligence | year = 1998 | publisher = Cambridge University Press}}
* {{Citation | last = Goodwin | first=Brian | title = How the Leopard Changed Its Spots: The Evolution of Complexity | year = 2001 | publisher = Princeton University Press}}
* {{Citation | last = Hofstadter | first=Douglas R. | authorlink = Douglas Hofstadter | title = Gödel, Escher, Bach: an Eternal Golden Braid | year = 1979 | publisher = Harvester Press| title-link=Gödel, Escher, Bach }}
* {{Citation | last = Holland | first=John H. | authorlink = John Henry Holland | title = Emergence from Chaos to Order | year = 1998 | publisher = Oxford University Press | isbn = 978-0-7382-0142-9}}
* {{Citation | last = Kauffman | authorlink = Stuart Kauffman | first=Stuart | title = The Origins of Order: Self-Organization and Selection in Evolution | year = 1993 | publisher = Oxford University Press | isbn = 978-0-19-507951-7}}
* {{Citation | last = Keller | authorlink = Rudi Keller | first=Rudi | title = On Language Change: The Invisible Hand in Language | place = London/New York | publisher = Routledge | year = 1994 | isbn = 978-0-415-07671-5}}
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* {{Citation | last = Kelly | first = Kevin | authorlink = Kevin Kelly (editor) | title = Out of Control: The New Biology of Machines, Social Systems, and the Economic World | year = 1994 | publisher = Perseus Books | isbn = 978-0-201-48340-6 | url = https://archive.org/details/outofcontrolnewb00kell }} <!-- | URL = http://www.kk.org/outofcontrol/ | accessdate = December 2006 -->
* {{Citation | last = Koestler | first=Arthur | authorlink = Arthur Koestler | editor = A. Koestler & J. R. Smythies | title = Beyond Reductionism: New Perspectives in the Life Sciences | year = 1969 | publisher = Hutchinson | place = London}}
* {{Citation | last = Krugman | first=Paul | authorlink = Paul Krugman | title = The Self-organizing Economy | year = 1996 | publisher = Blackwell | place = Oxford | isbn = 978-1-55786-698-1 | quote = {{ISBN|0-87609-177-X}}}}
* {{Citation | last = Laughlin | first=Robert | authorlink = Robert B. Laughlin | title = A Different Universe: Reinventing Physics from the Bottom Down | year = 2005 | publisher = Basic Books | isbn = 978-0-465-03828-2| title-link=A Different Universe: Reinventing Physics from the Bottom Down }}
* {{Citation | last = Lewin | first=Roger | title = Complexity - Life at the Edge of Chaos| year = 2000 | edition = second | publisher = University of Chicago Press | isbn = 978-0-226-47654-4 | quote = {{ISBN|0-226-47655-3}}}}
* [[Ignazio Licata]] & Ammar Sakaji (eds) (2008). [https://web.archive.org/web/20110824142338/http://www.worldscibooks.com/physics/6692.html ''Physics of Emergence and Organization''], {{ISBN|978-981-277-994-6}}, [[World Scientific]] and [[Imperial College Press]].
* {{Citation | last = Marshall | first=Stephen | title = Cities Design and Evolution | year = 2009 | publisher = Routledge | isbn = 978-0-415-42329-8 | quote = {{ISBN|0-415-42329-5}} }}
* {{Citation | last = Morowitz | first=Harold J. | title = The Emergence of Everything: How the World Became Complex | year = 2002 | publisher = Oxford University Press | isbn = 978-0-19-513513-8}}
* {{Citation | last = Pearce | first=Michael J. | title = Art in the Age of Emergence. | year = 2015 | publisher = Cambridge Scholars Publishing | isbn = 978-1-443-87057-3 | quote = {{ISBN|1-443-87057-9}}}}
* {{Citation | last = Schelling | first = Thomas C. | authorlink = Thomas Schelling | title = Micromotives and Macrobehaviour | year = 1978 | publisher = W. W. Norton | isbn = 978-0-393-05701-0 | url = https://archive.org/details/micromotivesmacr00sche }}
* {{Citation | last = Smith | first=John Maynard | authorlink = John Maynard Smith | last2 = Szathmáry | given2 = Eörs | title = The Major Transitions in Evolution | year = 1997 | publisher = Oxford University Press | isbn = 978-0-19-850294-4}}
* {{Citation | last = Smith | first = Reginald D. | title = The Dynamics of Internet Traffic: Self-Similarity, Self-Organization, and Complex Phenomena | year = 2008 | arxiv = 0807.3374|bibcode = 2008arXiv0807.3374S | doi=10.1142/S0219525911003451 | volume=14 | issue = 6 | journal=Advances in Complex Systems | pages=905–949}}
* Solé, Ricard and Goodwin, Brian (2000) Signs of life: how complexity pervades biology, Basic Books, New York
* Jakub Tkac & [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Jiri_Kroc Jiri Kroc] (2017), Cellular Automaton Simulation of Dynamic Recrystallization: Introduction into Self-Organization and Emergence (Software) [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/316989956_Cellular_Automaton_Simulation_of_Dynamic_Recrystallization_Introduction_into_Self-Organization_and_Emergence?ev=prf_high] [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/317013011_Self-Organization_Video_Sequence_Depicting_Numerical_Experiments_with_Cellular_Automaton_Model_of_Dynamic_Recrystallization_with_source-code_link "Video - Simulation of DRX"]
* {{Citation | last = Wan | first=Poe Yu-ze | title =Emergence à la Systems Theory: Epistemological Totalausschluss or Ontological Novelty? | journal=Philosophy of the Social Sciences | volume=41 | issue=2 | pages = 178–210 | year = 2011 | doi=10.1177/0048393109350751}}
* {{Citation | last = Wan | first = Poe Yu-ze | title = Reframing the Social: Emergentist Systemism and Social Theory | publisher = Ashgate Publishing | year = 2011 | url = http://www.ashgate.com/isbn/9781409411529 | access-date = 2012-02-13 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130311101716/http://www.ashgate.com/isbn/9781409411529 | archive-date = 2013-03-11 | url-status = dead }}
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* {{Citation | last = Young | first=Louise B. | title = The Unfinished Universe | year = 2002 | isbn = 978-0-19-508039-1}}
{{div col end}}
{{refend}}
==External links==
==External links==
外部链接
{{commons|Emergence}}
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* {{cite IEP |url-id=emergenc}}
* {{cite SEP |url-id=properties-emergent |title=Emergent Properties}}
* {{PhilPapers|category|emergence}}
* {{InPho|taxonomy|2216}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20190321161246/http://www.emergentuniverse.org/ The Emergent Universe]: An interactive introduction to emergent phenomena, from ant colonies to Alzheimer's.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20021205100114/http://llk.media.mit.edu/projects/emergence/ Exploring Emergence]: An introduction to emergence using [[Cellular automaton|CA]] and [[Conway's Game of Life]] from the [[MIT Media Lab]]
* [http://isce.edu/ ISCE group]: Institute for the Study of Coherence and Emergence.
* [http://neocybernetics.com/lecture3/ Towards modeling of emergence]: lecture slides from Helsinki University of Technology
* [http://biomimetic-architecture.com Biomimetic Architecture – Emergence applied to building and construction]
* [http://studiesinemergentorder.org Studies in Emergent Order]: Studies in Emergent Order (SIEO) is an open-access journal
* [http://consc.net/papers/granada.html Emergence]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=16W7c0mb-rE Emergence – How Stupid Things Become Smart Together] – [[YouTube]] video by [[Kurzgesagt – In a Nutshell]]
* [https://www.d-iep.org/diep DIEP]: Dutch Institute for Emergent Phenomena
{{div col end}}
{{Cybernetics}}
[[Category:Emergence| ]]
[[Category:Chaos theory]]
Category:Chaos theory
范畴: 混沌理论
[[Category:Complex systems theory]]
Category:Complex systems theory
范畴: 复杂系统理论
[[Category:Concepts in epistemology]]
Category:Concepts in epistemology
范畴: 认识论中的概念
[[Category:Concepts in metaphysics]]
Category:Concepts in metaphysics
范畴: 形而上学中的概念
[[Category:Consciousness–matter dualism]]
Category:Consciousness–matter dualism
范畴: 意识-物质二元论
[[Category:Metaphysics of mind]]
Category:Metaphysics of mind
范畴: 心灵的形而上学
[[Category:Metaphysics of science]]
Category:Metaphysics of science
范畴: 科学的形而上学
[[Category:Pattern formation]]
Category:Pattern formation
类别: 模式形成
<noinclude>
<small>This page was moved from [[wikipedia:en:Emergence]]. Its edit history can be viewed at [[涌现/edithistory]]</small></noinclude>
[[Category:待整理页面]]
{{Other uses}}
{{See also|Emergent (disambiguation)|Spontaneous order|Self-organization}}
{{short description|Phenomenon in complex systems where interactions produce effects not directly predictable from the subsystems}}
{{Citation style|date=February 2019}}
[[File:SnowflakesWilsonBentley.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.20|The formation of complex symmetrical and [[fractal]] [[patterns in nature|patterns]] in [[snowflake]]s exemplifies emergence in a physical system.]]
The formation of complex symmetrical and [[fractal patterns in snowflakes exemplifies emergence in a physical system.]]
复杂对称和[雪花中的分形图案说明了物理系统的出现]的形成
[[File:Termite Cathedral DSC03570.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.10|A [[termite]] "cathedral" mound produced by a [[termites|termite colony]] offers a classic example of emergence in [[nature]]]]
A [[termite "cathedral" mound produced by a termite colony offers a classic example of emergence in nature]]
一个[白蚁聚居地制造的白蚁“大教堂”土墩提供了一个自然界出现的经典例子]
In [[philosophy]], [[systems theory]], [[science]], and [[art]], '''emergence''' occurs when an entity is observed to have properties its parts do not have on their own. These properties or behaviors emerge only when the parts interact in a wider whole. For example, smooth forward motion emerges when a bicycle and its rider interoperate, but neither part can produce the behavior on their own.
In philosophy, systems theory, science, and art, emergence occurs when an entity is observed to have properties its parts do not have on their own. These properties or behaviors emerge only when the parts interact in a wider whole. For example, smooth forward motion emerges when a bicycle and its rider interoperate, but neither part can produce the behavior on their own.
在哲学、系统论、科学和艺术中，当一个实体被观察到具有其组成部分本身没有的属性时，涌现就出现了。这些属性或行为只有当各个部分在一个更广泛的整体中相互作用时才会出现。例如，当一辆自行车和它的骑手互动时，平稳的向前运动就出现了，但是两个部分都不能自己产生这种行为。
Emergence plays a central role in theories of [[integrative level]]s and of [[complex system]]s. For instance, the phenomenon of ''[[life]]'' as studied in [[biology]] is an emergent property of [[chemistry]], and [[psychology|psychological]] phenomena emerge from the [[neurobiology|neurobiological]] phenomena of living things.
Emergence plays a central role in theories of integrative levels and of complex systems. For instance, the phenomenon of life as studied in biology is an emergent property of chemistry, and psychological phenomena emerge from the neurobiological phenomena of living things.
涌现在整合层次理论和复杂系统理论中起着核心作用。例如，生物学所研究的生命现象是化学的一个突现性质，而心理现象是从生物的神经生物学现象中产生的。
In philosophy, theories that emphasize emergent properties have been called [[emergentism]]. Almost all accounts of emergentism include a form of [[epistemic]] or [[ontological]] irreducibility to the lower levels.<ref name=Wong/>
In philosophy, theories that emphasize emergent properties have been called emergentism. Almost all accounts of emergentism include a form of epistemic or ontological irreducibility to the lower levels.
在哲学中，强调突现性质的理论被称为突现论。几乎所有再生主义的叙述都包括一种认识论或本体论不可还原到较低层次的形式。
==In philosophy==
==In philosophy==
在哲学上
{{Main|Emergentism}}
Philosophers often understand emergence as a claim about the [[etiology]] of a [[system]]'s properties. An emergent property of a system, in this context, is one that is not a property of any component of that system, but is still a feature of the system as a whole. [[Nicolai Hartmann]] (1882-1950), one of the first modern philosophers to write on emergence, termed this a ''categorial novum'' (new category).
Philosophers often understand emergence as a claim about the etiology of a system's properties. An emergent property of a system, in this context, is one that is not a property of any component of that system, but is still a feature of the system as a whole. Nicolai Hartmann (1882-1950), one of the first modern philosophers to write on emergence, termed this a categorial novum (new category).
哲学家通常把涌现理解为一种对系统特性的病因学的主张。在这个上下文中，系统的涌现属性不是系统的任何组件的属性，但仍然是整个系统的一个特征。尼古拉·哈特曼(1882-1950) ，第一批写出涌现论的现代哲学家之一，把这种现象称为范畴新见习(新范畴)。
===Definitions===
===Definitions===
定义
This idea of emergence has been around since at least the time of [[Aristotle]].<ref name="Meta">Aristotle, ''[[Metaphysics (Aristotle)]]'', Book Η 1045a 8–10: "... the totality is not, as it were, a mere heap, but the whole is something besides the parts ...", i.e., the whole is other than the sum of the parts.</ref> The many scientists and philosophers<ref>Being Emergence vs. Pattern Emergence: Complexity, Control, and Goal-Directedness in Biological Systems
This idea of emergence has been around since at least the time of Aristotle. The many scientists and philosophers<ref>Being Emergence vs. Pattern Emergence: Complexity, Control, and Goal-Directedness in Biological Systems
这个涌现的概念至少在亚里士多德时代就已经存在了。许多科学家和哲学家提出存在涌现 vs. 模式涌现: 生物系统中的复杂性、控制性和目标导向性
Jason Winning & William Bechtel
Jason Winning & William Bechtel
杰森 · 温宁和威廉 · 贝克特尔
In Sophie Gibb, Robin Hendry & Tom Lancaster (eds.), The Routledge Handbook of Emergence. London: pp. 134-144 (2019)
In Sophie Gibb, Robin Hendry & Tom Lancaster (eds.), The Routledge Handbook of Emergence. London: pp. 134-144 (2019)
在索菲 · 吉布，罗宾 · 亨德利和汤姆 · 兰开斯特(ed。) ，《劳特利奇出现手册》。伦敦: pp。134-144 (2019)
Authors
Authors
作者
Jason Winning
Jason Winning
杰森 · 温宁
University of California, San Diego
University of California, San Diego
加州大学圣地亚哥分校
William Bechtel
William Bechtel
威廉 · 贝克特尔
University of California, San Diego</ref> who have written on the concept include [[John Stuart Mill]] (''[[Composition of Causes]]'' (1843))<ref>"The chemical combination of two substances produces, as is well known, a third substance with properties entirely different from those of either of the two substances separately, or of both of them taken together."</ref> and [[Julian Huxley]]<ref>Julian Huxley: "now and again there is a sudden rapid passage to a totally new and more comprehensive type of order or organization, with quite new emergent properties, and involving quite new methods of further evolution" {{Harv|Huxley|Huxley|1947}}</ref> (1887-1975).
University of California, San Diego</ref> who have written on the concept include John Stuart Mill (Composition of Causes (1843)) and Julian Huxley (1887-1975).
加利福尼亚大学圣地亚哥分校 / 参考人员，他们写过关于这个概念的文章，其中包括《约翰·斯图尔特·密尔(1843年)和 Julian Huxley (1887-1975年)。
The philosopher [[George Henry Lewes|G. H. Lewes]] coined the term "emergent", writing in 1875:
The philosopher G. H. Lewes coined the term "emergent", writing in 1875:
哲学家 g · h · 刘易斯(g. h. Lewes)在1875年创造了“涌现”(emergent)一词:
<blockquote>Every resultant is either a sum or a difference of the co-operant forces; their sum, when their directions are the same – their difference, when their directions are contrary. Further, every resultant is clearly traceable in its components, because these are [[homogeneous]] and [[Commensurability (philosophy of science)|commensurable]]. It is otherwise with emergents, when, instead of adding measurable motion to measurable motion, or things of one kind to other individuals of their kind, there is a co-operation of things of unlike kinds. The emergent is unlike its components insofar as these are incommensurable, and it cannot be reduced to their sum or their difference.<ref>
<blockquote>Every resultant is either a sum or a difference of the co-operant forces; their sum, when their directions are the same – their difference, when their directions are contrary. Further, every resultant is clearly traceable in its components, because these are homogeneous and commensurable. It is otherwise with emergents, when, instead of adding measurable motion to measurable motion, or things of one kind to other individuals of their kind, there is a co-operation of things of unlike kinds. The emergent is unlike its components insofar as these are incommensurable, and it cannot be reduced to their sum or their difference.<ref>
每个合力要么是合作力的和，要么是合作力的差; 当它们的方向相同时，它们的和——当它们的方向相反时，它们的差。此外，每个结果在其组成部分中都可以清楚地追溯，因为这些组成部分是同质的和可公度的。与紧急情况不同的是，不是在可测量的运动中加入可测量的运动，或者在同类的其他个体中加入某种事物，而是在不同种类的事物之间进行合作。突现不同于其组成部分，因为这些部分是不可通约的，不能简化为它们的总和或差异。 裁判
{{cite book
{{cite book
{引用书
| last1 = Lewes
| last1 = Lewes
| 最后1个刘易斯
| first1 = George Henry
| first1 = George Henry
第一名: 乔治 · 亨利
| author-link1 = George Henry Lewes
| author-link1 = George Henry Lewes
| 作者链接1乔治·亨利·刘易斯
| title = Problems of Life and Mind
| title = Problems of Life and Mind
题目: 生活与思想的问题
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=0J8RAAAAYAAJ
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=0J8RAAAAYAAJ
Https://books.google.com/books?id=0j8raaaayaaj
| series = First Series: The Foundations of a Creed
| series = First Series: The Foundations of a Creed
系列第一集: 信条的基础
| volume = 2
| volume = 2
第二卷
| location = Boston
| location = Boston
地点: 波士顿
| publisher = Osgood
| publisher = Osgood
| publisher = Osgood
| date = 1875
| date = 1875
1875年
| page = 369
| page = 369
第369页
| access-date = 24 Mar 2019
| access-date = 24 Mar 2019
| 存取日期: 2019年3月24日
}}
}}
}}
</ref><ref>
</ref><ref>
/ ref
{{Harv|Blitz|1992}}
</ref>
</ref>
/ 参考
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
/ blockquote
In 1999, economist Jeffrey Goldstein provided a current definition of emergence in the journal ''Emergence''.<ref name="Goldstein1999">{{cite journal|last1= Goldstein|first1= Jeffrey|title= Emergence as a Construct: History and Issues|journal= Emergence|date= March 1999|volume= 1|issue= 1|pages= 49–72|doi= 10.1207/s15327000em0101_4}}</ref> Goldstein initially defined emergence as: "the arising of novel and coherent structures, patterns and properties during the process of [[self-organization]] in complex systems".
In 1999, economist Jeffrey Goldstein provided a current definition of emergence in the journal Emergence. Goldstein initially defined emergence as: "the arising of novel and coherent structures, patterns and properties during the process of self-organization in complex systems".
1999年，经济学家杰弗里•戈尔茨坦(Jeffrey Goldstein)在《涌现》(Emergence)杂志上提出了目前对“涌现”的定义。Goldstein 最初将涌现定义为: “在复杂系统的自我组织过程中产生的新颖连贯的结构、模式和性质”。
In 2002 systems scientist [[Peter Corning]] described the qualities of Goldstein's definition in more detail:
In 2002 systems scientist Peter Corning described the qualities of Goldstein's definition in more detail:
2002年，系统科学家 Peter Corning 更详细地描述了 Goldstein 的定义:
<blockquote>The common characteristics are: (1) radical novelty (features not previously observed in systems); (2) coherence or correlation (meaning integrated wholes that maintain themselves over some period of time); (3) A global or macro "level" (i.e. there is some property of "wholeness"); (4) it is the product of a dynamical process (it evolves); and (5) it is "ostensive" (it can be perceived).<ref name="Corning">{{Citation | doi = 10.1002/cplx.10043 | last = Corning | first = Peter A. | authorlink = Peter Corning | title = The Re-Emergence of "Emergence": A Venerable Concept in Search of a Theory | year = 2002 | journal = Complexity | volume = 7 | pages = 18–30 | issue = 6 | bibcode = 2002Cmplx...7f..18C | df = | citeseerx = 10.1.1.114.1724 }}</ref></blockquote>
<blockquote>The common characteristics are: (1) radical novelty (features not previously observed in systems); (2) coherence or correlation (meaning integrated wholes that maintain themselves over some period of time); (3) A global or macro "level" (i.e. there is some property of "wholeness"); (4) it is the product of a dynamical process (it evolves); and (5) it is "ostensive" (it can be perceived).</blockquote>
它们的共同特征是: (1)根本的新颖性(以前在系统中没有观察到的特征) ; (2)连贯性或相关性(意味着在一段时间内维持自身的整体) ; (3)全局或宏观的“层次”(即:。它是一个动力学过程的产物(它在进化) ，它是一个明示的过程(它可以被感知)。 / blockquote
Corning suggests a narrower definition, requiring that the components be unlike in kind (following Lewes), and that they involve [[division of labor]] between these components. He also says that living systems (like the game of [[chess]]), while emergent, cannot be reduced to underlying laws of emergence:
Corning suggests a narrower definition, requiring that the components be unlike in kind (following Lewes), and that they involve division of labor between these components. He also says that living systems (like the game of chess), while emergent, cannot be reduced to underlying laws of emergence:
康宁公司提出了一个狭义的定义，要求零部件不同于实物(跟随刘易斯) ，并且它们涉及这些零部件之间的劳动分工。他还表示，生命系统(如国际象棋)虽然是自然发生的，但不能简化为自然发生的基本规律:
<blockquote><span id="CorningDefn" class="citation">Rules, or laws, have no causal efficacy; they do not in fact 'generate' anything. They serve merely to describe regularities and consistent relationships in nature. These patterns may be very illuminating and important, but the underlying causal agencies must be separately specified (though often they are not). But that aside, the game of chess illustrates ... why any laws or rules of emergence and evolution are insufficient. Even in a chess game, you cannot use the rules to predict 'history' – i.e., the course of any given game. Indeed, you cannot even reliably predict the next move in a chess game. Why? Because the 'system' involves more than the rules of the game. It also includes the players and their unfolding, moment-by-moment decisions among a very large number of available options at each choice point. The game of chess is inescapably historical, even though it is also constrained and shaped by a set of rules, not to mention the laws of physics. Moreover, and this is a key point, the game of chess is also shaped by [[teleonomic]], [[cybernetic]], feedback-driven influences. It is not simply a self-ordered process; it involves an organized, 'purposeful' activity.</span><ref name = Corning/></blockquote>
<blockquote><span id="CorningDefn" class="citation">Rules, or laws, have no causal efficacy; they do not in fact 'generate' anything. They serve merely to describe regularities and consistent relationships in nature. These patterns may be very illuminating and important, but the underlying causal agencies must be separately specified (though often they are not). But that aside, the game of chess illustrates ... why any laws or rules of emergence and evolution are insufficient. Even in a chess game, you cannot use the rules to predict 'history' – i.e., the course of any given game. Indeed, you cannot even reliably predict the next move in a chess game. Why? Because the 'system' involves more than the rules of the game. It also includes the players and their unfolding, moment-by-moment decisions among a very large number of available options at each choice point. The game of chess is inescapably historical, even though it is also constrained and shaped by a set of rules, not to mention the laws of physics. Moreover, and this is a key point, the game of chess is also shaped by teleonomic, cybernetic, feedback-driven influences. It is not simply a self-ordered process; it involves an organized, 'purposeful' activity.</span></blockquote>
这些规则，或者说法律，没有因果效力; 它们事实上并不‘产生’任何东西。它们只是用来描述自然界中的规律性和一致性关系。这些模式可能非常具有启发性和重要性，但必须分别说明潜在的因果机构(尽管通常不是这样)。但是除此之外，国际象棋游戏说明了... 为什么任何关于出现和进化的法则和规则都是不够的。即使在国际象棋游戏中，你也不能用这些规则来预测“历史”——也就是说，任何给定游戏的过程。事实上，你甚至无法可靠地预测下一步棋的走法。为什么？因为系统不仅仅包含游戏规则。它还包括球员和他们的展开，每时每刻的决定在一个非常大的数量可用的选择，在每个选择点。国际象棋是不可避免的历史游戏，尽管它也受到一系列规则的约束和塑造，更不用说物理定律了。此外，这是一个关键点，国际象棋的游戏也形成了，遥控，控制论，反馈驱动的影响。它不仅仅是一个自我有序的过程，它还包括一个有组织的、“有目的的”活动
===Strong and weak emergence===
===Strong and weak emergence===
强涌现和弱涌现
Usage of the notion "emergence" may generally be subdivided into two perspectives, that of "weak emergence" and "strong emergence". One paper discussing this division is ''Weak Emergence'', by philosopher [[Mark Bedau]]. In terms of physical systems, weak emergence is a type of emergence in which the emergent property is amenable to computer simulation or similar forms of after-the-fact analysis (for example, the formation of a traffic jam, the structure of a flight of starlings or a school of fishes, or the formation of galaxies). Crucial in these simulations is that the interacting members retain their independence. If not (for example in a chemical reaction), a new entity is formed with new, emergent properties: this is called strong emergence, which it is argued cannot be simulated or analysed.
Usage of the notion "emergence" may generally be subdivided into two perspectives, that of "weak emergence" and "strong emergence". One paper discussing this division is Weak Emergence, by philosopher Mark Bedau. In terms of physical systems, weak emergence is a type of emergence in which the emergent property is amenable to computer simulation or similar forms of after-the-fact analysis (for example, the formation of a traffic jam, the structure of a flight of starlings or a school of fishes, or the formation of galaxies). Crucial in these simulations is that the interacting members retain their independence. If not (for example in a chemical reaction), a new entity is formed with new, emergent properties: this is called strong emergence, which it is argued cannot be simulated or analysed.
”涌现”概念的用法一般可分为”弱涌现”和”强涌现”两种观点。一篇论述这种区分的论文是哲学家马克 · 贝道的《弱涌现》。就物理系统而言，弱涌现是一种涌现类型，在这种涌现类型中，适合进行计算机模拟或类似形式的事后分析(例如，交通堵塞的形成，椋鸟飞行结构或鱼群结构，或星系的形成)。在这些模拟中至关重要的是相互作用的成员保持他们的独立性。如果没有(例如在化学反应中) ，一个新的实体就形成了，具有新的、自然发生的特性: 这就是所谓的强自然发生，它被认为是不能被模拟或分析的。
Some common points between the two notions are that emergence concerns new properties produced as the system grows, which is to say ones which are not shared with its components or prior states. Also, it is assumed that the properties are [[supervenient]] rather than metaphysically primitive {{Harv|Bedau|1997}}.
Some common points between the two notions are that emergence concerns new properties produced as the system grows, which is to say ones which are not shared with its components or prior states. Also, it is assumed that the properties are supervenient rather than metaphysically primitive .
这两个概念之间的一些共同点是，涌现关系到随着系统的增长而产生的新特性，也就是说，那些不与其组件或先前状态共享的特性。另外，假设这些属性是附生的，而不是形而上学上的原始的。
Weak emergence describes new properties arising in systems as a result of the interactions at an elemental level. However, Bedau stipulates that the properties can be determined only by observing or simulating the system, and not by any process of a [[Reductionism|reductionist]] analysis. As a consequence the emerging properties are '''scale dependent''': they are only observable if the system is large enough to exhibit the phenomenon. Chaotic, unpredictable behaviour can be seen as an emergent phenomenon, while at a microscopic scale the behaviour of the constituent parts can be fully deterministic.
Weak emergence describes new properties arising in systems as a result of the interactions at an elemental level. However, Bedau stipulates that the properties can be determined only by observing or simulating the system, and not by any process of a reductionist analysis. As a consequence the emerging properties are scale dependent: they are only observable if the system is large enough to exhibit the phenomenon. Chaotic, unpredictable behaviour can be seen as an emergent phenomenon, while at a microscopic scale the behaviour of the constituent parts can be fully deterministic.
弱涌现描述了由于元素层次上的相互作用而在系统中产生的新性质。然而，《贝道》规定，只有通过观察或模拟系统才能确定系统的性质，而不是通过任何还原分析的过程。因此，新出现的属性是规模相关的: 它们只有在系统足够大以展现这种现象时才能观察到。混乱、不可预知的行为可以看作是一种突现现象，而在微观尺度上，组成部分的行为可以是完全确定的。
[[Mark Bedau|Bedau]] notes that weak emergence is not a universal metaphysical solvent, as the hypothesis that consciousness is weakly emergent would not resolve the traditional philosophical questions about the physicality of consciousness. However, Bedau concludes that adopting this view would provide a precise notion that emergence is involved in consciousness, and second, the notion of weak emergence is metaphysically benign. {{Harv|Bedau|1997}}
Bedau notes that weak emergence is not a universal metaphysical solvent, as the hypothesis that consciousness is weakly emergent would not resolve the traditional philosophical questions about the physicality of consciousness. However, Bedau concludes that adopting this view would provide a precise notion that emergence is involved in consciousness, and second, the notion of weak emergence is metaphysically benign.
指出，弱涌现不是一种普遍的形而上学溶剂，因为意识是弱涌现的假设不能解决关于意识的物质性的传统哲学问题。然而，Bedau 的结论是，采用这种观点将提供一个精确的概念，即涌现是包含在意识中的，其次，弱涌现的概念在形而上学上是良性的。
Strong emergence describes the direct causal action of a high-level system upon its components; qualities produced this way are [[irreducible (philosophy)|irreducible]] to the system's constituent parts {{Harv|Laughlin|2005}}. The whole is other than the sum of its parts. An example from physics of such emergence is water, which appears unpredictable even after an exhaustive study of the properties of its constituent atoms of hydrogen and oxygen.<ref>{{cite book|last= Luisi|first= Pier L.|title= The Emergence of Life: From Chemical Origins to Synthetic Biology|year= 2006|publisher= Cambridge University Press|location= Cambridge, England|isbn= 978-0521821179|page= 119|url= http://www.cambridge.org/us/academic/subjects/chemistry/organic-chemistry/emergence-life-chemical-origins-synthetic-biology|url-status=live|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20151117023700/http://www.cambridge.org/us/academic/subjects/chemistry/organic-chemistry/emergence-life-chemical-origins-synthetic-biology|archivedate= 2015-11-17}}</ref> It follows then that no simulation of the system can exist, for such a simulation would itself constitute a reduction of the system to its constituent parts. {{Harv|Bedau|1997}}.
Strong emergence describes the direct causal action of a high-level system upon its components; qualities produced this way are irreducible to the system's constituent parts . The whole is other than the sum of its parts. An example from physics of such emergence is water, which appears unpredictable even after an exhaustive study of the properties of its constituent atoms of hydrogen and oxygen. It follows then that no simulation of the system can exist, for such a simulation would itself constitute a reduction of the system to its constituent parts. .
强涌现描述了一个高级系统对其组成部分的直接因果作用; 这种方式产生的质量不可能还原为系统的组成部分。整体不是各部分的总和。从物理学角度来看，这种现象的一个例子是水，即使对其组成原子氢和氧的性质进行了详尽的研究，水也显得不可预测。因此，不可能存在任何对系统的模拟，因为这种模拟本身将构成对系统组成部分的简化。.
====Rejecting the distinction====
====Rejecting the distinction====
拒绝区分
However, biologist Peter Corning has asserted that "the debate about whether or not the whole can be predicted from the properties of the parts misses the point. Wholes produce unique combined effects, but many of these effects may be co-determined by the context and the interactions between the whole and its environment(s)" {{Harv|Corning|2002}}. In accordance with his '''Synergism Hypothesis''' {{Harv|Corning 1983|2005}}, Corning also stated: "It is the [[synergistic]] effects produced by wholes that are the very cause of the evolution of complexity in nature." Novelist [[Arthur Koestler]] used the metaphor of [[Janus]] (a symbol of the unity underlying complements like open/shut, peace/war) to illustrate how the two perspectives (strong vs. weak or [[holistic]] vs. [[reductionistic]]) should be treated as non-exclusive, and should work together to address the issues of emergence {{Harv|Koestler|1969}}. Theoretical physicist PW Anderson states it this way:
However, biologist Peter Corning has asserted that "the debate about whether or not the whole can be predicted from the properties of the parts misses the point. Wholes produce unique combined effects, but many of these effects may be co-determined by the context and the interactions between the whole and its environment(s)" . In accordance with his Synergism Hypothesis , Corning also stated: "It is the synergistic effects produced by wholes that are the very cause of the evolution of complexity in nature." Novelist Arthur Koestler used the metaphor of Janus (a symbol of the unity underlying complements like open/shut, peace/war) to illustrate how the two perspectives (strong vs. weak or holistic vs. reductionistic) should be treated as non-exclusive, and should work together to address the issues of emergence . Theoretical physicist PW Anderson states it this way:
然而，生物学家彼得 · 康宁声称，“关于是否可以从部件的特性来预测整体的争论没有抓住要点。整体产生独特的综合效应，但其中许多效应可能由环境和整体及其环境之间的相互作用共同决定”。根据他的协同论假说，康宁还指出: “正是整体产生的协同效应才是自然界复杂性进化的根本原因。”小说家亚瑟 · 凯斯特勒(Arthur Koestler)用“两面神”(Janus)这个隐喻(两面神是开 / 关、和平 / 战争等潜在补充的统一的象征)来说明两种观点(强与弱、整体与简化论)应该如何被视为非排他性的，并且应该一起解决涌现的问题。理论物理学家 PW Anderson 是这样说的:
<blockquote>The ability to reduce everything to simple fundamental laws does not imply the ability to start from those laws and reconstruct the universe. The constructionist hypothesis breaks down when confronted with the twin difficulties of scale and complexity. At each level of complexity entirely new properties appear. Psychology is not applied biology, nor is biology applied chemistry. We can now see that the whole becomes not merely more, but very different from the sum of its parts {{Harv|Anderson|1972}}.</blockquote>
<blockquote>The ability to reduce everything to simple fundamental laws does not imply the ability to start from those laws and reconstruct the universe. The constructionist hypothesis breaks down when confronted with the twin difficulties of scale and complexity. At each level of complexity entirely new properties appear. Psychology is not applied biology, nor is biology applied chemistry. We can now see that the whole becomes not merely more, but very different from the sum of its parts .</blockquote>
把一切都简化为简单的基本定律的能力并不意味着从这些定律出发并重建宇宙的能力。当面对规模和复杂性的双重困难时，建构主义假设就失败了。在复杂性的每个级别上，都会出现全新的属性。心理学不是应用生物学，生物学也不是应用化学。我们现在可以看到，整体不仅变得更多，而且与各部分的总和大不相同。 / blockquote
====Viability of strong emergence====
====Viability of strong emergence====
强烈涌现的可行性
Some thinkers question the plausibility of strong emergence as contravening our usual understanding of physics. Mark A. Bedau observes:
Some thinkers question the plausibility of strong emergence as contravening our usual understanding of physics. Mark A. Bedau observes:
一些思想家质疑强大涌现的可能性，因为它违背了我们对物理学的通常理解。马克 · 贝道观察到:
<blockquote>Although strong emergence is logically possible, it is uncomfortably like magic. How does an irreducible but supervenient downward causal power arise, since by definition it cannot be due to the aggregation of the micro-level potentialities? Such causal powers would be quite unlike anything within our scientific ken. This not only indicates how they will discomfort reasonable forms of materialism. Their mysteriousness will only heighten the traditional worry that emergence entails illegitimately getting something from nothing.<ref name = Bedau>(Bedau 1997)</ref></blockquote>
<blockquote>Although strong emergence is logically possible, it is uncomfortably like magic. How does an irreducible but supervenient downward causal power arise, since by definition it cannot be due to the aggregation of the micro-level potentialities? Such causal powers would be quite unlike anything within our scientific ken. This not only indicates how they will discomfort reasonable forms of materialism. Their mysteriousness will only heighten the traditional worry that emergence entails illegitimately getting something from nothing.</blockquote>
尽管强烈的涌现在逻辑上是可能的，但它就像魔术一样令人不安。既然根据定义它不可能是由于微观层面潜力的集合，那么一个不可减少但是附带的向下因果力量是如何产生的呢？这种因果关系的力量与我们科学知识范围内的任何东西都完全不同。这不仅表明他们将如何不适应物质主义的合理形式。他们的神秘只会加剧传统的担忧，担心出现需要从无中获得非法的东西
Strong emergence can be criticized for being causally [[Overdetermination|overdetermined]]. The canonical example concerns emergent mental states (M and M∗) that supervene on physical states (P and P∗) respectively. Let M and M∗ be emergent properties. Let M∗ supervene on base property P∗. What happens when M causes M∗? [[Jaegwon Kim]] says:
Strong emergence can be criticized for being causally overdetermined. The canonical example concerns emergent mental states (M and M∗) that supervene on physical states (P and P∗) respectively. Let M and M∗ be emergent properties. Let M∗ supervene on base property P∗. What happens when M causes M∗? Jaegwon Kim says:
强烈的涌现可以被批评为因果过度决定。典型的例子是关于突现的心理状态(m 和 m *) ，它们分别在物理状态(p 和 p *)上叠加。设 m 和 m * 是涌现性质。乘以 m 的立方乘以基数 p * 。当 m 导致 m * 时会发生什么？Jaegwon Kim 表示:
<blockquote>In our schematic example above, we concluded that M causes M∗ by causing P∗. So M causes P∗. Now, M, as an emergent, must itself have an emergence base property, say P. Now we face a critical question: if an emergent, M, emerges from basal condition P, why cannot P displace M as a cause of any putative effect of M? Why cannot P do all the work in explaining why any alleged effect of M occurred? If causation is understood as nomological (law-based) sufficiency, P, as M's emergence base, is nomologically sufficient for it, and M, as P∗'s cause, is nomologically sufficient for P∗. It follows that P is nomologically sufficient for P∗ and hence qualifies as its cause…If M is somehow retained as a cause, we are faced with the highly implausible consequence that every case of downward causation involves overdetermination (since P remains a cause of P∗ as well). Moreover, this goes against the spirit of emergentism in any case: emergents are supposed to make distinctive and novel causal contributions.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Kim | first1 = Jaegwon | year = 2016 | title = Emergence: Core ideas and issues | url = | journal = Synthese | volume = 151 | issue = 3| pages = 547–59 | doi = 10.1007/s11229-006-9025-0 }}</ref></blockquote>
<blockquote>In our schematic example above, we concluded that M causes M∗ by causing P∗. So M causes P∗. Now, M, as an emergent, must itself have an emergence base property, say P. Now we face a critical question: if an emergent, M, emerges from basal condition P, why cannot P displace M as a cause of any putative effect of M? Why cannot P do all the work in explaining why any alleged effect of M occurred? If causation is understood as nomological (law-based) sufficiency, P, as M's emergence base, is nomologically sufficient for it, and M, as P∗'s cause, is nomologically sufficient for P∗. It follows that P is nomologically sufficient for P∗ and hence qualifies as its cause…If M is somehow retained as a cause, we are faced with the highly implausible consequence that every case of downward causation involves overdetermination (since P remains a cause of P∗ as well). Moreover, this goes against the spirit of emergentism in any case: emergents are supposed to make distinctive and novel causal contributions.</blockquote>
在我们上面的示意图中，我们得出结论，m 引起 m * 是由 p * 引起的。So M causes P∗.现在，m，作为一个涌现，本身必须有一个涌现基本性质，比如 p。 现在我们面临一个关键的问题: 如果一个涌现，m，出现在基础条件 p，为什么不能 p 置换 m 作为任何假定的影响的原因？为什么 p 不能做所有的工作来解释为什么会发生所谓的 m 效应？如果因果关系被理解为法律上的充分性，那么 p，作为 m 的涌现基础，在法律上就足够了，m，作为 p * 的原因，在法律上就足够了。如果 m 以某种方式作为原因被保留下来，我们就会面临一个非常难以置信的结果，那就是每一个向下的因果关系都牵涉到过度决定(因为 p 也是 p * 的原因)。此外，这在任何情况下都与紧急主义的精神背道而驰: 紧急主义者应该做出独特而新颖的因果贡献。 / blockquote
If M is the cause of M∗, then M∗ is overdetermined because M∗ can also be thought of as being determined by P. One escape-route that a strong emergentist could take would be to deny [[downward causation]]. However, this would remove the proposed reason that emergent mental states must supervene on physical states, which in turn would call [[physicalism]] into question, and thus be unpalatable for some philosophers and physicists.
If M is the cause of M∗, then M∗ is overdetermined because M∗ can also be thought of as being determined by P. One escape-route that a strong emergentist could take would be to deny downward causation. However, this would remove the proposed reason that emergent mental states must supervene on physical states, which in turn would call physicalism into question, and thus be unpalatable for some philosophers and physicists.
如果 m * 是 m * 的原因，那么 m * 就被过分确定了，因为 m * 也可以被认为是由 p 决定的。 一个强大的刚出现论者可以采取的一条退路是否定向下的因果关系。然而，这将消除突现的精神状态必须附加在物理状态上的理由，这反过来会使物理主义成为问题，因此对于一些哲学家和物理学家来说是难以接受的。
Meanwhile, others have worked towards developing analytical evidence of strong emergence. In 2009, Gu ''et al.'' presented a class of physical systems that exhibits non-computable macroscopic properties.<ref name="morereally">{{cite journal | last1 = Gu | first1 = Mile | display-authors = etal | year = 2009 | title = More really is different | url =| journal = Physica D: Nonlinear Phenomena | volume = 238 | issue = 9| pages = 835–39 | doi=10.1016/j.physd.2008.12.016| arxiv = 0809.0151 | bibcode = 2009PhyD..238..835G }}</ref><ref name="binder">{{cite journal | last1 = Binder | first1 = P-M | year = 2009 | title = Computation: The edge of reductionism | url = | journal = Nature | volume = 459 | issue = 7245| pages = 332–34 | doi=10.1038/459332a| pmid = 19458701 | bibcode = 2009Natur.459..332B}}</ref> More precisely, if one could compute certain macroscopic properties of these systems from the microscopic description of these systems, then one would be able to solve computational problems known to be undecidable in computer science. Gu ''et al.'' concluded that
Meanwhile, others have worked towards developing analytical evidence of strong emergence. In 2009, Gu et al. presented a class of physical systems that exhibits non-computable macroscopic properties. More precisely, if one could compute certain macroscopic properties of these systems from the microscopic description of these systems, then one would be able to solve computational problems known to be undecidable in computer science. Gu et al. concluded that
与此同时，其他人则致力于开发强劲崛起的分析证据。2009年，顾等人。提出了一类具有不可计算的宏观属性的物理系统。更准确地说，如果一个人能够从这些系统的微观描述计算出这些系统的某些宏观性质，那么他就能够解决计算机科学中已知的无法判定的计算问题。谷等人。得出结论
<blockquote>Although macroscopic concepts are essential for understanding our world, much of fundamental physics has been devoted to the search for a 'theory of everything', a set of equations that perfectly describe the behavior of all fundamental particles. The view that this is the goal of science rests in part on the rationale that such a theory would allow us to derive the behavior of all macroscopic concepts, at least in principle. The evidence we have presented suggests that this view may be overly optimistic. A 'theory of everything' is one of many components necessary for complete understanding of the universe, but is not necessarily the only one. The development of macroscopic laws from first principles may involve more than just systematic logic, and could require conjectures suggested by experiments, simulations or insight.<ref name="morereally" /></blockquote>
<blockquote>Although macroscopic concepts are essential for understanding our world, much of fundamental physics has been devoted to the search for a 'theory of everything', a set of equations that perfectly describe the behavior of all fundamental particles. The view that this is the goal of science rests in part on the rationale that such a theory would allow us to derive the behavior of all macroscopic concepts, at least in principle. The evidence we have presented suggests that this view may be overly optimistic. A 'theory of everything' is one of many components necessary for complete understanding of the universe, but is not necessarily the only one. The development of macroscopic laws from first principles may involve more than just systematic logic, and could require conjectures suggested by experiments, simulations or insight.</blockquote>
尽管宏观概念对于理解我们的世界来说是必不可少的，大部分的基础物理学已经致力于寻找一个万有理论，一个完美描述所有基本粒子行为的方程组。认为这是科学目标的观点部分依赖于这样一个理论的基本原理，即这样一个理论将允许我们得出所有宏观概念的行为，至少在原则上。我们提供的证据表明，这种观点可能过于乐观。“万有理论”是完全理解宇宙所必需的许多要素之一，但不一定是唯一的要素。从第一原理发展宏观定律可能不仅仅涉及系统的逻辑，而且可能需要实验、模拟或洞察力的推测。 / blockquote
===Emergence and interaction===
===Emergence and interaction===
涌现和相互作用
Emergent structures are patterns that emerge via the collective actions of many individual entities. To explain such patterns, one might conclude, per [[Aristotle]],<ref name="Meta" /> that emergent structures are other than the sum of their parts on the assumption that the emergent order will not arise if the various parts simply interact independently of one another. However, there are those who [[A New Kind of Science#Simple programs|disagree]].<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.physlink.com/Education/essay_weinberg.cfm|title= A Designer Universe?|author= Steven Weinberg|accessdate= 2008-07-14|quote= A version of the original quote from address at the Conference on Cosmic Design, American Association for the Advancement of Science, Washington, D.C. in April 1999|url-status= live|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20100519145647/http://www.physlink.com/education/essay_weinberg.cfm|archivedate= 2010-05-19}}</ref> According to this argument, the interaction of each part with its immediate surroundings causes a complex chain of processes that can lead to order in some form. In fact, some systems in nature are observed to exhibit emergence based upon the interactions of autonomous parts, and some others exhibit emergence that at least at present cannot be reduced in this way. In particular [[Renormalization group|renormalization]] methods in theoretical physics enable scientists to study systems that are not tractable as the combination of their parts.<ref>{{Cite journal|last= Longo|first= Giuseppe|last2= Montévil|first2= Maël|last3= Pocheville|first3= Arnaud|date= 2012-01-01|title= From bottom-up approaches to levels of organization and extended critical transitions|journal= Frontiers in Physiology|volume= 3|page= 232|doi= 10.3389/fphys.2012.00232|pmc= 3429021|pmid= 22934001}}</ref>
Emergent structures are patterns that emerge via the collective actions of many individual entities. To explain such patterns, one might conclude, per Aristotle, According to this argument, the interaction of each part with its immediate surroundings causes a complex chain of processes that can lead to order in some form. In fact, some systems in nature are observed to exhibit emergence based upon the interactions of autonomous parts, and some others exhibit emergence that at least at present cannot be reduced in this way. In particular renormalization methods in theoretical physics enable scientists to study systems that are not tractable as the combination of their parts.
突现结构是通过许多单个实体的集体行动而出现的模式。为了解释这种模式，人们可能会得出结论，按照亚里士多德的说法，每个部分与其周围环境的相互作用导致了一系列复杂的过程，这些过程可以导致某种形式的秩序。事实上，我们观察到自然界中的一些系统是基于自治部分的相互作用而呈现出涌现的，而另一些系统则呈现出涌现，至少目前不能以这种方式进行简化。特别是理论物理学中的重整化方法使得科学家们能够研究那些不能作为各部分组合而易于处理的系统。
===Objective or subjective quality===
===Objective or subjective quality===
客观或主观的品质
Crutchfield regards the properties of complexity and organization of any system as [[Subjectivity|subjective]] [[Quality (philosophy)|qualities]] determined by the observer.
Crutchfield regards the properties of complexity and organization of any system as subjective qualities determined by the observer.
克拉奇菲尔德认为任何系统的复杂性和组织性都是由观察者决定的主观品质。
<blockquote>Defining structure and detecting the emergence of complexity in nature are inherently subjective, though essential, scientific activities. Despite the difficulties, these problems can be analysed in terms of how model-building observers infer from measurements the computational capabilities embedded in non-linear processes. An observer’s notion of what is ordered, what is random, and what is complex in its environment depends directly on its computational resources: the amount of raw measurement data, of memory, and of time available for estimation and inference. The discovery of structure in an environment depends more critically and subtly, though, on how those resources are organized. The descriptive power of the observer’s chosen (or implicit) computational model class, for example, can be an overwhelming determinant in finding regularity in data.<ref>
<blockquote>Defining structure and detecting the emergence of complexity in nature are inherently subjective, though essential, scientific activities. Despite the difficulties, these problems can be analysed in terms of how model-building observers infer from measurements the computational capabilities embedded in non-linear processes. An observer’s notion of what is ordered, what is random, and what is complex in its environment depends directly on its computational resources: the amount of raw measurement data, of memory, and of time available for estimation and inference. The discovery of structure in an environment depends more critically and subtly, though, on how those resources are organized. The descriptive power of the observer’s chosen (or implicit) computational model class, for example, can be an overwhelming determinant in finding regularity in data.<ref>
定义结构和探测自然界复杂性的出现本质上是主观的，尽管是必不可少的科学活动。尽管存在这些困难，这些问题可以从建模观察者如何从测量中推断出嵌入在非线性过程中的计算能力的角度进行分析。观察者对于什么是有序的，什么是随机的，什么是复杂的环境的概念直接取决于它的计算资源: 原始测量数据的数量，内存，以及可用于估计和推断的时间。发现环境中的结构更加关键和微妙地取决于这些资源是如何组织的。例如，观察者选择的(或隐含的)计算模型类的描述能力，可以是在数据中找到规律性的一个压倒性的决定因素。 裁判
{{cite journal
{{cite journal
{引用期刊
| last1 = Crutchfield
| last1 = Crutchfield
1 Crutchfield
| first1 = James P.
| first1 = James P.
第一名: 詹姆斯 · p。
| author-link1 = James P. Crutchfield
| author-link1 = James P. Crutchfield
1 James p. Crutchfield
| year = 1993
| year = 1993
1993年
| title = The Calculi of Emergence: Computation, Dynamics, and Induction
| title = The Calculi of Emergence: Computation, Dynamics, and Induction
浮现的计算: 计算、动力学和归纳
| url = http://csc.ucdavis.edu/~cmg/compmech/pubs/CalcEmergTitlePage.htm
| url = http://csc.ucdavis.edu/~cmg/compmech/pubs/CalcEmergTitlePage.htm
Http://csc.ucdavis.edu/~cmg/compmech/pubs/calcemergtitlepage.htm
| journal = Physica
| journal = Physica
物理学杂志
| series = D
| series = D
系列 d
| location = Utrecht
| location = Utrecht
| 地点: 乌得勒支
| publication-date = 1994
| publication-date = 1994
1994年出版
| volume = 75
| volume = 75
第75卷
| issue = 1–3
| issue = 1–3
第一季第三集
| pages = 11–54
| pages = 11–54
第11-54页
| issn =
| issn =
不会有事的
| access-date = 24 Mar 2019
| access-date = 24 Mar 2019
| 存取日期: 2019年3月24日
| bibcode = 1994PhyD...75...11C
| bibcode = 1994PhyD...75...11C
1994 / phyd... 75... 11C
| doi = 10.1016/0167-2789(94)90273-9
| doi = 10.1016/0167-2789(94)90273-9
| doi 10.1016 / 0167-2789(94)90273-9
}}
}}
}}
</ref>
</ref>
/ 参考
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
/ blockquote
On the other hand, [[Peter Corning]] argues: "Must the synergies be perceived/observed in order to qualify as emergent effects, as some theorists claim? Most emphatically not. The synergies associated with emergence are real and measurable, even if nobody is there to observe them."{{Harv|Corning|2002}}
On the other hand, Peter Corning argues: "Must the synergies be perceived/observed in order to qualify as emergent effects, as some theorists claim? Most emphatically not. The synergies associated with emergence are real and measurable, even if nobody is there to observe them."
另一方面，彼得 · 康宁认为: “难道协同作用必须被感知 / 观察，才能像某些理论家所说的那样，被称为突发效应吗？最明显的不是。与崛起相关的协同效应是真实的、可衡量的，即使没有人在那里观察它们。”
The low [[entropy]] of an ordered system can be viewed as an example of subjective emergence: the observer sees an ordered system by ignoring the underlying microstructure (i.e. movement of molecules or elementary particles) and concludes that the system has a low entropy.<ref>
The low entropy of an ordered system can be viewed as an example of subjective emergence: the observer sees an ordered system by ignoring the underlying microstructure (i.e. movement of molecules or elementary particles) and concludes that the system has a low entropy.<ref>
有序系统的低熵可以看作是主观涌现的一个例子: 观察者通过忽略基本的微观结构(例如:。分子或基本粒子的运动) ，并得出结论，该系统有一个低熵
See f.i. Carlo Rovelli: The mystery of time, 2017, part 10: Perspective, p.105-110
See f.i. Carlo Rovelli: The mystery of time, 2017, part 10: Perspective, p.105-110
请参阅详细资料。卡洛 · 罗维利: 时间之谜，2017年，第10部分: 透视，第105-110页
</ref>
</ref>
/ 参考
On the other hand, chaotic, unpredictable behaviour can also be seen as subjective emergent, while at a microscopic scale the movement of the constituent parts can be fully deterministic.
On the other hand, chaotic, unpredictable behaviour can also be seen as subjective emergent, while at a microscopic scale the movement of the constituent parts can be fully deterministic.
另一方面，混乱、不可预知的行为也可以被视为主观涌现，而在微观尺度上，组成部分的运动可以是完全确定的。
==In religion, art and humanities==
==In religion, art and humanities==
在宗教、艺术和人文学科
In religion, emergence grounds expressions of [[religious naturalism]] and [[syntheism]] in which a sense of the [[sacred]] is perceived in the workings of entirely naturalistic processes by which more [[Complexity|complex]] forms arise or evolve from simpler forms. Examples are detailed in ''The Sacred Emergence of Nature'' by [[Ursula Goodenough]] & [[Terrence Deacon]] and [http://www.edge.org/3rd_culture/kauffman06/kauffman06_index.html ''Beyond Reductionism: Reinventing the Sacred''] by [[Stuart Kauffman]], both from 2006, and in ''Syntheism – Creating God in The Internet Age'' by [[Alexander Bard]] & [[Jan Söderqvist]] from 2014. An early argument (1904–05) for the emergence of social formations, in part stemming from religion, can be found in [[Max Weber]]'s most famous work, ''[[The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism]]''.<ref>McKinnon, AM. (2010). 'Elective affinities of the Protestant ethic: Weber and the chemistry of capitalism'. Sociological Theory, vol 28, no. 1, pp. 108–26.{{cite web |url=http://aura.abdn.ac.uk/bitstream/2164/3035/1/McKinnon_Elective_Affinities_final_non_format.pdf |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2014-10-26 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140818023547/http://aura.abdn.ac.uk/bitstream/2164/3035/1/McKinnon_Elective_Affinities_final_non_format.pdf |archivedate=2014-08-18 }}</ref> Recently, the emergence of a new social system is linked with the emergence of order from nonlinear relationships among multiple interacting units, where multiple interacting units are individual thoughts, consciousness, and actions.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Complexification: Explaining a paradoxical world through the science of surprise|last=Casti, J. L.|publisher=Harper Collins|year=1994|isbn=|location=New York|pages=}}</ref>
In religion, emergence grounds expressions of religious naturalism and syntheism in which a sense of the sacred is perceived in the workings of entirely naturalistic processes by which more complex forms arise or evolve from simpler forms. Examples are detailed in The Sacred Emergence of Nature by Ursula Goodenough & Terrence Deacon and [http://www.edge.org/3rd_culture/kauffman06/kauffman06_index.html Beyond Reductionism: Reinventing the Sacred] by Stuart Kauffman, both from 2006, and in Syntheism – Creating God in The Internet Age by Alexander Bard & Jan Söderqvist from 2014. An early argument (1904–05) for the emergence of social formations, in part stemming from religion, can be found in Max Weber's most famous work, The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism. Recently, the emergence of a new social system is linked with the emergence of order from nonlinear relationships among multiple interacting units, where multiple interacting units are individual thoughts, consciousness, and actions.
在宗教中，涌现是宗教自然主义和综合主义的表现形式，在完全自然主义的过程中，更复杂的形式从更简单的形式中产生或演化出神圣的感觉。例如，2006年出版的 Ursula Goodenough 和 Terrence Deacon 的《自然的神圣出现》和 Stuart Kauffman 的《超越还原论的 http://www.edge.org/3rd_culture/kauffman06/kauffman06_index.html : 重新创造神圣》 ，以及2014年出版的 Alexander 和 Jan s derqvist 的《互联网时代的综合论-创造上帝》。关于社会形态出现的早期论证(1904-05) ，部分源于宗教，可以在 Max Weber 最著名的作品《新教伦理与资本主义精神找到。最近，一个新的社会系统的出现与多个相互作用的单元之间的非线性关系的秩序的出现联系在一起，其中多个相互作用的单元是个人的思想、意识和行动。
In art, emergence is used to explore the origins of novelty, creativity, and authorship. Some art/literary theorists (Wheeler, 2006;<ref>{{cite book|last=Wheeler|first=Wendy|title=The Whole Creature: Complexity, Biosemiotics and the Evolution of Culture|year=2006|publisher=Lawrence & Wishart|location=London|isbn=978-1-905007-30-1|page=192}}</ref> Alexander, 2011<ref>{{cite book|last=Alexander|first=Victoria N.|title=The Biologist's Mistress: Rethinking Self-Organization in Art, Literature, and Nature|year=2011|publisher=Emergent Publications|location=Litchfield Park, AZ|isbn=978-0-9842165-5-0|url=http://emergentpublications.com/catalog_detail.aspx?Value=82|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141208050459/http://emergentpublications.com/catalog_detail.aspx?Value=82|archivedate=2014-12-08}}</ref>) have proposed alternatives to postmodern understandings of "authorship" using the complexity sciences and emergence theory. They contend that artistic selfhood and meaning are emergent, relatively objective phenomena. [[Michael Pearce (artist)|Michael J. Pearce]] has used emergence to describe the experience of works of art in relation to contemporary neuroscience.<ref>{{cite book|last=Pearce|first=Michael J.|title=Art in the Age of Emergence|year=2015|publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing|location=Manchester, England|isbn=978-1443870573|url=http://www.cambridgescholars.com/art-in-the-age-of-emergence|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150522021953/http://www.cambridgescholars.com/art-in-the-age-of-emergence|archivedate=2015-05-22}}</ref> Practicing artist [[Leonel Moura]], in turn, attributes to his "artbots" a real, if nonetheless rudimentary, creativity based on emergent principles.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Leonel Moura|date=16 July 2018|title=Robot Art: An Interview with Leonel Moura|journal=Arts|volume=7|issue=3|pages=28|doi=10.3390/arts7030028|doi-access=free}}</ref> In literature and linguistics, the concept of emergence has been applied in the domain of stylometry to explain the interrelation between the syntactical structures of the text and the author style (Slautina, Marusenko, 2014).<ref>Slautina, Maria & Marusenko, Mikhail (2014), [https://www.academia.edu/9466688/Lémergence_du_style._Les_méthodes_stylométriques_pour_la_recherche_de_paternité_des_textes_médiévaux "L'émergence du style. Les méthodes stylométriques pour la recherche de paternité des textes médiévaux"] (in French), in ''Les Cahiers du Numérique'' , vol. 10, pp. 179-215.</ref>
In art, emergence is used to explore the origins of novelty, creativity, and authorship. Some art/literary theorists (Wheeler, 2006; Alexander, 2011) have proposed alternatives to postmodern understandings of "authorship" using the complexity sciences and emergence theory. They contend that artistic selfhood and meaning are emergent, relatively objective phenomena. Michael J. Pearce has used emergence to describe the experience of works of art in relation to contemporary neuroscience. Practicing artist Leonel Moura, in turn, attributes to his "artbots" a real, if nonetheless rudimentary, creativity based on emergent principles. In literature and linguistics, the concept of emergence has been applied in the domain of stylometry to explain the interrelation between the syntactical structures of the text and the author style (Slautina, Marusenko, 2014).
在艺术中，涌现被用来探索新颖性、创造性和作者身份的起源。一些艺术 / 文学理论家(Wheeler，2006; Alexander，2011)利用复杂性科学和涌现理论提出了替代后现代理解的“作者身份”。他们认为艺术的自我和意义是涌现的、相对客观的现象。迈克尔 · 皮尔斯用涌现现象来描述与当代神经科学有关的艺术作品的经验。实践艺术家莱昂内尔 · 莫拉则认为他的“机器人艺术”具有真正的创造力，尽管这种创造力是基于自然发生的原理。在文学和语言学中，涌现的概念被应用于文体学领域，以解释文本的句法结构和作者风格之间的相互关系(Slautina，Marusenko，2014)。
In international development, concepts of emergence have been used within a theory of social change termed [[SEED-SCALE]] to show how standard principles interact to bring forward socio-economic development fitted to cultural values, community economics, and natural environment (local solutions emerging from the larger socio-econo-biosphere). These principles can be implemented utilizing a sequence of standardized tasks that [[self-assemble]] in individually specific ways utilizing recursive evaluative criteria.<ref>Daniel C. Taylor, Carl E. Taylor, Jesse O. Taylor, ''Empowerment on an Unstable Planet: From Seeds of Human Energy to a Scale of Global Change'' (New York: Oxford University Press, 2012)</ref>
In international development, concepts of emergence have been used within a theory of social change termed SEED-SCALE to show how standard principles interact to bring forward socio-economic development fitted to cultural values, community economics, and natural environment (local solutions emerging from the larger socio-econo-biosphere). These principles can be implemented utilizing a sequence of standardized tasks that self-assemble in individually specific ways utilizing recursive evaluative criteria.
在国际发展中，涌现的概念被用于一种称为 SEED-SCALE 的社会变革理论中，以显示标准原则是如何相互作用的，从而推动符合文化价值观、社区经济和自然环境的社会经济发展(来自更大的社会经济生物圈的当地解决办法)。这些原则可以利用一系列标准化的任务来实现，这些任务可以利用递归评估标准以各自特定的方式进行自组装。
In postcolonial studies, the term "Emerging Literature" refers to a contemporary body of texts that is gaining momentum in the global literary landscape (v. esp.: J.M. Grassin, ed. ''Emerging Literatures'', Bern, Berlin, etc. : Peter Lang, 1996). By opposition, "emergent literature" is rather a concept used in the theory of literature.
In postcolonial studies, the term "Emerging Literature" refers to a contemporary body of texts that is gaining momentum in the global literary landscape (v. esp.: J.M. Grassin, ed. Emerging Literatures, Bern, Berlin, etc. : Peter Lang, 1996). By opposition, "emergent literature" is rather a concept used in the theory of literature.
在20世纪90年代后殖民主义理论，“新兴文学”一词指的是在全球文学景观中获得势头的当代文本主体。特别是。: j.m.格拉辛，ed。新兴文学，伯尔尼，柏林等。彼得 · 朗，1996)。从对立面看，“涌现文学”更像是文学理论中使用的一个概念。
==Emergent properties and processes==
==Emergent properties and processes==
突现性质和过程
An emergent behavior or emergent property can appear when a number of simple [[wikt:entity|entities]] (agents) operate in an environment, forming more complex behaviors as a collective. If emergence happens over disparate size scales, then the reason is usually a causal relation across different scales. In other words, there is often a form of top-down feedback in systems with emergent properties. The processes causing emergent properties may occur in either the observed or observing system, and are commonly identifiable by their patterns of accumulating change, generally called 'growth'. Emergent behaviours can occur because of intricate causal relations across different scales and feedback, known as [[interconnectivity]]. The emergent property itself may be either very predictable or unpredictable and unprecedented, and represent a new level of the system's evolution. The complex behaviour or properties are not a property of any single such entity, nor can they easily be predicted or deduced from behaviour in the lower-level entities, and might in fact be irreducible to such behavior.<ref>{{cite web |title=Flying in V-formation gives best view for least effort |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn11679-flying-in-v-formation-gives-best-view-for-least-effort/ |website=New Scientist |date=21 April 2007}}</ref> The shape and behaviour of a flock of birds or school of fish are good examples of emergent properties.
An emergent behavior or emergent property can appear when a number of simple entities (agents) operate in an environment, forming more complex behaviors as a collective. If emergence happens over disparate size scales, then the reason is usually a causal relation across different scales. In other words, there is often a form of top-down feedback in systems with emergent properties. The processes causing emergent properties may occur in either the observed or observing system, and are commonly identifiable by their patterns of accumulating change, generally called 'growth'. Emergent behaviours can occur because of intricate causal relations across different scales and feedback, known as interconnectivity. The emergent property itself may be either very predictable or unpredictable and unprecedented, and represent a new level of the system's evolution. The complex behaviour or properties are not a property of any single such entity, nor can they easily be predicted or deduced from behaviour in the lower-level entities, and might in fact be irreducible to such behavior. The shape and behaviour of a flock of birds or school of fish are good examples of emergent properties.
当一些简单的实体(代理)在一个环境中运行时，可能会出现一个突发行为或突发属性，形成更复杂的集体行为。如果涌现发生在不同的尺度上，那么原因通常是不同尺度上的因果关系。换句话说，在具有紧急属性的系统中，通常存在一种自上而下的反馈形式。引起突发特性的过程可能发生在观察系统或观察系统中，并且通常可以通过累积变化的模式来识别，一般称为“增长”。突发行为之所以会出现，是因为不同尺度和反馈之间存在复杂的因果关系，这种关系被称为互联性。突现属性本身可能是非常可预测的或不可预测的和前所未有的，并代表了一个新的水平的系统的进化。复杂的行为或性质不是任何单一此类实体的性质，也不能轻易地从较低级别实体的行为中预测或推断出来，事实上可能不能还原为这种行为。鸟群或鱼群的形状和行为是突现特性的很好例子。
One reason emergent behaviour is hard to predict is that the number of [[interaction]]s between a system's components increases exponentially with the number of components, thus allowing for many new and subtle types of behaviour to emerge. Emergence is often a product of particular patterns of interaction. [[Negative feedback]] introduces constraints that serve to fix structures or behaviours. In contrast, [[positive feedback]] promotes change, allowing local variations to grow into global patterns. Another way in which interactions leads to emergent properties is [[dual-phase evolution]]. This occurs where interactions are applied intermittently, leading to two phases: one in which patterns form or grow, the other in which they are refined or removed.
One reason emergent behaviour is hard to predict is that the number of interactions between a system's components increases exponentially with the number of components, thus allowing for many new and subtle types of behaviour to emerge. Emergence is often a product of particular patterns of interaction. Negative feedback introduces constraints that serve to fix structures or behaviours. In contrast, positive feedback promotes change, allowing local variations to grow into global patterns. Another way in which interactions leads to emergent properties is dual-phase evolution. This occurs where interactions are applied intermittently, leading to two phases: one in which patterns form or grow, the other in which they are refined or removed.
涌现行为难以预测的一个原因是，系统组件之间的相互作用的数量随组件的数量呈指数增长，从而允许许多新的和微妙的行为类型出现。涌现通常是特定交互模式的产物。负面反馈引入了有助于修复结构或行为的约束。相比之下，积极的反馈促进改变，允许局部变化发展成为全球模式。相互作用产生涌现特性的另一种方式是双阶段进化。这发生在相互作用是间歇地应用，导致两个阶段: 一个是模式的形成或增长，另一个是他们被改进或删除。
On the other hand, merely having a large number of interactions is not enough by itself to guarantee emergent behaviour; many of the interactions may be negligible or irrelevant, or may cancel each other out. In some cases, a large number of interactions can in fact hinder the emergence of interesting behaviour, by creating a lot of "noise" to drown out any emerging "signal"; the emergent behaviour may need to be temporarily isolated from other interactions before it reaches enough critical mass to self-support. Thus it is not just the sheer number of connections between components which encourages emergence; it is also how these connections are organised. A hierarchical organisation is one example that can generate emergent behaviour (a bureaucracy may behave in a way quite different from the individual departments of that bureaucracy); but emergent behaviour can also arise from more decentralized organisational structures, such as a marketplace. In some cases, the system has to reach a combined threshold of diversity, organisation, and connectivity before emergent behaviour appears.
On the other hand, merely having a large number of interactions is not enough by itself to guarantee emergent behaviour; many of the interactions may be negligible or irrelevant, or may cancel each other out. In some cases, a large number of interactions can in fact hinder the emergence of interesting behaviour, by creating a lot of "noise" to drown out any emerging "signal"; the emergent behaviour may need to be temporarily isolated from other interactions before it reaches enough critical mass to self-support. Thus it is not just the sheer number of connections between components which encourages emergence; it is also how these connections are organised. A hierarchical organisation is one example that can generate emergent behaviour (a bureaucracy may behave in a way quite different from the individual departments of that bureaucracy); but emergent behaviour can also arise from more decentralized organisational structures, such as a marketplace. In some cases, the system has to reach a combined threshold of diversity, organisation, and connectivity before emergent behaviour appears.
另一方面，仅仅有大量的相互作用本身并不足以保证紧急行为; 许多相互作用可能是微不足道或无关紧要的，或者可能相互抵消。在某些情况下，大量的相互作用实际上可能阻碍有趣行为的出现，因为它们制造了大量的”噪音”以淹没任何新出现的”信号” ; 在达到足够的临界质量以自立之前，这种突现的行为可能需要暂时与其他相互作用隔离。因此，鼓励出现的不仅仅是组件之间连接的绝对数量，还有这些连接的组织方式。等级组织就是能够产生应急行为的一个例子(官僚机构的行为方式可能与官僚机构的单个部门大不相同) ; 但应急行为也可能产生于更为分散的组织结构，如市场。在某些情况下，在突发行为出现之前，系统必须达到多样性、组织性和连通性的组合阈值。
[[Unintended consequence]]s and side effects are closely related to emergent properties. [[Luc Steels]] writes: "A component has a particular functionality but this is not recognizable as a subfunction of the global functionality. Instead a component implements a behaviour whose side effect contributes to the global functionality [...] Each behaviour has a side effect and the sum of the side effects gives the desired functionality".{{Harv|Steels|1990}} In other words, the global or macroscopic functionality of a system with "emergent functionality" is the sum of all "side effects", of all emergent properties and functionalities.
Unintended consequences and side effects are closely related to emergent properties. Luc Steels writes: "A component has a particular functionality but this is not recognizable as a subfunction of the global functionality. Instead a component implements a behaviour whose side effect contributes to the global functionality [...] Each behaviour has a side effect and the sum of the side effects gives the desired functionality". In other words, the global or macroscopic functionality of a system with "emergent functionality" is the sum of all "side effects", of all emergent properties and functionalities.
意外后果和副作用与突发特性密切相关。吕克斯蒂尔写道: “一个组件有一个特定的功能，但这不能识别为全局功能的子功能。相反，一个组件实现了一种行为，其副作用有助于实现全局功能[ ... ]每种行为都有副作用，副作用的总和就是所需的功能”。换句话说，具有“紧急功能”的系统的全局或宏观功能是所有“副作用”的总和，所有紧急属性和功能的总和。
Systems with emergent properties or emergent structures may appear to defy [[entropy|entropic]] principles and the second law of [[thermodynamics]], because they form and increase order despite the lack of command and central control. This is possible because open systems can extract information and order out of the environment.
Systems with emergent properties or emergent structures may appear to defy entropic principles and the second law of thermodynamics, because they form and increase order despite the lack of command and central control. This is possible because open systems can extract information and order out of the environment.
具有突发特性或突发结构的系统可能看起来对抗熵原理和热力学第二定律，因为他们形成并增加秩序，尽管缺乏指挥和中央控制。这是可能的，因为开放系统可以从环境中提取信息和命令。
Emergence helps to explain why the [[fallacy of division]] is a fallacy.
Emergence helps to explain why the fallacy of division is a fallacy.
涌现有助于解释为什么分割是一个谬论。
==Emergent structures in nature==
==Emergent structures in nature==
自然界中的突现结构
{{main|Patterns in nature}}
{{More citations needed section|date=November 2008}}
[[File:Sand dune ripples.jpg|thumb|280px|right|Ripple patterns in a [[sand dune]] created by wind or water is an example of an emergent structure in nature.]]
Ripple patterns in a [[sand dune created by wind or water is an example of an emergent structure in nature.]]
在[风或水产生的沙丘是自然界涌现结构的一个例子]
[[File:Causeway-code poet-4.jpg|thumb|right|280px|[[Giant's Causeway]] in Northern Ireland is an example of a complex emergent structure.]]
[[Giant's Causeway in Northern Ireland is an example of a complex emergent structure.]]
[[北爱尔兰的巨人堤道是复杂新兴结构的一个例子]
Emergent structures can be found in many natural phenomena, from the physical to the biological domain. For example, the shape of weather phenomena such as [[hurricane]]s are emergent structures. The development and growth of complex, orderly [[crystal]]s, as driven by the [[random motion]] of water molecules within a conducive natural environment, is another example of an emergent process, where [[randomness]] can give rise to complex and deeply attractive, orderly structures.
Emergent structures can be found in many natural phenomena, from the physical to the biological domain. For example, the shape of weather phenomena such as hurricanes are emergent structures. The development and growth of complex, orderly crystals, as driven by the random motion of water molecules within a conducive natural environment, is another example of an emergent process, where randomness can give rise to complex and deeply attractive, orderly structures.
突现结构可以在许多自然现象中找到，从物理领域到生物领域。例如，诸如飓风之类的天气现象的形状就是突发结构。在有利的自然环境中，由水分子的随机运动驱动的复杂有序晶体的发展和生长，是突发过程的另一个例子，在这种突发过程中，随机性可以产生复杂而深具吸引力的有序结构。
[[File:Water Crystals on Mercury 20Feb2010 CU1.jpg|thumb|280px|right|Water crystals forming on glass demonstrate an emergent, [[fractal]] process occurring under appropriate conditions of temperature and humidity.]] However, crystalline structure and hurricanes are said to have a self-organizing phase.
Water crystals forming on glass demonstrate an emergent, [[fractal process occurring under appropriate conditions of temperature and humidity.]] However, crystalline structure and hurricanes are said to have a self-organizing phase.
在玻璃上形成的水晶显示了一个突现的，[在适当的温度和湿度条件下发生的分形过程]然而，水晶结构和飓风据说有一个自组织的阶段。
It is useful to distinguish three forms of emergent structures. A ''first-order'' emergent structure occurs as a result of shape interactions (for example, [[hydrogen bond]]s in water molecules lead to [[surface tension]]). A ''second-order'' emergent structure involves shape interactions played out sequentially over time (for example, changing atmospheric conditions as a snowflake falls to the ground build upon and alter its form). Finally, a ''third-order'' emergent structure is a consequence of shape, time, and heritable instructions. For example, an organism's [[genetic code]] affects the form of the organism's systems in space and time.
It is useful to distinguish three forms of emergent structures. A first-order emergent structure occurs as a result of shape interactions (for example, hydrogen bonds in water molecules lead to surface tension). A second-order emergent structure involves shape interactions played out sequentially over time (for example, changing atmospheric conditions as a snowflake falls to the ground build upon and alter its form). Finally, a third-order emergent structure is a consequence of shape, time, and heritable instructions. For example, an organism's genetic code affects the form of the organism's systems in space and time.
区分突现结构的三种形式是有用的。一级突现结构是形状相互作用的结果(例如，水分子中的氢键导致表面张力)。二阶突现结构涉及形状的相互作用随着时间的推移而发生(例如，当雪花落到地面时改变大气条件，建立并改变其形状)。最后，三阶紧急结构是形状、时间和可遗传指令的结果。例如，有机体的遗传密码影响着有机体系统在空间和时间上的形式。
===Nonliving, physical systems===
===Nonliving, physical systems===
无生命的物理系统
In [[physics]], emergence is used to describe a property, law, or phenomenon which occurs at macroscopic scales (in space or time) but not at microscopic scales, despite the fact that a macroscopic system can be viewed as a very large ensemble of microscopic systems.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Anderson|first=Philip W.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9HhQDwAAQBAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&hl=en#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Basic Notions Of Condensed Matter Physics|date=2018-03-09|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-0-429-97374-1|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Girvin|first=Steven M.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2ESIDwAAQBAJ&hl=en|title=Modern Condensed Matter Physics|last2=Yang|first2=Kun|date=2019-02-28|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-108-57347-4|language=en}}</ref>
In physics, emergence is used to describe a property, law, or phenomenon which occurs at macroscopic scales (in space or time) but not at microscopic scales, despite the fact that a macroscopic system can be viewed as a very large ensemble of microscopic systems.
在物理学中，涌现被用来描述在宏观尺度(空间或时间)而不是在微观尺度上发生的性质、规律或现象，尽管事实上一个宏观系统可以被看作是一个非常庞大的微观系统的集合。
An emergent property need not be more complicated than the underlying non-emergent properties which generate it. For instance, the laws of [[thermodynamics]] are remarkably simple, even if the laws which govern the interactions between component particles are complex. The term emergence in physics is thus used not to signify complexity, but rather to distinguish which laws and concepts apply to macroscopic scales, and which ones apply to microscopic scales.
An emergent property need not be more complicated than the underlying non-emergent properties which generate it. For instance, the laws of thermodynamics are remarkably simple, even if the laws which govern the interactions between component particles are complex. The term emergence in physics is thus used not to signify complexity, but rather to distinguish which laws and concepts apply to macroscopic scales, and which ones apply to microscopic scales.
紧急属性不必比生成它的底层非紧急属性更复杂。例如，热力学定律是非常简单的，即使支配组分粒子之间相互作用的法则是复杂的。因此，物理学中的涌现一词不是用来表示复杂性，而是用来区分哪些定律和概念适用于宏观尺度，哪些定律和概念适用于微观尺度。
However, another, perhaps more broadly applicable way to conceive of the emergent divide does involve a dose of complexity insofar as the computational feasibility of going from the microscopic to the macroscopic property tells the 'strength' of the emergence. This is better understood given the following definition of emergence that comes from physics:
However, another, perhaps more broadly applicable way to conceive of the emergent divide does involve a dose of complexity insofar as the computational feasibility of going from the microscopic to the macroscopic property tells the 'strength' of the emergence. This is better understood given the following definition of emergence that comes from physics:
然而，另一种，也许更广泛适用的方式来设想涌现的分水岭涉及到一定程度的复杂性，因为计算的可行性从微观到宏观的性质告诉出现的力量。考虑到以下来自物理学的涌现的定义，这一点可以更好地理解:
"An emergent behavior of a physical system is a qualitative property that can only occur in the limit that the number of microscopic constituents tends to infinity."<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kivelson |first1=Sophia |last2=Kivelson |first2=Steve |title=Defining Emergence in Physics |journal=NPJ Quantum Materials |volume=1 |publisher=Nature Research |doi=10.1038/npjquantmats.2016.24 |year=2016 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
"An emergent behavior of a physical system is a qualitative property that can only occur in the limit that the number of microscopic constituents tends to infinity."
物理系统的突现行为是一种定性的性质，只有在微观成分的数量趋于无穷大的极限下才能发生
Since there are no actually infinite systems in the real world, there is no obvious naturally occurring notion of a hard separation between the properties of the constituents of a system and those of the emergent whole. As discussed below, classical mechanics is thought to be emergent from quantum mechanics, though in principle, quantum dynamics fully describes everything happening at a classical level. However, it would take a computer larger than the size of the universe with more computing time than life time of the universe to describe the motion of a falling apple in terms of the locations of its electrons {{citation needed|date=November 2018}}; thus we can take this to be a "strong" emergent divide.
Since there are no actually infinite systems in the real world, there is no obvious naturally occurring notion of a hard separation between the properties of the constituents of a system and those of the emergent whole. As discussed below, classical mechanics is thought to be emergent from quantum mechanics, though in principle, quantum dynamics fully describes everything happening at a classical level. However, it would take a computer larger than the size of the universe with more computing time than life time of the universe to describe the motion of a falling apple in terms of the locations of its electrons ; thus we can take this to be a "strong" emergent divide.
因为在现实世界中实际上并不存在无限的系统，所以在一个系统的组成部分的属性和突现的整体的属性之间，并不存在明显的自然产生的难以区分的概念。正如下面所讨论的，经典力学被认为是从量子力学中涌现出来的，尽管在原则上，量子动力学完全描述了在经典水平上发生的一切。然而，需要一台比宇宙大的计算机，其计算时间比宇宙的生命时间更长，才能根据电子的位置来描述一个落下的苹果的运动，因此我们可以把这看作是一个“强烈的”涌现分水岭。
Some examples include:
Some examples include:
一些例子包括:
* [[Classical mechanics]]: The laws of classical mechanics can be said to emerge as a limiting case from the rules of [[quantum mechanics]] applied to large enough masses. This is particularly strange since quantum mechanics is generally thought of as ''more'' complicated than classical mechanics.
* [[Friction]]: Forces between elementary particles are conservative. However, friction emerges when considering more complex structures of matter, whose surfaces can convert mechanical energy into heat energy when rubbed against each other. Similar considerations apply to other emergent concepts in [[continuum mechanics]] such as [[viscosity]], [[Elasticity (physics)|elasticity]], [[tensile strength]], etc.
* [[Patterned ground]]: the distinct, and often symmetrical geometric shapes formed by ground material in periglacial regions.
* [[Statistical mechanics]] was initially derived using the concept of a large enough [[statistical ensemble (mathematical physics)|ensemble]] that fluctuations about the most likely distribution can be all but ignored. However, small clusters do not exhibit sharp first order [[phase transition]]s such as melting, and at the boundary it is not possible to completely categorize the cluster as a liquid or solid, since these concepts are (without extra definitions) only applicable to macroscopic systems. Describing a system using statistical mechanics methods is much simpler than using a low-level atomistic approach.
* [[Electrical networks]]: The bulk conductive response of binary (RC) electrical networks with random arrangements, known as the [[Universal dielectric response|Universal Dielectric Response (UDR)]], can be seen as emergent properties of such physical systems. Such arrangements can be used as simple physical prototypes for deriving mathematical formulae for the emergent responses of complex systems.<ref>{{cite journal|url = | doi=10.1016/j.physa.2012.10.035 | volume=392 | issue=4 | title=The origin of power-law emergent scaling in large binary networks | year=2013 | journal=Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and Its Applications | pages=1004–1027 | last1 = Almond | first1 = D.P. | last2 = Budd | first2 = C.J. | last3 = Freitag | first3 = M.A. | last4 = Hunt | first4 = G.W. | last5 = McCullen | first5 = N.J. | last6 = Smith | first6 = N.D.| arxiv=1204.5601 | bibcode=2013PhyA..392.1004A }}</ref>
* [[Weather]]
[[Temperature]] is sometimes used as an example of an emergent macroscopic behaviour. In classical dynamics, a ''snapshot'' of the instantaneous momenta of a large number of particles at equilibrium is sufficient to find the average kinetic energy per degree of freedom which is proportional to the temperature. For a small number of particles the instantaneous momenta at a given time are not statistically sufficient to determine the temperature of the system. However, using the [[ergodic hypothesis]], the temperature can still be obtained to arbitrary precision by further averaging the momenta over a long enough time.
Temperature is sometimes used as an example of an emergent macroscopic behaviour. In classical dynamics, a snapshot of the instantaneous momenta of a large number of particles at equilibrium is sufficient to find the average kinetic energy per degree of freedom which is proportional to the temperature. For a small number of particles the instantaneous momenta at a given time are not statistically sufficient to determine the temperature of the system. However, using the ergodic hypothesis, the temperature can still be obtained to arbitrary precision by further averaging the momenta over a long enough time.
温度有时被用来作为一个突发的宏观行为的例子。在经典动力学中，对处于平衡状态的大量粒子瞬时动量的快照足以求出每个自由度的平均动能与温度成正比。对于少数粒子，在给定时间内的瞬时动量在统计学上不足以确定系统的温度。然而，使用遍历假设，温度仍然可以通过在足够长的时间内进一步平均动量而得到任意精度。
[[Convection]] in a liquid or gas is another example of emergent macroscopic behaviour that makes sense only when considering differentials of temperature. [[Convection cells]], particularly [[Bénard cells]], are an example of a [[self-organizing]] system (more specifically, a [[dissipative system]]) whose structure is determined both by the constraints of the system and by random perturbations: the possible realizations of the shape and size of the cells depends on the temperature gradient as well as the nature of the fluid and shape of the container, but which configurations are actually realized is due to random perturbations (thus these systems exhibit a form of [[symmetry breaking]]).
Convection in a liquid or gas is another example of emergent macroscopic behaviour that makes sense only when considering differentials of temperature. Convection cells, particularly Bénard cells, are an example of a self-organizing system (more specifically, a dissipative system) whose structure is determined both by the constraints of the system and by random perturbations: the possible realizations of the shape and size of the cells depends on the temperature gradient as well as the nature of the fluid and shape of the container, but which configurations are actually realized is due to random perturbations (thus these systems exhibit a form of symmetry breaking).
液体或气体中的对流是另一个突发宏观行为的例子，只有在考虑温差时才有意义。对流细胞，特别是 b. nard 细胞，是一个自组织系统(更具体地说，是一个 Dissipative system)的例子，其结构既由系统的约束和随机扰动决定: 细胞的形状和大小的可能实现取决于温度梯度以及流体的性质和容器的形状，但实际上实现的配置是由于随机扰动(因此这些系统呈现一种对称性破缺形式)。
In some theories of particle physics, even such basic structures as [[mass]], [[space]], and [[time]] are viewed as emergent phenomena, arising from more fundamental concepts such as the [[Higgs boson]] or [[string theory|strings]]. In some interpretations of [[quantum mechanics]], the perception of a [[deterministic]] reality, in which all objects have a definite position, momentum, and so forth, is actually an emergent phenomenon, with the true state of matter being described instead by a [[wavefunction]] which need not have a single position or momentum.
In some theories of particle physics, even such basic structures as mass, space, and time are viewed as emergent phenomena, arising from more fundamental concepts such as the Higgs boson or strings. In some interpretations of quantum mechanics, the perception of a deterministic reality, in which all objects have a definite position, momentum, and so forth, is actually an emergent phenomenon, with the true state of matter being described instead by a wavefunction which need not have a single position or momentum.
在一些粒子物理学理论中，甚至像质量、空间和时间这样的基本结构都被视为涌现的现象，这些涌现的现象来自于更基本的概念，比如希格斯玻色子或者弦。在某些量子力学诠释中，对所有物体都具有确定的位置、动量等等的确定性实在的感知，实际上是一种涌现的现象，物质的真实状态被一个不需要单一位置或动量的波函数所描述。
Most of the laws of [[physics]] themselves as we experience them today appear to have emerged during the course of time making emergence the most fundamental principle in the universe{{According to whom|date=September 2016}} and raising the question of what might be the most fundamental law of physics from which all others emerged. [[Chemistry]] can in turn be viewed as an emergent property of the laws of physics. [[Biology]] (including biological [[evolution]]) can be viewed as an emergent property of the laws of chemistry. Similarly, [[psychology]] could be understood as an emergent property of neurobiological laws. Finally, free-market theories understand [[economy]] as an emergent feature of psychology.
Most of the laws of physics themselves as we experience them today appear to have emerged during the course of time making emergence the most fundamental principle in the universe and raising the question of what might be the most fundamental law of physics from which all others emerged. Chemistry can in turn be viewed as an emergent property of the laws of physics. Biology (including biological evolution) can be viewed as an emergent property of the laws of chemistry. Similarly, psychology could be understood as an emergent property of neurobiological laws. Finally, free-market theories understand economy as an emergent feature of psychology.
我们今天所经历的大多数物理定律，似乎都是在时间的推移中出现的，这使得涌现成为宇宙中最基本的定律，并提出了一个问题: 什么可能是物理学中最基本的定律，而其他所有定律都是从这个定律出现的。反过来，化学又可以被看作是物理定律的一种突现性质。生物学(包括生物进化)可以看作是化学定律的突现性质。同样，心理学也可以被理解为神经生物学定律的一个新兴属性。最后，自由市场理论把经济理解为心理学的一个突现特征。
According to Laughlin (2005), for many particle systems, nothing can be calculated exactly from the microscopic equations, and macroscopic systems are characterised by broken symmetry: the symmetry present in the microscopic equations is not present in the macroscopic system, due to phase transitions. As a result, these macroscopic systems are described in their own terminology, and have properties that do not depend on many microscopic details. This does not mean that the microscopic interactions are irrelevant, but simply that you do not see them anymore — you only see a renormalized effect of them. Laughlin is a pragmatic theoretical physicist: if you cannot, possibly ever, calculate the broken symmetry macroscopic properties from the microscopic equations, then what is the point of talking about reducibility?
According to Laughlin (2005), for many particle systems, nothing can be calculated exactly from the microscopic equations, and macroscopic systems are characterised by broken symmetry: the symmetry present in the microscopic equations is not present in the macroscopic system, due to phase transitions. As a result, these macroscopic systems are described in their own terminology, and have properties that do not depend on many microscopic details. This does not mean that the microscopic interactions are irrelevant, but simply that you do not see them anymore — you only see a renormalized effect of them. Laughlin is a pragmatic theoretical physicist: if you cannot, possibly ever, calculate the broken symmetry macroscopic properties from the microscopic equations, then what is the point of talking about reducibility?
劳克林(2005)认为，对于许多粒子系统来说，从微观方程中无法精确地计算出任何东西，而宏观系统的特征是对称性破缺: 由于相变，微观方程中存在的对称性在宏观系统中并不存在。因此，这些宏观系统用它们自己的术语来描述，并且具有不依赖于许多微观细节的性质。这并不意味着微观相互作用是无关的，只是你不再看到它们了ーー你只看到它们的重整化效应。劳克林是一个务实的理论物理学家: 如果你不能，可能永远，从微观方程计算出对称性破缺的宏观性质，那么谈论可还原性还有什么意义？
===Living, biological systems===
===Living, biological systems===
生命，生物系统
====Emergence and evolution====
====Emergence and evolution====
涌现与进化
{{see also|Abiogenesis}}
[[Life]] is a major source of complexity, and [[evolution]] is the major process behind the varying forms of life. In this view, evolution is the process describing the growth of complexity in the natural world and in speaking of the emergence of complex living beings and life-forms, this view refers therefore to processes of sudden changes in evolution.
Life is a major source of complexity, and evolution is the major process behind the varying forms of life. In this view, evolution is the process describing the growth of complexity in the natural world and in speaking of the emergence of complex living beings and life-forms, this view refers therefore to processes of sudden changes in evolution.
生命是复杂性的主要来源，进化是不同生命形式背后的主要过程。这种观点认为，进化是描述自然界中复杂性增长的过程，在谈到复杂生物和生命形式的出现时，这种观点因此指的是进化中的突然变化过程。
[[Life]] is thought to have emerged in the early [[RNA world hypothesis|RNA world]] when [[RNA]] chains began to express the basic conditions necessary for natural selection to operate as conceived by [[Charles Darwin|Darwin]]: heritability, variation of type, and competition for limited resources. [[Fitness (biology)|Fitness]] of an RNA replicator (its per capita rate of increase) would likely be a function of adaptive capacities that were intrinsic (in the sense that they were determined by the nucleotide sequence) and the availability of resources.<ref name="Bernstein">{{cite journal | last1 = Bernstein | first1 = H | last2 = Byerly | first2 = HC | last3 = Hopf | first3 = FA | last4 = Michod | first4 = RA | last5 = Vemulapalli | first5 = GK | year = 1983 | title = The Darwinian Dynamic | journal = Quarterly Review of Biology | volume = 58 | issue = 2| pages = 185–207 | doi=10.1086/413216| jstor = 2828805 }}</ref><ref name="Michod">Michod RE. (2000) Darwinian Dynamics: Evolutionary Transitions in Fitness and Individuality. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey {{ISBN|0691050112}}</ref> The three primary adaptive capacities may have been (1) the capacity to replicate with moderate fidelity (giving rise to both heritability and variation of type); (2) the capacity to avoid decay; and (3) the capacity to acquire and process resources.<ref name=Bernstein /><ref name =Michod /> These capacities would have been determined initially by the folded configurations of the RNA replicators (see “[[Ribozyme]]”) that, in turn, would be encoded in their individual nucleotide sequences. Competitive success among different replicators would have depended on the relative values of these adaptive capacities.
Life is thought to have emerged in the early RNA world when RNA chains began to express the basic conditions necessary for natural selection to operate as conceived by Darwin: heritability, variation of type, and competition for limited resources. Fitness of an RNA replicator (its per capita rate of increase) would likely be a function of adaptive capacities that were intrinsic (in the sense that they were determined by the nucleotide sequence) and the availability of resources. The three primary adaptive capacities may have been (1) the capacity to replicate with moderate fidelity (giving rise to both heritability and variation of type); (2) the capacity to avoid decay; and (3) the capacity to acquire and process resources. These capacities would have been determined initially by the folded configurations of the RNA replicators (see “Ribozyme”) that, in turn, would be encoded in their individual nucleotide sequences. Competitive success among different replicators would have depended on the relative values of these adaptive capacities.
生命被认为是在早期的 RNA 世界中出现的，当时 RNA 链开始表达达尔文所构想的自然选择运作的基本条件: 遗传性、类型变异和对有限资源的竞争。Rna 复制因子的适合度(其人均增长率)可能是适应能力的函数，这种适应能力是内在的(在某种意义上说，它们是由核苷酸序列决定的)和资源的可用性。三种主要的适应能力可能是: (1)具有中等保真度的复制能力(同时产生遗传力和类型变异) ; (2)避免衰变的能力; (3)获取和处理资源的能力。这些能力最初是由 RNA 复制器(见“核酶”)的折叠结构决定的，而这些结构又反过来编码在各自的核苷酸序列中。不同复制因子之间的竞争成功将取决于这些适应能力的相对价值。
Regarding [[causality]] in evolution [[Peter Corning]] observes:
Regarding causality in evolution Peter Corning observes:
关于进化中的因果关系，Peter Corning 观察到:
<blockquote>Synergistic effects of various kinds have played a major causal role in the evolutionary process generally and in the evolution of cooperation and complexity in particular... Natural selection is often portrayed as a “mechanism”, or is personified as a causal agency... In reality, the differential “selection” of a trait, or an adaptation, is a consequence of the functional effects it produces in relation to the survival and reproductive success of a given organism in a given environment. It is these functional effects that are ultimately responsible for the trans-generational continuities and changes in nature.{{nowrap|{{Harv|Corning|2002}}}}</blockquote>
<blockquote>Synergistic effects of various kinds have played a major causal role in the evolutionary process generally and in the evolution of cooperation and complexity in particular... Natural selection is often portrayed as a “mechanism”, or is personified as a causal agency... In reality, the differential “selection” of a trait, or an adaptation, is a consequence of the functional effects it produces in relation to the survival and reproductive success of a given organism in a given environment. It is these functional effects that are ultimately responsible for the trans-generational continuities and changes in nature.}}</blockquote>
一般来说，各种协同作用在进化过程中，特别是在合作和复杂性的进化中起着重要的因果作用... ... 自然选择通常被描述为一种“机制” ，或者被人格化为一种因果机制... ..。实际上，对某一特性或适应性的差异性”选择”是它对特定生物体在特定环境中的生存和繁殖成功所产生的功能性影响的结果。正是这些功能性影响最终导致了跨代连续性和自然界的变化。[} / blockquote
Per his [[#CorningDefn|definition of emergence]], Corning also addresses emergence and evolution:
Per his definition of emergence, Corning also addresses emergence and evolution:
根据康宁对“涌现”的定义，他还提到了“涌现”和“进化” :
<blockquote>[In] evolutionary processes, causation is iterative; effects are also causes. And this is equally true of the synergistic effects produced by emergent systems. In other words, emergence itself... has been the underlying cause of the evolution of emergent phenomena in biological evolution; it is the synergies produced by organized systems that are the key.{{nowrap|{{Harv|Corning|2002}}}}</blockquote>
<blockquote>[In] evolutionary processes, causation is iterative; effects are also causes. And this is equally true of the synergistic effects produced by emergent systems. In other words, emergence itself... has been the underlying cause of the evolution of emergent phenomena in biological evolution; it is the synergies produced by organized systems that are the key.}}</blockquote>
在进化过程中，因果关系是迭代的; 结果也是原因。这同样适用于由突发系统产生的协同效应。换句话说，涌现本身... ... 一直是生物进化中涌现现象进化的根本原因; 有组织的系统产生的协同作用才是关键。[} / blockquote
[[Swarming]] is a well-known behaviour in many animal species from [[marching locusts]] to [[Shoaling and schooling|schooling fish]] to [[Flocking (behaviour)|flocking birds]]. Emergent structures are a common strategy found in many animal groups: colonies of ants, mounds built by termites, swarms of bees, shoals/schools of fish, flocks of birds, and herds/packs of mammals.
Swarming is a well-known behaviour in many animal species from marching locusts to schooling fish to flocking birds. Emergent structures are a common strategy found in many animal groups: colonies of ants, mounds built by termites, swarms of bees, shoals/schools of fish, flocks of birds, and herds/packs of mammals.
群集在许多动物物种中是一种众所周知的行为，从蝗虫群集到鱼群，再到群集的鸟类。紧急结构是许多动物群体中常见的策略: 蚁群、白蚁筑成的蚁丘、蜜蜂群、浅滩 / 鱼群、鸟群和哺乳动物群落。
An example to consider in detail is an [[ant colony]]. The queen does not give direct orders and does not tell the ants what to do. Instead, each ant reacts to stimuli in the form of chemical scent from larvae, other ants, intruders, food and buildup of waste, and leaves behind a chemical trail, which, in turn, provides a stimulus to other ants. Here each ant is an autonomous unit that reacts depending only on its local environment and the genetically encoded rules for its variety of ant. Despite the lack of centralized decision making, ant colonies exhibit complex behavior and have even demonstrated the ability to solve geometric problems. For example, colonies routinely find the maximum distance from all colony entrances to dispose of dead bodies.<ref>Steven Johnson. 2001. [[Emergence: The Connected Lives of Ants, Brains, Cities, and Software]]</ref>
An example to consider in detail is an ant colony. The queen does not give direct orders and does not tell the ants what to do. Instead, each ant reacts to stimuli in the form of chemical scent from larvae, other ants, intruders, food and buildup of waste, and leaves behind a chemical trail, which, in turn, provides a stimulus to other ants. Here each ant is an autonomous unit that reacts depending only on its local environment and the genetically encoded rules for its variety of ant. Despite the lack of centralized decision making, ant colonies exhibit complex behavior and have even demonstrated the ability to solve geometric problems. For example, colonies routinely find the maximum distance from all colony entrances to dispose of dead bodies.
需要详细考虑的一个例子是蚁群。蚁后不会直接下达命令，也不会告诉蚂蚁该做什么。相反，每只蚂蚁对来自幼虫、其他蚂蚁、入侵者、食物和排泄物的化学气味的刺激作出反应，并留下化学痕迹，这反过来刺激其他蚂蚁。在这里，每只蚂蚁都是一个自主的单元，它们的反应仅仅取决于它们所处的局部环境和它们的蚂蚁品种的遗传编码规则。尽管缺乏集中决策，蚁群表现出复杂的行为，甚至证明了解决几何问题的能力。例如，蜂群通常会找到距离所有蜂群入口的最大距离来处理尸体。
It appears that environmental factors may play a role in influencing emergence. Research suggests induced emergence of the bee species [[Macrotera portalis]]. In this species, the bees emerge in a pattern consistent with rainfall. Specifically, the pattern of emergence is consistent with southwestern deserts' late summer rains and lack of activity in the spring.<ref name="Danforth2">{{cite journal|last1=Danforth|first1=Bryan|title=Female Foraging and Intranest Behavior of a Communal Bee, Perdita portalis (Hymenoptera: Andrenidae)|journal=Annals of the Entomological Society of America|date=1991|volume=84|issue=5|pages=537–48|doi= 10.1093/aesa/84.5.537}}</ref>
It appears that environmental factors may play a role in influencing emergence. Research suggests induced emergence of the bee species Macrotera portalis. In this species, the bees emerge in a pattern consistent with rainfall. Specifically, the pattern of emergence is consistent with southwestern deserts' late summer rains and lack of activity in the spring.
似乎环境因素可能在影响突现方面发挥作用。研究表明，大翅目(Macrotera portalis)蜜蜂可诱导出苗。在这个物种中，蜜蜂以与降雨量一致的模式出现。具体来说，沙漠羽化的模式与西南部沙漠夏末的降雨和春季缺乏活动的情况相一致。
====Organization of life====
====Organization of life====
生命的组织
A broader example of emergent properties in biology is viewed in the [[biological organisation]] of life, ranging from the [[subatomic]] level to the entire [[biosphere]]. For example, individual [[atom]]s can be combined to form [[molecule]]s such as [[polypeptide]] chains, which in turn [[Protein folding|fold]] and refold to form [[protein]]s, which in turn create even more complex structures. These proteins, assuming their functional status from their spatial conformation, interact together and with other molecules to achieve higher biological functions and eventually create an [[organism]]. Another example is how cascade [[phenotype]] reactions, as detailed in [[chaos theory]], arise from individual genes mutating respective positioning.<ref>[[Neil Campbell (scientist)|Campbell]], Neil A., and Jane B. Reece. ''Biology''. 6th ed. San Francisco: Benjamin Cummings, 2002.</ref> At the highest level, all the [[biocoenosis|biological communities]] in the world form the biosphere, where its human participants form societies, and the complex interactions of meta-social systems such as the stock market.
A broader example of emergent properties in biology is viewed in the biological organisation of life, ranging from the subatomic level to the entire biosphere. For example, individual atoms can be combined to form molecules such as polypeptide chains, which in turn fold and refold to form proteins, which in turn create even more complex structures. These proteins, assuming their functional status from their spatial conformation, interact together and with other molecules to achieve higher biological functions and eventually create an organism. Another example is how cascade phenotype reactions, as detailed in chaos theory, arise from individual genes mutating respective positioning. At the highest level, all the biological communities in the world form the biosphere, where its human participants form societies, and the complex interactions of meta-social systems such as the stock market.
从生命的生物组织，从亚原子水平到整个生物圈，我们可以看到生物突现特性的一个更广泛的例子。例如，单个原子可以结合形成多肽链之类的分子，多肽链反过来折叠再折叠形成蛋白质，而蛋白质又反过来形成更复杂的结构。这些蛋白质，从它们的空间构象中获得它们的功能状态，并与其他分子相互作用，实现更高的生物功能，最终创造出一个生物体。另一个例子是级联表型反应，正如混沌理论中详细描述的，如何产生于个体基因变异各自的位置。在最高层次上，世界上所有的生物群落形成了生物圈，其中的人类参与者形成了社会，并形成了诸如股票市场等元社会系统的复杂相互作用。
====Emergence of mind====
====Emergence of mind====
思想的出现
Among the considered phenomena in the evolutionary account of life, as a continuous history, marked by stages at which fundamentally new forms have appeared - the origin of sapiens intelligence.<ref>[https://global.britannica.com/science/emergence-science Emergence // Encyclopædia Britannica, 2017]</ref> The emergence of mind and its evolution is researched and considered as a separate phenomenon in a special system knowledge called [[noogenesis]].<ref>[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259390703_Eryomin_A.L._Noogenesis_and_Theory_of_Intellect._Krasnodar_2005.__356_p.__._.____.___2005.__356_ Eryomin A.L. '''Noogenesis and Theory of Intellect'''. Krasnodar, 2005. 356 pp.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141031233209/http://www.researchgate.net/publication/259390703_Eryomin_A.L._Noogenesis_and_Theory_of_Intellect._Krasnodar_2005.__356_p.__._.____.___2005.__356_ |date=2014-10-31 }}</ref>
Among the considered phenomena in the evolutionary account of life, as a continuous history, marked by stages at which fundamentally new forms have appeared - the origin of sapiens intelligence. The emergence of mind and its evolution is researched and considered as a separate phenomenon in a special system knowledge called noogenesis.
在生命进化论所考虑的现象中，智人智力的起源作为一个连续的历史，以出现基本的新形式的阶段为标志。心智的产生及其演化被认为是一个独立的现象，在一个特殊的系统知识称为人脑发生。
==In humanity==
==In humanity==
在人性中
===Spontaneous order===
===Spontaneous order===
自发秩序
{{see also|Spontaneous order|Self-organization}}
Groups of human beings, left free to each regulate themselves, tend to produce [[spontaneous order]], rather than the meaningless chaos often feared. This has been observed in society at least since [[Zhuang Zhou|Chuang Tzu]] in ancient China. Human beings are the basic elements of social systems, which perpetually interact and create, maintain, or untangle mutual social bonds. Social bonds in social systems are perpetually changing in the sense of the ongoing reconfiguration of their structure.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Social systems|last=Luhmann, N.|publisher=Stanford University Press|year=1995|isbn=|location=Stanford|pages=}}</ref> A classic [[traffic]] [[roundabout]] is also a good example, with cars moving in and out with such effective organization that some modern cities have begun replacing stoplights at problem intersections with traffic circles [http://www.terrain.org/articles/2/siegman.htm], and getting better results. [[Open-source software]] and [[Wiki]] projects form an even more compelling illustration.
Groups of human beings, left free to each regulate themselves, tend to produce spontaneous order, rather than the meaningless chaos often feared. This has been observed in society at least since Chuang Tzu in ancient China. Human beings are the basic elements of social systems, which perpetually interact and create, maintain, or untangle mutual social bonds. Social bonds in social systems are perpetually changing in the sense of the ongoing reconfiguration of their structure. A classic traffic roundabout is also a good example, with cars moving in and out with such effective organization that some modern cities have begun replacing stoplights at problem intersections with traffic circles [http://www.terrain.org/articles/2/siegman.htm], and getting better results. Open-source software and Wiki projects form an even more compelling illustration.
成群结队的人，任其自由自在地调节自己，往往会产生自发的秩序，而不是人们常常害怕的那种毫无意义的混乱。至少从中国古代庄子以来，这种现象就已经存在于社会中了。人类是社会系统的基本要素，社会系统不断地相互作用，创造、维持或理清相互之间的社会联系。社会系统中的社会纽带随着其结构的不断重构而不断变化。一个经典的环形交叉路口也是一个很好的例子，汽车进进出出的组织非常有效，以至于一些现代城市已经开始用环形交叉路口的红绿灯取代问题十字路口的红绿灯，并取得了更好的 http://www.terrain.org/articles/2/siegman.htm。开源软件和 Wiki 项目构成了一个更加引人注目的例子。
Emergent processes or behaviors can be seen in many other places, such as cities, [[cabal]] and [[market-dominant minority]] phenomena in economics, organizational phenomena in [[computer simulation]]s and [[cellular automata]]. Whenever there is a multitude of individuals interacting, an order emerges from disorder; a pattern, a decision, a structure, or a change in direction occurs.<ref>Miller, Peter. 2010. The Smart Swarm: How understanding flocks, schools, and colonies can make us better at communicating, decision making, and getting things done. New York: Avery.</ref>
Emergent processes or behaviors can be seen in many other places, such as cities, cabal and market-dominant minority phenomena in economics, organizational phenomena in computer simulations and cellular automata. Whenever there is a multitude of individuals interacting, an order emerges from disorder; a pattern, a decision, a structure, or a change in direction occurs.
涌现过程或行为可以在许多其他地方看到，如城市，阴谋和市场占主导地位的少数民族现象在经济学，组织现象在计算机模拟和元胞自动机。无论何时，只要有大量的个体相互作用，一种秩序就会从混乱中产生; 一种模式、一种决定、一种结构或方向的改变就会发生。
====Economics====
====Economics====
经济学
The [[stock market]] (or any market for that matter) is an example of emergence on a grand scale. As a whole it precisely regulates the relative security prices of companies across the world, yet it has no leader; when no [[Economic planning|central planning]] is in place, there is no one entity which controls the workings of the entire market. Agents, or investors, have knowledge of only a limited number of companies within their portfolio, and must follow the regulatory rules of the market and analyse the transactions individually or in large groupings. Trends and patterns emerge which are studied intensively by [[technical analysis|technical analysts]].{{Citation needed|date=August 2011}}.
The stock market (or any market for that matter) is an example of emergence on a grand scale. As a whole it precisely regulates the relative security prices of companies across the world, yet it has no leader; when no central planning is in place, there is no one entity which controls the workings of the entire market. Agents, or investors, have knowledge of only a limited number of companies within their portfolio, and must follow the regulatory rules of the market and analyse the transactions individually or in large groupings. Trends and patterns emerge which are studied intensively by technical analysts..
股票市场(或任何市场)就是一个大规模涌现的例子。作为一个整体，它精确地调节着世界各地公司的相对安全价格，然而它没有领导者; 当没有中央计划的时候，就没有一个实体控制着整个市场的运作。代理人或投资者在其投资组合中只了解有限数量的公司，必须遵守市场的监管规则，分别或大组分析交易。趋势和模式的出现是由技术分析师深入研究的。
====World Wide Web and the Internet====
====World Wide Web and the Internet====
万维网与互联网
The [[World Wide Web]] is a popular example of a decentralized system exhibiting emergent properties. There is no central organization rationing the number of links, yet the number of links pointing to each page follows a [[power law]] in which a few pages are linked to many times and most pages are seldom linked to. A related property of the network of links in the World Wide Web is that almost any pair of pages can be connected to each other through a relatively short chain of links. Although relatively well known now, this property was initially unexpected in an unregulated network. It is shared with many other types of networks called [[small-world network]]s. {{Harv|Barabasi, Jeong, & Albert|1999|pp=130–31}}
The World Wide Web is a popular example of a decentralized system exhibiting emergent properties. There is no central organization rationing the number of links, yet the number of links pointing to each page follows a power law in which a few pages are linked to many times and most pages are seldom linked to. A related property of the network of links in the World Wide Web is that almost any pair of pages can be connected to each other through a relatively short chain of links. Although relatively well known now, this property was initially unexpected in an unregulated network. It is shared with many other types of networks called small-world networks.
万维网是一个分散式系统的流行例子，显示了突现的特性。没有一个中心组织定量分配链接的数量，然而指向每个页面的链接数量遵循幂法则，在幂法则中，几个页面被多次链接，大多数页面很少被链接到。万维网链接网络的一个相关特性是，几乎任何一对网页都可以通过一个相对较短的链接链相互连接。虽然现在相对比较知名，但这个属性最初在不受管制的网络中是意想不到的。它与许多其他类型的网络共享，称为小世界网络。
Internet traffic can also exhibit some seemingly emergent properties. In the congestion control mechanism, [[Transmission Control Protocol|TCP]] flows can become globally synchronized at bottlenecks, simultaneously increasing and then decreasing throughput in coordination. Congestion, widely regarded as a nuisance, is possibly an emergent property of the spreading of bottlenecks across a network in high traffic flows which can be considered as a phase transition [see review of related research in {{Harv|Smith|2008|pp=1–31}}].
Internet traffic can also exhibit some seemingly emergent properties. In the congestion control mechanism, TCP flows can become globally synchronized at bottlenecks, simultaneously increasing and then decreasing throughput in coordination. Congestion, widely regarded as a nuisance, is possibly an emergent property of the spreading of bottlenecks across a network in high traffic flows which can be considered as a phase transition [see review of related research in ].
互联网流量也可以表现出一些看似突发的特性。在拥塞控制 / 服务机制中，TCP 流可以在瓶颈处实现全局同步，在协调中同时增加和减少吞吐量。拥塞，被广泛认为是一种滋扰，它可能是在高流量情况下瓶颈在网络中扩散的一种突发特性，可以被认为是一种相变[参见文献中的相关研究综述]。
Another important example of emergence in web-based systems is [[social bookmarking]] (also called collaborative tagging). In social bookmarking systems, users assign tags to resources shared with other users, which gives rise to a type of information organisation that emerges from this crowdsourcing process. Recent research which analyzes empirically the complex dynamics of such systems<ref name="TWEB-ref" >Valentin Robu, Harry Halpin, Hana Shepherd [http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1594173.1594176 Emergence of consensus and shared vocabularies in collaborative tagging systems], ACM Transactions on the Web (TWEB), Vol. 3(4), article 14, ACM Press, September 2009.</ref> has shown that consensus on stable distributions and a simple form of [[Folksonomy|shared vocabularies]] does indeed emerge, even in the absence of a central controlled vocabulary. Some believe that this could be because users who contribute tags all use the same language, and they share similar semantic structures underlying the choice of words. The convergence in social tags may therefore be interpreted as the emergence of structures as people who have similar semantic interpretation collaboratively index online information, a process called semantic imitation.<ref>{{Citation
Another important example of emergence in web-based systems is social bookmarking (also called collaborative tagging). In social bookmarking systems, users assign tags to resources shared with other users, which gives rise to a type of information organisation that emerges from this crowdsourcing process. Recent research which analyzes empirically the complex dynamics of such systems has shown that consensus on stable distributions and a simple form of shared vocabularies does indeed emerge, even in the absence of a central controlled vocabulary. Some believe that this could be because users who contribute tags all use the same language, and they share similar semantic structures underlying the choice of words. The convergence in social tags may therefore be interpreted as the emergence of structures as people who have similar semantic interpretation collaboratively index online information, a process called semantic imitation.<ref>{{Citation
在基于网络的系统中出现的另一个重要的例子是社会性书签分众分类法。在社会性书签系统中，用户将标签分配给与其他用户共享的资源，这就产生了一种从众包过程中产生的信息组织。最近的研究经验性地分析了这些系统的复动力学 / 功能，结果表明，即使在没有中央受控词表的情况下，关于稳定分布和一种简单的共享词汇的共识也确实出现了。一些人认为这可能是因为发布标签的用户都使用同一种语言，而且他们在选择词汇时共享相似的语义结构。因此，社交标签的趋同可以解释为具有相似语义解释的人协同索引在线信息的结构的出现，这一过程称为语义模仿。 参考文献{ Citation
| last = Fu | first = Wai-Tat
| last = Fu | first = Wai-Tat
| 最后一个符 | 第一个伟达
| title = A Semantic Imitation Model of Social Tagging
| title = A Semantic Imitation Model of Social Tagging
社会标签的语义模仿模型
| journal = Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Social Computing
| journal = Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Social Computing
美国电气和电子工程师协会会议论文集
| pages = 66–72
| pages = 66–72
第66-72页
| date = August 2009
| date = August 2009
2009年8月
| url = http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1633745
| url = http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1633745
Http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1633745
| doi = 10.1109/CSE.2009.382
| doi = 10.1109/CSE.2009.382
10.1109 / CSE. 2009
| last2 = Kannampallil
| last2 = Kannampallil
2 Kannampallil
| first2 = Thomas George
| first2 = Thomas George
第二名: 托马斯 · 乔治
| last3 = Kang
| last3 = Kang
3 Kang
| first3 = Ruogu
| first3 = Ruogu
| first3 Ruogu
| isbn = 978-1-4244-5334-4 }}</ref><ref>{{Citation
| isbn = 978-1-4244-5334-4 }}</ref><ref>{{Citation
978-1-4244-5334-4}
| last = Fu | first = Wai-Tat
| last = Fu | first = Wai-Tat
| 最后一个符 | 第一个伟达
| title = Semantic Imitation in Social Tagging
| title = Semantic Imitation in Social Tagging
社会标签中的语义模仿
| journal = ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction
| journal = ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction
计算机-人机交互学报
| year = 2010
| year = 2010
2010年
| doi = 10.1145/1806923.1806926
| doi = 10.1145/1806923.1806926
10.1145 / 1806923.1806926
| last2 = Kannampallil
| last2 = Kannampallil
2 Kannampallil
| first2 = Thomas
| first2 = Thomas
第二名: 托马斯
| last3 = Kang
| last3 = Kang
3 Kang
| first3 = Ruogu
| first3 = Ruogu
| first3 Ruogu
| last4 = He
| last4 = He
| 最后4他
| first4 = Jibo
| first4 = Jibo
| first4 Jibo
| volume = 17
| volume = 17
第17卷
| issue = 3
| issue = 3
第三期
| pages = 1–37 }}</ref>
| pages = 1–37 }}</ref>
| pages 1-37} / ref
====Architecture and cities====
====Architecture and cities====
建筑与城市
[[File:Bangkok skytrain sunset.jpg|thumb|right|300px| Traffic patterns in cities can be seen as an example of [[spontaneous order]]{{citation needed|date=January 2013}}]]
Traffic patterns in cities can be seen as an example of [[spontaneous order]]
城市的交通模式可以看作是[[自发秩序]]的一个例子
Emergent structures appear at many different [[integrative level|levels of organization]] or as [[spontaneous order]]. Emergent [[self-organization]] appears frequently in [[city|cities]] where no planning or zoning entity predetermines the layout of the city. {{Harv|Krugman|1996|pp=9–29}} The interdisciplinary study of emergent behaviors is not generally considered a [[wikt:Homogeneous|homogeneous]] field, but divided across its application or problem [[function domain|domains]].
Emergent structures appear at many different levels of organization or as spontaneous order. Emergent self-organization appears frequently in cities where no planning or zoning entity predetermines the layout of the city. The interdisciplinary study of emergent behaviors is not generally considered a homogeneous field, but divided across its application or problem domains.
突现结构在许多不同层次的组织或自发秩序中出现。在没有任何规划或分区实体预先决定城市布局的城市中，紧急自我组织频繁出现。突现行为的跨学科研究一般不被认为是一个单一的领域，而是跨越其应用或问题领域进行分割。
Architects may not design all the pathways of a complex of buildings. Instead they might let usage patterns emerge and then place pavement where pathways have become worn, such as a [[desire path]].
Architects may not design all the pathways of a complex of buildings. Instead they might let usage patterns emerge and then place pavement where pathways have become worn, such as a desire path.
建筑师可能不会设计一个建筑群的所有通道。相反，他们可能会让使用模式出现，然后在路径已经磨损的地方铺设人行道，比如欲望之路。
The on-course action and vehicle progression of the [[DARPA Grand Challenge#2007 Urban Challenge|2007 Urban Challenge]] could possibly be regarded as an example of [[cybernetic]] emergence. Patterns of road use, indeterministic obstacle clearance times, etc. will work together to form a complex emergent pattern that can not be deterministically planned in advance.
The on-course action and vehicle progression of the 2007 Urban Challenge could possibly be regarded as an example of cybernetic emergence. Patterns of road use, indeterministic obstacle clearance times, etc. will work together to form a complex emergent pattern that can not be deterministically planned in advance.
“2007年城市挑战”(2007 Urban Challenge)的行进方向和车辆进展，可能被视为控制论出现的一个例子。道路使用模式，不确定的障碍物清除时间等。将共同工作，形成一个复杂的紧急模式，不能事先确定计划。
The architectural school of [[Christopher Alexander]] takes a deeper approach to emergence, attempting to rewrite the process of urban growth itself in order to affect form, establishing a new methodology of planning and design tied to traditional practices, an [http://emergenturbanism.com/2009/03/23/the-journey-to-emergence/ Emergent Urbanism]. Urban emergence has also been linked to theories of urban complexity {{Harv|Batty|2005}} and urban evolution.{{Harv|Marshall|2009}}
The architectural school of Christopher Alexander takes a deeper approach to emergence, attempting to rewrite the process of urban growth itself in order to affect form, establishing a new methodology of planning and design tied to traditional practices, an [http://emergenturbanism.com/2009/03/23/the-journey-to-emergence/ Emergent Urbanism]. Urban emergence has also been linked to theories of urban complexity and urban evolution.
克里斯托佛·亚历山大的建筑学派对涌现采取了更深入的方法，试图重写城市发展本身的过程，以影响形式，建立一个与传统实践相联系的规划和设计的新方法论，一个[ http://emergenturbanism.com/2009/03/23/The-journey-to-emergence/ 涌现的城市主义]。城市的涌现也与城市复杂性和城市演化的理论联系在一起。
Building ecology is a conceptual framework for understanding architecture and the built environment as the interface between the dynamically interdependent elements of buildings, their occupants, and the larger environment. Rather than viewing buildings as inanimate or static objects, building ecologist Hal Levin views them as interfaces or intersecting domains of living and non-living systems.<ref name="microbe.net">{{cite web |url=http://www.microbe.net/fact-sheet-building-ecology/ |title=Fact Sheet: Building Ecology |accessdate=2011-08-04 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120203182235/http://www.microbe.net/fact-sheet-building-ecology/ |archivedate=2012-02-03 |date=2011-05-26 }}</ref> The microbial ecology of the indoor environment is strongly dependent on the building materials, occupants, contents, environmental context and the indoor and outdoor climate. The strong relationship between atmospheric chemistry and indoor air quality and the chemical reactions occurring indoors. The chemicals may be nutrients, neutral or biocides for the microbial organisms. The microbes produce chemicals that affect the building materials and occupant health and well being. Humans manipulate the ventilation, temperature and humidity to achieve comfort with the concomitant effects on the microbes that populate and evolve.<ref name="microbe.net"/><ref>http://www.microbe.net {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723210118/http://www.microbe.net/ |date=2011-07-23 }}</ref><ref>http://buildingecology.com {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110808024931/http://www.buildingecology.com/ |date=2011-08-08 }}</ref>
Building ecology is a conceptual framework for understanding architecture and the built environment as the interface between the dynamically interdependent elements of buildings, their occupants, and the larger environment. Rather than viewing buildings as inanimate or static objects, building ecologist Hal Levin views them as interfaces or intersecting domains of living and non-living systems. The microbial ecology of the indoor environment is strongly dependent on the building materials, occupants, contents, environmental context and the indoor and outdoor climate. The strong relationship between atmospheric chemistry and indoor air quality and the chemical reactions occurring indoors. The chemicals may be nutrients, neutral or biocides for the microbial organisms. The microbes produce chemicals that affect the building materials and occupant health and well being. Humans manipulate the ventilation, temperature and humidity to achieve comfort with the concomitant effects on the microbes that populate and evolve.
建筑生态学是理解建筑和建筑环境之间动态相互依赖的建筑元素，它们的居住者和更大的环境之间的接口的概念框架。建筑生态学家哈尔 · 莱文将建筑物视为有生命和无生命系统的界面或交叉领域，而不是将其视为无生命或静态的物体。室内环境的微生物生态学强烈依赖于建筑材料、居住者、内容、环境背景和室内外气候。大气化学与室内空气质量及室内发生的化学反应密切相关。这些化学物质可能是微生物的营养物质、中性物质或生物杀灭剂。微生物产生的化学物质影响建筑材料和居住者的健康和幸福。人类操纵通风，温度和湿度，以实现舒适与随之而来的影响，对微生物的居住和进化。
Eric Bonabeau's attempt to define emergent phenomena is through traffic: "traffic jams are actually very complicated and mysterious. On an individual level, each driver is trying to get somewhere and is following (or breaking) certain rules, some legal (the speed limit) and others societal or personal (slow down to let another driver change into your lane). But a traffic jam is a separate and distinct entity that emerges from those individual behaviors. [[Gridlock]] on a highway, for example, can travel backward for no apparent reason, even as the cars are moving forward." He has also likened emergent phenomena to the analysis of market trends and employee behavior.<ref>Bonabeau E. Predicting the Unpredictable. Harvard Business Review [serial online]. March 2002. 80(3):109–16. Available from: Business Source Complete, Ipswich, MA. Accessed February 1, 2012.</ref>
Eric Bonabeau's attempt to define emergent phenomena is through traffic: "traffic jams are actually very complicated and mysterious. On an individual level, each driver is trying to get somewhere and is following (or breaking) certain rules, some legal (the speed limit) and others societal or personal (slow down to let another driver change into your lane). But a traffic jam is a separate and distinct entity that emerges from those individual behaviors. Gridlock on a highway, for example, can travel backward for no apparent reason, even as the cars are moving forward." He has also likened emergent phenomena to the analysis of market trends and employee behavior.
Eric Bonabeau 试图通过交通来定义突发现象: “交通堵塞实际上是非常复杂和神秘的。在个人层面上，每个司机都试图到达某个地方，并遵守(或打破)某些规则，一些是合法的(限速) ，另一些是社会的或个人的(减速让另一个司机进入你的车道)。但是，交通堵塞是一个独立的、不同的实体，从这些个人行为中浮现出来。例如，高速公路上的交通堵塞可能无缘无故地向后延伸，即使车辆在向前行驶。”他还把突发现象比作对市场趋势和员工行为的分析。
Computational emergent phenomena have also been utilized in architectural design processes, for example for formal explorations and experiments in digital materiality.<ref>Roudavski, Stanislav and Gwyllim Jahn (2012). 'Emergent Materiality though an Embedded Multi-Agent System', in 15th Generative Art Conference, ed. by Celestino Soddu (Lucca, Italy: Domus Argenia), pp. 348–63
Computational emergent phenomena have also been utilized in architectural design processes, for example for formal explorations and experiments in digital materiality.<ref>Roudavski, Stanislav and Gwyllim Jahn (2012). 'Emergent Materiality though an Embedded Multi-Agent System', in 15th Generative Art Conference, ed. by Celestino Soddu (Lucca, Italy: Domus Argenia), pp. 348–63
计算涌现现象也被用于建筑设计过程中，例如在数字物质性的形式化探索和实验。 裁判罗达夫斯基，斯坦尼斯拉夫和 Gwyllim Jahn (2012)。在第15届生成艺术会议上，《通过嵌入式多智能体系统实现非凡的物质性》出版。by Celestino Soddu (Lucca, Italy: Domus Argenia), pp.348–63
{{cite journal |url=https://www.academia.edu/2368574 |title=Emergent Materiality though an Embedded Multi-Agent System |accessdate=2017-11-01 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150523233743/http://www.academia.edu/2368574/Emergent_Materiality_though_an_Embedded_Multi-Agent_System |archivedate=2015-05-23 |last1=Roudavski |first1=Stanislav }}
</ref>
</ref>
/ 参考
===Computer AI===
===Computer AI===
电脑人工智能
Some artificially intelligent (AI) computer applications utilize emergent behavior for animation. One example is [[Boids]], which mimics the [[swarming behavior]] of birds.
Some artificially intelligent (AI) computer applications utilize emergent behavior for animation. One example is Boids, which mimics the swarming behavior of birds.
一些人工智能(AI)计算机应用程序利用突发行为进行动画。一个例子是 Boids，它模仿鸟类的群集行为。
===Language===
===Language===
语言
It has been argued that the structure and regularity of [[language]] [[grammar]], or at least [[language change]], is an emergent phenomenon {{Harv|Hopper|1998}}. While each speaker merely tries to reach his or her own communicative goals, he or she uses language in a particular way. If enough speakers behave in that way, language is changed {{Harv|Keller|1994}}. In a wider sense, the norms of a language, i.e. the linguistic conventions of its speech society, can be seen as a system emerging from long-time participation in communicative problem-solving in various social circumstances {{Harv|Määttä|2000}}.
It has been argued that the structure and regularity of language grammar, or at least language change, is an emergent phenomenon . While each speaker merely tries to reach his or her own communicative goals, he or she uses language in a particular way. If enough speakers behave in that way, language is changed . In a wider sense, the norms of a language, i.e. the linguistic conventions of its speech society, can be seen as a system emerging from long-time participation in communicative problem-solving in various social circumstances .
语言语法的结构和规律，或者至少是语言变化，是一种突现现象。虽然每个说话者只是试图达到他或她自己的交际目的，但他或她使用语言的方式是特定的。如果有足够多的说话者以这种方式行事，语言就会改变。在更广泛的意义上，一种语言的规范，即。语言社会的语言习惯，可以看作是在各种社会环境下长期参与交际问题解决的一个系统。
===Emergent change processes===
===Emergent change processes===
突发的变化过程
Within the field of group facilitation and organization development, there have been a number of new group processes that are designed to maximize emergence and self-organization, by offering a minimal set of effective initial conditions. Examples of these processes include [[SEED-SCALE]], [[appreciative inquiry]], Future Search, the world cafe or [[knowledge cafe]], [[Open Space Technology]], and others (Holman, 2010<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Holman|first=Peggy|date=December 2010 – January 2011|title=Engaging Emergence: Turning Upheaval into Opportunity|url=http://peggyholman.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/211001pkSystems-Thinkerarticle.pdf|journal=Pegasus Communication: The Systems Thinker|volume=21|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130418075443/http://peggyholman.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/211001pkSystems-Thinkerarticle.pdf|archivedate=2013-04-18}}</ref>).
Within the field of group facilitation and organization development, there have been a number of new group processes that are designed to maximize emergence and self-organization, by offering a minimal set of effective initial conditions. Examples of these processes include SEED-SCALE, appreciative inquiry, Future Search, the world cafe or knowledge cafe, Open Space Technology, and others (Holman, 2010).
在团队促进和组织发展领域，已经出现了一些新的团队过程，旨在通过提供最小的有效初始条件，最大限度地扩大涌现和自我组织。这些过程的例子包括 SEED-SCALE、赏识调查、未来搜索、世界咖啡馆或知识咖啡馆、开放空间技术等(Holman，2010)。
== See also ==
== See also ==
参见
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* {{annotated link|Abstraction}}
* {{annotated link|Abiogenesis}}
* {{annotated link|Agent-based model}}
* {{annotated link|Anthropic principle}}
* {{annotated link|Big History}}
* {{annotated link|Connectionism}}
* {{annotated link|Consilience}}
* {{annotated link|Constructal law}}
* {{annotated link|Dynamical system}}
* {{annotated link|Deus ex machina}}
* {{annotated link|Dual-phase evolution}}
* {{annotated link|Emergenesis}}
* {{annotated link|Emergent algorithm}}
* {{annotated link|Emergent evolution}}
* {{annotated link|Emergent gameplay}}
* {{annotated link|Emergent organization}}
* {{annotated link|Emergentism}}
* {{annotated link|Epiphenomenon}}
* {{annotated link|Externality}}
* {{annotated link|Free will}}
* {{annotated link|Generative science}}
* {{annotated link|Innovation butterfly}}
* {{annotated link|Irreducible complexity}}
* {{annotated link|Langton's ant}}
* {{annotated link|Law of Complexity-Consciousness}}
* {{annotated link|Libertarianism (metaphysics)}}
* {{annotated link|Mass action (sociology)}}
* {{annotated link|Neural network}}
* {{annotated link|Noogenesis}}
* {{annotated link|G. E. Moore#Organic wholes|Organic Wholes of G.E. Moore}}
* {{annotated link|Polytely}}
* {{annotated link|Society of Mind}}
* {{annotated link|Structuralism}}
* {{annotated link|Superorganism}}
* {{annotated link|Supervenience}}
* {{annotated link|Swarm intelligence}}
* {{annotated link|System of systems}}
* {{annotated link|Teleology}}
* {{annotated link|Spontaneous order}}
* {{annotated link|Synergetics (Fuller)}}
* {{annotated link|Synergetics (Haken)}}
}}
}}
}}
==References==
==References==
参考资料
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{通货再膨胀 | 30em | 参考文献
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裁判姓名黄
{{cite journal |author1=O'Connor, Timothy |author2=Wong, Hong Yu |title=Emergent Properties|encyclopedia=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2012 Edition) |editor1=Edward N. Zalta |url=http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2012/entries/properties-emergent/ |date=February 28, 2012}}
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/ 参考
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===Bibliography===
===Bibliography===
参考书目
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==Further reading==
==Further reading==
进一步阅读
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{{refbegin}}
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* Chalmers, David J. (2002). "Strong and Weak Emergence" http://consc.net/papers/emergence.pdf Republished in P. Clayton and P. Davies, eds. (2006) ''The Re-Emergence of Emergence''. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
* [[Philip Clayton]] & [[Paul Davies]] (eds.) (2006). ''The Re-Emergence of Emergence: The Emergentist Hypothesis from Science to Religion'' Oxford: Oxford University Press.
* Corning, Peter A. (2005). "Holistic Darwinism: Synergy, Cybernetics and the Bioeconomics of Evolution." Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
* Felipe Cucker and [[Stephen Smale]] (2007), The Japanese Journal of Mathematics, [http://ttic.uchicago.edu/~smale/papers/math-of-emergence.pdf ''The Mathematics of Emergence'']
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* {{Citation | last = Laughlin | first=Robert | authorlink = Robert B. Laughlin | title = A Different Universe: Reinventing Physics from the Bottom Down | year = 2005 | publisher = Basic Books | isbn = 978-0-465-03828-2| title-link=A Different Universe: Reinventing Physics from the Bottom Down }}
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* {{Citation | last = Pearce | first=Michael J. | title = Art in the Age of Emergence. | year = 2015 | publisher = Cambridge Scholars Publishing | isbn = 978-1-443-87057-3 | quote = {{ISBN|1-443-87057-9}}}}
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* Solé, Ricard and Goodwin, Brian (2000) Signs of life: how complexity pervades biology, Basic Books, New York
* Jakub Tkac & [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Jiri_Kroc Jiri Kroc] (2017), Cellular Automaton Simulation of Dynamic Recrystallization: Introduction into Self-Organization and Emergence (Software) [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/316989956_Cellular_Automaton_Simulation_of_Dynamic_Recrystallization_Introduction_into_Self-Organization_and_Emergence?ev=prf_high] [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/317013011_Self-Organization_Video_Sequence_Depicting_Numerical_Experiments_with_Cellular_Automaton_Model_of_Dynamic_Recrystallization_with_source-code_link "Video - Simulation of DRX"]
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* {{Citation | last = Young | first=Louise B. | title = The Unfinished Universe | year = 2002 | isbn = 978-0-19-508039-1}}
{{div col end}}
{{refend}}
==External links==
==External links==
外部链接
{{commons|Emergence}}
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* {{cite IEP |url-id=emergenc}}
* {{cite SEP |url-id=properties-emergent |title=Emergent Properties}}
* {{PhilPapers|category|emergence}}
* {{InPho|taxonomy|2216}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20190321161246/http://www.emergentuniverse.org/ The Emergent Universe]: An interactive introduction to emergent phenomena, from ant colonies to Alzheimer's.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20021205100114/http://llk.media.mit.edu/projects/emergence/ Exploring Emergence]: An introduction to emergence using [[Cellular automaton|CA]] and [[Conway's Game of Life]] from the [[MIT Media Lab]]
* [http://isce.edu/ ISCE group]: Institute for the Study of Coherence and Emergence.
* [http://neocybernetics.com/lecture3/ Towards modeling of emergence]: lecture slides from Helsinki University of Technology
* [http://biomimetic-architecture.com Biomimetic Architecture – Emergence applied to building and construction]
* [http://studiesinemergentorder.org Studies in Emergent Order]: Studies in Emergent Order (SIEO) is an open-access journal
* [http://consc.net/papers/granada.html Emergence]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=16W7c0mb-rE Emergence – How Stupid Things Become Smart Together] – [[YouTube]] video by [[Kurzgesagt – In a Nutshell]]
* [https://www.d-iep.org/diep DIEP]: Dutch Institute for Emergent Phenomena
{{div col end}}
{{Cybernetics}}
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