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控制论这个术语源于κυβερνήτης (kybernḗtēs) ，意为“舵手、总督、驾驶员或方向舵”。就像古希腊的飞行员一样，思想的独立性在控制论中很重要<ref>Leary, Timothy. "The Cyberpunk: the individual as reality pilot" in Storming the Reality Studio.  Duke University Press:  1991.</ref>。法国物理学家和数学家'''安德烈-玛丽·安培 André-Marie Ampère'''在他1834年的文章《'''论科学的哲学 Essai sur la philosophie des sciences'''》中首次创造了“ cybernetique“这一词，用来描述文明政府的科学。'''诺伯特 · 维纳'''在《控制论》一书中用这个术语来定义研究动物和机器中的控制和通信。他在书中写道: “虽然控制论这个术语最早可以追溯到1947年夏天，但我们可以很容易发现这个词早于这个领域的发展“。<ref name="W1948" />

控制论这个术语源于κυβερνήτης (kybernḗtēs) ，意为“舵手、总督、驾驶员或方向舵”。就像古希腊的飞行员一样，思想的独立性在控制论中很重要<ref>Leary, Timothy. "The Cyberpunk: the individual as reality pilot" in Storming the Reality Studio.  Duke University Press:  1991.</ref>。法国物理学家和数学家'''安德烈-玛丽·安培 André-Marie Ampère'''在他1834年的文章《'''论科学的哲学 Essai sur la philosophie des sciences'''》中首次创造了“ cybernetique“这一词，用来描述文明政府的科学。'''诺伯特 · 维纳'''在《控制论》一书中用这个术语来定义研究动物和机器中的控制和通信。他在书中写道: “虽然控制论这个术语最早可以追溯到1947年夏天，但我们可以很容易发现这个词早于这个领域的发展“。<ref name="W1948" />

== History ==

== 发展历史 History ==

=== Roots of cybernetic theory ===

=== 控制论的起源 Roots of cybernetic theory ===

The word ''cybernetics'' was first used in the context of "the study of self-governance" by [[Plato]] in [[First Alcibiades|''Alcibiades'']] to signify the [[governance]] of people.<ref name="Johnson">{{cite web |url = http://www.jurlandia.org/cybsoc.htm |last = Johnson |first = Barnabas |title = The Cybernetics of Society |accessdate = 8 January 2012 }}</ref> The word 'cybernétique' was also used in 1834 by the physicist [[André-Marie Ampère]] (1775–1836) to denote the sciences of government in his classification system of human knowledge.

The word ''cybernetics'' was first used in the context of "the study of self-governance" by [[Plato]] in [[First Alcibiades|''Alcibiades'']] to signify the [[governance]] of people.<ref name="Johnson">{{cite web |url = http://www.jurlandia.org/cybsoc.htm |last = Johnson |first = Barnabas |title = The Cybernetics of Society |accessdate = 8 January 2012 }}</ref> The word 'cybernétique' was also used in 1834 by the physicist [[André-Marie Ampère]] (1775–1836) to denote the sciences of government in his classification system of human knowledge.

[[File:James Watt.jpg|thumb|upright|James Watt]]

[[File:James Watt.jpg|thumb|upright|James Watt]]

The first artificial automatic regulatory system was a [[water clock]], invented by the mechanician [[Ktesibios]]; based on a tank which poured water into a reservoir before using it to run the mechanism, it used a cone-shaped float to monitor the level of the water in its reservoir and adjust the rate of flow of the water accordingly to maintain a constant level of water in the reservoir. This was the first artificial truly automatic self-regulatory device that required no outside intervention between the feedback and the controls of the mechanism. Although they considered this part of engineering (the use of the term ''cybernetics'' is much posterior), [[Ktesibios]] and others such as [[Hero of Alexandria|Heron]] and [[Su Song]] are considered to be some of the first to study cybernetic principles.

The first artificial automatic regulatory system was a [[water clock]], invented by the mechanician [[Ktesibios]]; based on a tank which poured water into a reservoir before using it to run the mechanism, it used a cone-shaped float to monitor the level of the water in its reservoir and adjust the rate of flow of the water accordingly to maintain a constant level of water in the reservoir. This was the first artificial truly automatic self-regulatory device that required no outside intervention between the feedback and the controls of the mechanism. Although they considered this part of engineering (the use of the term ''cybernetics'' is much posterior), [[Ktesibios]] and others such as [[Hero of Alexandria|Heron]] and [[Su Song]] are considered to be some of the first to study cybernetic principles.

The study of ''[[Teleology|teleological]] mechanisms'' (from the [[Ancient Greek|Greek]] τέλος or ''télos'' for ''end'', ''goal'', or ''purpose'') in machines with ''corrective feedback'' dates from as far back as the late 18th century when [[James Watt (inventor)|James Watt]]'s steam engine was equipped with a [[governor (device)|governor]] (1775–1800), a centrifugal feedback valve for controlling the speed of the engine. [[Alfred Russel Wallace]] identified this as the principle of [[evolution]] in his famous 1858 paper.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://people.wku.edu/charles.smith/wallace/S043.htm | title=On the Tendency of Varieties to Depart Indefinitely from the Original Type, by Alfred Russel Wallace}}</ref> In 1868 [[James Clerk Maxwell]] published a theoretical article on governors, one of the first to discuss and refine the principles of self-regulating devices. [[Jakob von Uexküll]] applied the feedback mechanism via his model of functional cycle (''Funktionskreis'') in order to explain animal behaviour and the origins of meaning in general.

The study of ''[[Teleology|teleological]] mechanisms'' (from the [[Ancient Greek|Greek]] τέλος or ''télos'' for ''end'', ''goal'', or ''purpose'') in machines with ''corrective feedback'' dates from as far back as the late 18th century when [[James Watt (inventor)|James Watt]]'s steam engine was equipped with a [[governor (device)|governor]] (1775–1800), a centrifugal feedback valve for controlling the speed of the engine. [[Alfred Russel Wallace]] identified this as the principle of [[evolution]] in his famous 1858 paper.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://people.wku.edu/charles.smith/wallace/S043.htm | title=On the Tendency of Varieties to Depart Indefinitely from the Original Type, by Alfred Russel Wallace}}</ref> In 1868 [[James Clerk Maxwell]] published a theoretical article on governors, one of the first to discuss and refine the principles of self-regulating devices. [[Jakob von Uexküll]] applied the feedback mechanism via his model of functional cycle (''Funktionskreis'') in order to explain animal behaviour and the origins of meaning in general.

===Early 20th century===

 

具有纠正性反馈的机器的研究可以追溯到18世纪晚期，'''詹姆斯 · 瓦特 James Watt'''的蒸汽机就配备了一个调速器，一个控制发动机转速的离心反馈阀。'''阿尔弗雷德·罗素·华莱士 Alfred Russel Wallace'''在1858年发表的著名论文中将其视为进化的原理<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://people.wku.edu/charles.smith/wallace/S043.htm | title=On the Tendency of Varieties to Depart Indefinitely from the Original Type, by Alfred Russel Wallace}}</ref> 。1868年，'''詹姆斯·克莱克·麦克斯韦 James Clerk Maxwell'''发表了有关调速器理论文章，这是最早讨论和完善自调节装置原理的文章之一。'''雅各布·冯·埃克斯库尔 Jakob vonUexküll'''在其功能周期模型（Funktionskreis）应用了反馈机制，以便从总体上解释动物的行为和意义的起源。

 

===20世纪初 Early 20th century===

Contemporary cybernetics began as an interdisciplinary study connecting the fields of [[control systems]], [[Circuit theory|electrical network theory]], [[mechanical engineering]], [[logic modeling]], [[evolutionary biology]] and [[neuroscience]] in the 1940s; the ideas are also related to the biological work of [[Ludwig von Bertalanffy]] in General Systems Theory. Electronic control systems originated with the 1927 work of [[Bell Labs|Bell Telephone Laboratories]] engineer [[Harold Stephen Black|Harold S. Black]] on using [[negative feedback]] to control amplifiers.

Contemporary cybernetics began as an interdisciplinary study connecting the fields of [[control systems]], [[Circuit theory|electrical network theory]], [[mechanical engineering]], [[logic modeling]], [[evolutionary biology]] and [[neuroscience]] in the 1940s; the ideas are also related to the biological work of [[Ludwig von Bertalanffy]] in General Systems Theory. Electronic control systems originated with the 1927 work of [[Bell Labs|Bell Telephone Laboratories]] engineer [[Harold Stephen Black|Harold S. Black]] on using [[negative feedback]] to control amplifiers.