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A '''complex adaptive system''' is a system in which a perfect understanding of the individual parts does not automatically convey a perfect understanding of the whole system's behavior.<ref name="Miller, John H., and Scott E. Page">{{Cite book|title=Complex adaptive systems : an introduction to computational models of social life|last=Miller, John H., and Scott E. Page|date=2007-01-01|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=9781400835522|location=|pages=|oclc=760073369}}</ref> In complex adaptive systems, the whole is more complex than its parts,<ref>Holland, J. H. (1998). Emergence: From chaos to order. Reading, MA: Helix Books.</ref> and more complicated and meaningful than the aggregate of its parts. The study of complex adaptive systems, a subset of [[nonlinear dynamical system]]s,<ref name="Lansing 2003 pp. 183–204">{{cite journal | last=Lansing | first=J. Stephen | title=Complex Adaptive Systems | journal=Annual Review of Anthropology | publisher=Annual Reviews | volume=32 | issue=1 | year=2003 | issn=0084-6570 | doi=10.1146/annurev.anthro.32.061002.093440 | pages=183–204}}</ref> is highly interdisciplinary and blends insights from the natural and social sciences to develop system-level models and insights that allow for [[heterogeneous agents]], [[phase transition]], and [[emergent behavior]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.slate.com/articles/technology/bitwise/2016/01/a_crude_look_at_the_whole_looks_at_complexity_theory_which_wants_to_understand.html|title=The Theory of Everything and Then Some|last=Auerbach|first=David|date=2016-01-19|work=Slate|access-date=2017-03-07|language=en-US|issn=1091-2339}}</ref>  

A '''complex adaptive system''' is a system in which a perfect understanding of the individual parts does not automatically convey a perfect understanding of the whole system's behavior.<ref name="Miller, John H., and Scott E. Page">{{Cite book|title=Complex adaptive systems : an introduction to computational models of social life|last=Miller, John H., and Scott E. Page|date=2007-01-01|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=9781400835522|location=|pages=|oclc=760073369}}</ref> In complex adaptive systems, the whole is more complex than its parts,<ref>Holland, J. H. (1998). Emergence: From chaos to order. Reading, MA: Helix Books.</ref> and more complicated and meaningful than the aggregate of its parts. The study of complex adaptive systems, a subset of [[nonlinear dynamical system]]s,<ref name="Lansing 2003 pp. 183–204">{{cite journal | last=Lansing | first=J. Stephen | title=Complex Adaptive Systems | journal=Annual Review of Anthropology | publisher=Annual Reviews | volume=32 | issue=1 | year=2003 | issn=0084-6570 | doi=10.1146/annurev.anthro.32.061002.093440 | pages=183–204}}</ref> is highly interdisciplinary and blends insights from the natural and social sciences to develop system-level models and insights that allow for [[heterogeneous agents]], [[phase transition]], and [[emergent behavior]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.slate.com/articles/technology/bitwise/2016/01/a_crude_look_at_the_whole_looks_at_complexity_theory_which_wants_to_understand.html|title=The Theory of Everything and Then Some|last=Auerbach|first=David|date=2016-01-19|work=Slate|access-date=2017-03-07|language=en-US|issn=1091-2339}}</ref>  

复杂适应性系统是一个系统，在这个系统中，对个别部分的完美理解并不能自动传达对整个系统行为的完美理解。在复杂适应系统中，整体比部分更复杂，比部分的集合更复杂、更有意义。复杂适应系统是非线性动力系统的一个子集，其研究是高度跨学科的，融合了自然科学和社会科学的见解，以开发系统级的模型和见解，允许异质的代理人，相变，和突现行为。

复杂适应性系统是一个系统，在这个系统中，对个别部分的完美理解并不能自动传达对整个系统行为的完美理解。在复杂适应系统中，整体比部分更复杂，比部分的集合更复杂、更有意义。复杂适应系统是非线性动力系统的一个子集，其研究是高度跨学科的，融合了自然科学和社会科学的见解，以开发系统级的模型和见解，允许异质的代理人，相变，和突现行为。

 

概览

概览

 

The term ''complex adaptive systems'', or ''[[complexity science]]'', is often used to describe the loosely organized academic field that has grown up around the study of such systems.  Complexity science is not a single theory&mdash;it encompasses more than one theoretical framework and is highly interdisciplinary, seeking the answers to some fundamental questions about [[life|living]], adaptable, changeable systems. Complex adaptive systems may adopt hard or softer approaches <ref>{{cite journal |last1=Yolles |first1=Maurice |title=The complexity continuum, Part 1: hard and soft theories |journal=Kybernetes |date=2018 |volume=48 |issue=6 |pages=1330–1354 |doi=10.1108/K-06-2018-0337}}</ref>. Hard theories use formal language that is precise, tend to see agents as having tangible properties, and usually see objects in a behavioral system that can be manipulated in some way. Softer theories use natural language and narratives that may be imprecise, and agents are subjects having both tangible and intangible properties. Examples of hard complexity theories include Complex Adaptive Systems (CAS) and [[Viability_theory|Viability Theory]], and a class of softer theory is [[Viable_system_theory|Viable System Theory]]. Many of the propositional consideration made in hard theory are also of relevance to softer theory. From here on, interest will now center on CAS.

The term ''complex adaptive systems'', or ''[[complexity science]]'', is often used to describe the loosely organized academic field that has grown up around the study of such systems.  Complexity science is not a single theory&mdash;it encompasses more than one theoretical framework and is highly interdisciplinary, seeking the answers to some fundamental questions about [[life|living]], adaptable, changeable systems. Complex adaptive systems may adopt hard or softer approaches <ref>{{cite journal |last1=Yolles |first1=Maurice |title=The complexity continuum, Part 1: hard and soft theories |journal=Kybernetes |date=2018 |volume=48 |issue=6 |pages=1330–1354 |doi=10.1108/K-06-2018-0337}}</ref>. Hard theories use formal language that is precise, tend to see agents as having tangible properties, and usually see objects in a behavioral system that can be manipulated in some way. Softer theories use natural language and narratives that may be imprecise, and agents are subjects having both tangible and intangible properties. Examples of hard complexity theories include Complex Adaptive Systems (CAS) and [[Viability_theory|Viability Theory]], and a class of softer theory is [[Viable_system_theory|Viable System Theory]]. Many of the propositional consideration made in hard theory are also of relevance to softer theory. From here on, interest will now center on CAS.

复杂适应系统这个术语，或者复杂性科学，经常被用来描述围绕这类系统研究而成长起来的松散组织的学术领域。复杂性科学不是一个单一的理论---- 它包含不止一个理论框架，并且是高度跨学科的，寻求一些关于活的、可适应的、可变的系统的基本问题的答案。复杂适应系统可能采用硬方法或软方法。硬理论使用精确的形式语言，倾向于认为代理人具有有形的属性，并且通常认为行为系统中的物体可以以某种方式被操纵。软理论使用自然语言和可能不精确的叙述，而代理人是同时具有有形和无形属性的主体。硬复杂性理论的例子包括复杂适应系统(CAS)和生存理论，一类较为软的理论是生存系统理论。硬理论中提出的许多命题考虑也与较软理论相关。从现在开始，人们的兴趣将集中在中科院。

复杂适应系统这个术语，或者复杂性科学，经常被用来描述围绕这类系统研究而成长起来的松散组织的学术领域。复杂性科学不是一个单一的理论---- 它包含不止一个理论框架，并且是高度跨学科的，寻求一些关于活的、可适应的、可变的系统的基本问题的答案。复杂适应系统可能采用硬方法或软方法。硬理论使用精确的形式语言，倾向于认为代理人具有有形的属性，并且通常认为行为系统中的物体可以以某种方式被操纵。软理论使用自然语言和可能不精确的叙述，而代理人是同时具有有形和无形属性的主体。硬复杂性理论的例子包括复杂适应系统(CAS)和生存理论，一类较为软的理论是生存系统理论。硬理论中提出的许多命题考虑也与较软理论相关。从现在开始，人们的兴趣将集中在中科院。

 

Cas 与纯多智能体系统的区别在于，它关注的是顶级属性和特征，比如自相似性、复杂性、出现性和自我组织。多智能体系统是由多个相互作用的智能体组成的系统，而在 CAS 系统中，智能体和系统是自适应的，系统是自相似的。Cas 是一个复杂的、自相似的、相互作用的自适应代理的总体。复杂适应系统具有高度的适应能力，使拥有属性在面对干扰时具有弹性。

Cas 与纯多智能体系统的区别在于，它关注的是顶级属性和特征，比如自相似性、复杂性、出现性和自我组织。多智能体系统是由多个相互作用的智能体组成的系统，而在 CAS 系统中，智能体和系统是自适应的，系统是自相似的。Cas 是一个复杂的、自相似的、相互作用的自适应代理的总体。复杂适应系统具有高度的适应能力，使拥有属性在面对干扰时具有弹性。

* The number of elements is sufficiently large that conventional descriptions (e.g. a system of [[differential equation]]s) are not only impractical, but cease to assist in understanding the system. Moreover, the elements interact dynamically, and the interactions can be physical or involve the exchange of information

* The number of elements is sufficiently large that conventional descriptions (e.g. a system of [[differential equation]]s) are not only impractical, but cease to assist in understanding the system. Moreover, the elements interact dynamically, and the interactions can be physical or involve the exchange of information

 

* Such interactions are rich, i.e. any element or sub-system in the system is affected by and affects several other elements or sub-systems

* Such interactions are rich, i.e. any element or sub-system in the system is affected by and affects several other elements or sub-systems