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'''Cybernetics''' is a [[transdisciplinary]]<ref name="transdisciplinary">{{cite journal |last = Müller |first = Albert |title = A Brief History of the BCL |journal = Österreichische Zeitschrift für Geschichtswissenschaften |year = 2000 |volume = 11 |issue = 1 |pages = 9–30 |url = http://bcl.ece.illinois.edu/mueller/index.htm }}</ref> approach for exploring regulatory [[systems]]—their [[structure]]s, constraints, and possibilities. [[Norbert Wiener]] defined cybernetics in 1948 as "the scientific study of control and communication in the animal and the machine".<ref name="W1948">{{cite book |last = Wiener |first = Norbert |author-link = Norbert Wiener |title = Cybernetics: Or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine |year = 1948 |publisher = [[MIT Press]] |location = [[Cambridge, Massachusetts]] |title-link = Cybernetics: Or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine }}</ref>  

'''Cybernetics''' is a [[transdisciplinary]]<ref name="transdisciplinary">{{cite journal |last = Müller |first = Albert |title = A Brief History of the BCL |journal = Österreichische Zeitschrift für Geschichtswissenschaften |year = 2000 |volume = 11 |issue = 1 |pages = 9–30 |url = http://bcl.ece.illinois.edu/mueller/index.htm }}</ref> approach for exploring regulatory [[systems]]—their [[structure]]s, constraints, and possibilities. [[Norbert Wiener]] defined cybernetics in 1948 as "the scientific study of control and communication in the animal and the machine".<ref name="W1948">{{cite book |last = Wiener |first = Norbert |author-link = Norbert Wiener |title = Cybernetics: Or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine |year = 1948 |publisher = [[MIT Press]] |location = [[Cambridge, Massachusetts]] |title-link = Cybernetics: Or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine }}</ref>  

'''控制论 Cybernetics'''是探索调节系统的跨学科研究<ref name="transdisciplinary">{{cite journal |last = Müller |first = Albert |title = A Brief History of the BCL |journal = Österreichische Zeitschrift für Geschichtswissenschaften |year = 2000 |volume = 11 |issue = 1 |pages = 9–30 |url = http://bcl.ece.illinois.edu/mueller/index.htm }}</ref>，用于研究控制系统的结构、局限和发展。'''诺伯特·维纳 Norbert Wiener'''在1948年将控制论定义为“对动物和机器中的控制与通信的科学研究。<ref name="W1948">{{cite book |last = Wiener |first = Norbert |author-link = Norbert Wiener |title = Cybernetics: Or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine |year = 1948 |publisher = [[MIT Press]] |location = [[Cambridge, Massachusetts]] |title-link = Cybernetics: Or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine }}</ref>  

'''控制论 Cybernetics'''是探索调节系统的跨学科研究<ref name="transdisciplinary">{{cite journal |last = Müller |first = Albert |title = A Brief History of the BCL |journal = Österreichische Zeitschrift für Geschichtswissenschaften |year = 2000 |volume = 11 |issue = 1 |pages = 9–30 |url = http://bcl.ece.illinois.edu/mueller/index.htm }}</ref>，用于研究控制系统的结构、局限和发展。'''诺伯特·维纳 Norbert Wiener'''在1948年将控制论定义为“对动物和机器中的控制与通信的科学研究。<ref name="W1948">{{cite book |last = Wiener |first = Norbert |author-link = Norbert Wiener |title = Cybernetics: Or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine |year = 1948 |publisher = [[MIT Press]] |location = [[Cambridge, Massachusetts]] |title-link = Cybernetics: Or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine }}</ref>。换句话说，这是关于人、动物和机器之间如何进行互相控制和通信的研究。

Cybernetics is applicable when a system being analyzed incorporates a closed signaling loop—originally referred to as a "circular causal" relationship—that is, where action by the system generates some change in its environment and that change is reflected in the system in some manner ([[feedback]]) that triggers a system change. Cybernetics is relevant to, for example, mechanical, physical, biological, cognitive, and [[social systems]]. The essential goal of the broad field of cybernetics is to understand and define the functions and processes of systems that have goals and that participate in circular, [[causality|causal chains]] that move from action to sensing to comparison with desired goal, and again to action. Its focus is how anything (digital, mechanical or biological) processes information, reacts to information, and changes or can be changed to better accomplish the first two tasks.<ref name="Kelly">{{cite book |last = Kelly |first = Kevin |title = Out of control: The new biology of machines, social systems and the economic world |publisher = Addison-Wesley |location = Boston |year = 1994 |pages =  |isbn = 978-0-201-48340-6 |oclc = 221860672 |url = https://archive.org/details/outofcontrolnewb00kell }}</ref> Cybernetics includes the study of [[feedback]], [[black box]]es and derived concepts such as [[communication]] and [[control theory|control]] in [[life|living organisms]], [[machine]]s and [[organization]]s including [[self-organization]].

Cybernetics is applicable when a system being analyzed incorporates a closed signaling loop—originally referred to as a "circular causal" relationship—that is, where action by the system generates some change in its environment and that change is reflected in the system in some manner ([[feedback]]) that triggers a system change. Cybernetics is relevant to, for example, mechanical, physical, biological, cognitive, and [[social systems]]. The essential goal of the broad field of cybernetics is to understand and define the functions and processes of systems that have goals and that participate in circular, [[causality|causal chains]] that move from action to sensing to comparison with desired goal, and again to action. Its focus is how anything (digital, mechanical or biological) processes information, reacts to information, and changes or can be changed to better accomplish the first two tasks.<ref name="Kelly">{{cite book |last = Kelly |first = Kevin |title = Out of control: The new biology of machines, social systems and the economic world |publisher = Addison-Wesley |location = Boston |year = 1994 |pages =  |isbn = 978-0-201-48340-6 |oclc = 221860672 |url = https://archive.org/details/outofcontrolnewb00kell }}</ref> Cybernetics includes the study of [[feedback]], [[black box]]es and derived concepts such as [[communication]] and [[control theory|control]] in [[life|living organisms]], [[machine]]s and [[organization]]s including [[self-organization]].

Concepts studied by [[cyberneticist]]s include, but are not limited to: [[learning]], [[cognition]], [[adaptation]], [[social control]], [[emergence]], [[Technological convergence|convergence]], [[communication]], [[Efficient energy use|efficiency]], [[efficacy]], and [[Interconnectivity|connectivity]]. In cybernetics these concepts (otherwise already objects of study in other disciplines such as [[biology]] and [[engineering]]) are abstracted from the context of the specific [[organism]] or [[machine|device]].

Concepts studied by [[cyberneticist]]s include, but are not limited to: [[learning]], [[cognition]], [[adaptation]], [[social control]], [[emergence]], [[Technological convergence|convergence]], [[communication]], [[Efficient energy use|efficiency]], [[efficacy]], and [[Interconnectivity|connectivity]]. In cybernetics these concepts (otherwise already objects of study in other disciplines such as [[biology]] and [[engineering]]) are abstracted from the context of the specific [[organism]] or [[machine|device]].

The word ''cybernetics'' comes from [[Ancient Greek|Greek]] κυβερνητική (''kybernētikḗ''), meaning "governance", i.e., all that are pertinent to κυβερνάω (''kybernáō''), the latter meaning "to steer, navigate or govern", hence κυβέρνησις (''kybérnēsis''), meaning "government", is the government while κυβερνήτης (''kybernḗtēs'') is the governor or "helmperson" of the "ship". Contemporary cybernetics began as an interdisciplinary study connecting the fields of [[control systems]], [[circuit theory|electrical network theory]], [[mechanical engineering]], [[logic modeling]], [[evolutionary biology]], [[neuroscience]], [[anthropology]], and [[psychology]] in the 1940s, often attributed to the [[Macy Conferences]]. During the second half of the 20th century cybernetics evolved in ways that distinguish first-order cybernetics (about observed systems) from [[second-order cybernetics]] (about observing systems).<ref name="HvF1981">Heinz von Foerster (1981), 'Observing Systems", Intersystems Publications, Seaside, CA.  {{OCLC|263576422}}</ref> More recently there is talk about a third-order cybernetics (doing in ways that embraces first and second-order).<ref name="3rd--order cybernetics">{{cite journal |last=Kenny|first=Vincent |title=There's Nothing Like the Real Thing". Revisiting the Need for a Third-Order Cybernetics |journal=Constructivist Foundations|date=15 March 2009|volume=4|issue=2|pages=100–111 |url = http://www.univie.ac.at/constructivism/journal/4/2/100.kenny |accessdate=6 June 2012}}</ref>

The word ''cybernetics'' comes from [[Ancient Greek|Greek]] κυβερνητική (''kybernētikḗ''), meaning "governance", i.e., all that are pertinent to κυβερνάω (''kybernáō''), the latter meaning "to steer, navigate or govern", hence κυβέρνησις (''kybérnēsis''), meaning "government", is the government while κυβερνήτης (''kybernḗtēs'') is the governor or "helmperson" of the "ship". Contemporary cybernetics began as an interdisciplinary study connecting the fields of [[control systems]], [[circuit theory|electrical network theory]], [[mechanical engineering]], [[logic modeling]], [[evolutionary biology]], [[neuroscience]], [[anthropology]], and [[psychology]] in the 1940s, often attributed to the [[Macy Conferences]]. During the second half of the 20th century cybernetics evolved in ways that distinguish first-order cybernetics (about observed systems) from [[second-order cybernetics]] (about observing systems).<ref name="HvF1981">Heinz von Foerster (1981), 'Observing Systems", Intersystems Publications, Seaside, CA.  {{OCLC|263576422}}</ref> More recently there is talk about a third-order cybernetics (doing in ways that embraces first and second-order).<ref name="3rd--order cybernetics">{{cite journal |last=Kenny|first=Vincent |title=There's Nothing Like the Real Thing". Revisiting the Need for a Third-Order Cybernetics |journal=Constructivist Foundations|date=15 March 2009|volume=4|issue=2|pages=100–111 |url = http://www.univie.ac.at/constructivism/journal/4/2/100.kenny |accessdate=6 June 2012}}</ref>

Studies in cybernetics provide a means for examining the design and function of any system, including social systems such as business management and organizational learning, including for the purpose of making them more [[efficiency|efficient]] and [[effective]]. Fields of study which have influenced or been influenced by cybernetics include [[game theory]], [[system theory]] (a mathematical counterpart to cybernetics), [[perceptual control theory]], [[sociology]], psychology (especially [[neuropsychology]], [[behavioral psychology]], [[cognitive psychology]]), [[philosophy]], [[architecture]], and [[organizational theory]].<ref>Tange, Kenzo (1966) "Function, Structure and Symbol".</ref> [[System dynamics]], originated with applications of [[electrical engineering]] [[control theory]] to other kinds of [[Simulation modeling|simulation model]]s (especially business systems) by [[Jay Forrester]] at [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]] in the 1950s, is a related field.

Studies in cybernetics provide a means for examining the design and function of any system, including social systems such as business management and organizational learning, including for the purpose of making them more [[efficiency|efficient]] and [[effective]]. Fields of study which have influenced or been influenced by cybernetics include [[game theory]], [[system theory]] (a mathematical counterpart to cybernetics), [[perceptual control theory]], [[sociology]], psychology (especially [[neuropsychology]], [[behavioral psychology]], [[cognitive psychology]]), [[philosophy]], [[architecture]], and [[organizational theory]].<ref>Tange, Kenzo (1966) "Function, Structure and Symbol".</ref> [[System dynamics]], originated with applications of [[electrical engineering]] [[control theory]] to other kinds of [[Simulation modeling|simulation model]]s (especially business systems) by [[Jay Forrester]] at [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]] in the 1950s, is a related field.

== Definitions ==

== Definitions ==