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| − | [[File:Index of economic complexity - Iran.svg|thumb|Economic complexity index for [[Iran]] (1964–2014)]] | + | [[File:Index of economic complexity - Iran.svg|thumb|经济复杂性指数[[伊朗(1964-2014)]] |
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| − | Economic complexity index for [[Iran (1964–2014)]]
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| − | 经济复杂性指数[[伊朗(1964-2014)]
| + | == 背景 == |
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| − | == Background 背景== | + | 经济复杂性指数是由麻省理工学院媒体实验室的'''凯撒·伊达尔戈César A. Hidalgo'''和哈佛大学肯尼迪政府学院的'''里卡多·豪斯曼 Ricardo Hausmann''' 共同开发的。César Hidalgo 是麻省理工学院媒体实验室的科学家，也是'''集体学习研究组 Collective Learning Group''' 的负责人。2008-2010年于哈佛大学国际发展中心从事博士后研究工作，期间，Hidalgo和他的同事Ricardo Hausmann合作发表了一系列论文，探讨如何利用经济复杂性去刻画一个国家和地区的经济水平与生产能力。并在 2009 年发表的论文 The building blocks of economic complexity 中提出了'''经济复杂性指数 Economic Complexity Index，ECI'''。经济复杂性指数的数据可在经济复杂性观测站获得。其原始公式于2009年发表在美国国家科学院院刊上。<ref>{{cite journal | title= The Building Blocks of Economic Complexity | author= Cesar A. Hidalgo, Ricardo Hausmann | journal= Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences | publisher=PNAS | year=2009| volume= 106 | issue= 26 | pages= 10570–10575 | doi= 10.1073/pnas.0900943106 | pmid= 19549871 | pmc= 2705545 | arxiv= 0909.3890 | bibcode= 2009PNAS..10610570H }}</ref> |
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| − | The ECI was developed by [[César Hidalgo]], from the MIT Media Lab and [[Ricardo Hausmann]], from Harvard University's Kennedy School of Government. ECI data is available in [[The Observatory of Economic Complexity]]. The original formulation of the Economic Complexity Index was published in PNAS in 2009.<ref>{{cite journal | title= The Building Blocks of Economic Complexity | author= Cesar A. Hidalgo, Ricardo Hausmann | journal= Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences | publisher=PNAS | year=2009| volume= 106 | issue= 26 | pages= 10570–10575 | doi= 10.1073/pnas.0900943106 | pmid= 19549871 | pmc= 2705545 | arxiv= 0909.3890 | bibcode= 2009PNAS..10610570H }}</ref>
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| − | The ECI was developed by César Hidalgo, from the MIT Media Lab and Ricardo Hausmann, from Harvard University's Kennedy School of Government. ECI data is available in The Observatory of Economic Complexity. The original formulation of the Economic Complexity Index was published in PNAS in 2009.
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| | + | == 基础 == |
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| − | 经济复杂性指数是由麻省理工学院媒体实验室的'''凯撒·伊达尔戈César A. Hidalgo'''和哈佛大学肯尼迪政府学院的'''里卡多·豪斯曼 Ricardo Hausmann''' 共同开发的。César Hidalgo 是麻省理工学院媒体实验室的科学家，也是'''集体学习研究组 Collective Learning Group''' 的负责人。2008-2010年于哈佛大学国际发展中心从事博士后研究工作，期间，Hidalgo和他的同事Ricardo Hausmann合作发表了一系列论文，探讨如何利用经济复杂性去刻画一个国家和地区的经济水平与生产能力。并在 2009 年发表的论文 The building blocks of economic complexity 中提出了'''经济复杂性指数 Economic Complexity Index，ECI'''。经济复杂性指数的数据可在经济复杂性观测站获得。其原始公式于2009年发表在美国国家科学院院刊上。
| + | 在其严格的数学定义中，经济复杂性指数是连接国家与国家之间的矩阵的特征向量来定义的，是连接国家与其出口产品的矩阵投影。由于经济复杂性指数涉及到国家的多样性和产品的普遍性的相关信息，因此它能够得出一种衡量经济复杂性的方法，其中包含了一个国家出口的多样性和其复杂性的信息。例如，经济复杂性指数较高的日本或德国出口的许多商品普遍性较低，且这些产品是由高度多样化的国家生产的，这表明这些国家是多样化且复杂的经济体。 |
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| − | == Formulation 基础 ==
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| − | In its strict mathematical definition, the ECI is defined in terms of an [[eigenvector]] of a [[Matrix (mathematics)|matrix]] connecting countries to countries, which is a projection of the matrix connecting countries to the products they export. Since the ECI considers information on the diversity of countries and the ubiquity of products, it is able to produce a measure of economic complexity containing information about both the diversity of a country's export and their sophistication. For example, Japan or Germany, with high ECIs, export many goods that are of low ubiquity and that are produced by highly diversified countries, indicating that these are diverse and sophisticated economies. Countries with low ECI, like Angola or Zambia, export only a few products, which are of relatively high ubiquity and which are exported by countries that are not necessarily very diversified, indicating that these are countries that have little diversity and that the products that they export are not very sophisticated.
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| − | In its strict mathematical definition, the ECI is defined in terms of an eigenvector of a matrix connecting countries to countries, which is a projection of the matrix connecting countries to the products they export. Since the ECI considers information on the diversity of countries and the ubiquity of products, it is able to produce a measure of economic complexity containing information about both the diversity of a country's export and their sophistication. For example, Japan or Germany, with high ECIs, export many goods that are of low ubiquity and that are produced by highly diversified countries, indicating that these are diverse and sophisticated economies. Countries with low ECI, like Angola or Zambia, export only a few products, which are of relatively high ubiquity and which are exported by countries that are not necessarily very diversified, indicating that these are countries that have little diversity and that the products that they export are not very sophisticated.
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| − | 在其严格的数学定义中，经济复杂性指数是连接国家与国家之间的矩阵的特征向量来定义的，是连接国家与其出口产品的矩阵投影。
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| − | 由于经济复杂性指数涉及到国家的多样性和产品的普遍性的相关信息，因此它能够得出一种衡量经济复杂性的方法，其中包含了一个国家出口的多样性和其复杂性的信息。
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| − | 例如，经济复杂性指数较高的日本或德国出口的许多商品普遍性较低，且这些产品是由高度多样化的国家生产的，这表明这些国家是多样化且复杂的经济体。
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| | 而经济复杂性指数较低的国家，如安哥拉和赞比亚，仅出口少数产品，这些产品的普遍性相对较高，而生产的国家则普遍低多样化，这表明这些国家几乎不存在多样性，其出口的产品也不是很复杂。 | | 而经济复杂性指数较低的国家，如安哥拉和赞比亚，仅出口少数产品，这些产品的普遍性相对较高，而生产的国家则普遍低多样化，这表明这些国家几乎不存在多样性，其出口的产品也不是很复杂。 |
| − | --[[用户:趣木木|趣木木]]（[[用户讨论:趣木木|讨论]]）最后一句进行了意译
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| − | --[[用户:小头盔|小头盔]]（[[用户讨论:小头盔|讨论]]）最后一句进行改动，主要体现 relatively high 和little的含义
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| − | --[[用户:趣木木|趣木木]]（[[用户讨论:趣木木|讨论]]）我当时想着和上一句进行一下格式的统一 下次注意一下这些程度副词
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| − | == Utility应用 ==
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| − | Hidalgo and Hausmann propose the concept of ECI not only as a descriptive measure, but also as a predictive tool for [[economic growth]] and [[income inequality]]. According to the statistics models presented in their [[The Atlas of Economic Complexity|Atlas of Economic Complexity]] (2011),<ref>{{cite web |url= http://atlas.media.mit.edu/book/ |title= The Atlas of Economic Complexity |author= Ricardo Hausmann, Cesar Hidalgo |publisher= Puritan Press, Cambridge MA |accessdate= 26 April 2012 |display-authors= etal |url-status= dead |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20120518210853/http://atlas.media.mit.edu/book/ |archivedate= 18 May 2012 }}</ref> the ECI is a more accurate predictor of GDP per capita growth than traditional measures of governance, competitiveness (World Economic Forum's Global Competitiveness Index) and human capital (as measured in terms of educational attainment). ECI also shows a strong negative correlation with income inequality, suggesting that more knowledge intense productive structures are more inclusive in terms of income distribution, and providing a statistically more powerful explanation of cross-national variations in income inequality than [[Kuznets Curve]].<ref>{{citation |author= Dominik Hartmann, Miguel Guevara, Cristian Jara-Figueroa, Manuel Aristaran, Cesar Hidalgo |title= Linking Economic Complexity, Institutions, and Income Inequality |journal= World Development |year=2018 |volume= 93 |pages= 75–93 |doi= 10.1016/j.worlddev.2016.12.020 |arxiv= 1505.07907 |url= https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0305750X15309876}}</ref>
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| − | Hidalgo and Hausmann propose the concept of ECI not only as a descriptive measure, but also as a predictive tool for economic growth and income inequality. According to the statistics models presented in their Atlas of Economic Complexity (2011), the ECI is a more accurate predictor of GDP per capita growth than traditional measures of governance, competitiveness (World Economic Forum's Global Competitiveness Index) and human capital (as measured in terms of educational attainment). ECI also shows a strong negative correlation with income inequality, suggesting that more knowledge intense productive structures are more inclusive in terms of income distribution, and providing a statistically more powerful explanation of cross-national variations in income inequality than Kuznets Curve.
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| − | 凯撒·伊达尔戈 César A. Hidalgo 和里卡多·豪斯曼 Ricardo Hausmann所提出的经济复杂性指数概念不仅是一种描述性指标，而且也是经济增长和收入不平等的预测工具。根据他们在《经济复杂性地图集》（2011）一书中提出的统计模型，与传统的治理、竞争力（世界经济论坛的全球竞争力指数）和人力资本（按教育程度衡量）指标相比，经济复杂性指数能够更准确地预测人均GDP增长。经济复杂性还显示出与收入不平等的强烈负相关性，表明知识密集型的生产结构在收入分配方面更具包容性，并对收入不平等的跨国差异提供了一个从统计上讲比库兹涅茨曲线更强有力的解释。 | + | == 应用 == |
| | + | 凯撒·伊达尔戈 César A. Hidalgo 和里卡多·豪斯曼 Ricardo Hausmann所提出的经济复杂性指数概念不仅是一种描述性指标，而且也是经济增长和收入不平等的预测工具。根据他们在《经济复杂性地图集》（2011）一书中提出的统计模型，<ref>{{cite web |url= http://atlas.media.mit.edu/book/ |title= The Atlas of Economic Complexity |author= Ricardo Hausmann, Cesar Hidalgo |publisher= Puritan Press, Cambridge MA |accessdate= 26 April 2012 |display-authors= etal |url-status= dead |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20120518210853/http://atlas.media.mit.edu/book/ |archivedate= 18 May 2012 }}</ref>与传统的治理、竞争力（世界经济论坛的全球竞争力指数）和人力资本（按教育程度衡量）指标相比，经济复杂性指数能够更准确地预测人均GDP增长。经济复杂性还显示出与收入不平等的强烈负相关性，表明知识密集型的生产结构在收入分配方面更具包容性，并对收入不平等的跨国差异提供了一个从统计上讲比库兹涅茨曲线更强有力的解释。<ref>{{citation |author= Dominik Hartmann, Miguel Guevara, Cristian Jara-Figueroa, Manuel Aristaran, Cesar Hidalgo |title= Linking Economic Complexity, Institutions, and Income Inequality |journal= World Development |year=2018 |volume= 93 |pages= 75–93 |doi= 10.1016/j.worlddev.2016.12.020 |arxiv= 1505.07907 |url= https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0305750X15309876}}</ref> |
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| − | --[[用户:小头盔|小头盔]]（[[用户讨论:小头盔|讨论]]） 第二句中提到的著作为一本书，未引进，所以采用了网上已经出现过的译名；后面那半句，原译文对句子结构理解错误，ECI is a more accurate predictor than traditional measures of A, B, and C.注意measures为复数。最后一句中的statistically从结构上讲修饰powerful，所以我的理解是“从统计上讲更有力”，而非“统计学解释”。
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| − | == See also == | + | == 参见 == |
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| | * [[复杂科学]] | | * [[复杂科学]] |
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| − | * [[Econophysics]]金融物理学 | + | * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Econophysics Econophysics] |
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| − | * [[List of countries by economic complexity]]按经济复杂度列出的国家名单 | + | * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_economic_complexity 多国经济复杂度列表] |
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