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近年来，通过博弈论(群体相互作用的分析)、进化中的反馈系统以及超材料(研究组成原子的牛顿性质以外的材料)等相关领域，人们对控制论、控制系统和涌现行为的关注引起了人们对这一越来越相关的领域的兴趣。<ref name="Kelly" />

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===Cybernetics and economic systems===

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===控制论与经济系统 Cybernetics and economic systems===

The design of self-regulating control systems for a real-time planned economy was explored by economist [[Oskar Lange]], cyberneticist [[Viktor Glushkov]], and others [[Soviet cyberneticists]] during the 1960s. By the time information technology was developed enough to enable feasible [[economic planning]] based on computers, the Soviet Union and eastern bloc countries began moving away from planning<ref>{{cite book |last = Feinstein |first = C.H. |title = Socialism, Capitalism and Economic Growth: Essays Presented to Maurice Dobb |url = https://archive.org/details/socialismcapital0000fein |url-access = registration |publisher = Cambridge University Press |date = September 1969 |isbn = 978-0521049870 |page = [https://archive.org/details/socialismcapital0000fein/page/175 175] |quote = At some future date it may appear as a joke of history that socialist countries learned at long last to overcome their prejudices and to dismantle clumsy planning mechanisms in favour of more effective market elements just at a time when the rise of computers and of cybernetics laid the foundation for greater opportunities in comprehensive planning.}}</ref> and eventually collapsed.

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20世纪60年代，经济学家'''奥斯卡•兰格 Oskar Lange'''、控制论专家'''维克托•格鲁什科夫 Viktor Glushkov'''等苏联控制论专家探索了实时计划经济自我调节控制系统的设计。当信息技术发展到足以使基于计算机的可行经济计划成为可能时，苏联和东欧集团国家开始放弃计划经济，并最终解体。<ref>{{cite book |last = Feinstein |first = C.H. |title = Socialism, Capitalism and Economic Growth: Essays Presented to Maurice Dobb |url = https://archive.org/details/socialismcapital0000fein |url-access = registration |publisher = Cambridge University Press |date = September 1969 |isbn = 978-0521049870 |page = [https://archive.org/details/socialismcapital0000fein/page/175 175] |quote = At some future date it may appear as a joke of history that socialist countries learned at long last to overcome their prejudices and to dismantle clumsy planning mechanisms in favour of more effective market elements just at a time when the rise of computers and of cybernetics laid the foundation for greater opportunities in comprehensive planning.}}</ref>

More recent proposals for socialism involve "New Socialism", outlined by the computer scientists [[Paul Cockshott]] and [[Allin Cottrell]], where computers determine and manage the flows and allocation of resources among socially owned enterprises.<ref>Allin Cottrell & W.Paul Cockshott, [http://ricardo.ecn.wfu.edu/~cottrell/socialism_book/index.html ''Towards a new socialism''] (Nottingham, England: Spokesman, 1993). Retrieved: 17 March 2012.</ref>

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计算机科学家'''保罗•考克肖特 Paul Cockshott'''和'''阿林•科特雷尔 Allin Cottrell'''提出了更多关于社会主义的最新提议，其中包括“新社会主义”(New Socialism) ，即计算机决定和管理社会所有企业之间的资源流动和分配。

On the other hand, [[Friedrich Hayek]] also mentions cybernetics as a discipline that could help economists understand the "self-organizing or self-generating systems" called [[Market (economics)|markets]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Law, Legislation and Liberty: Volume 1: Rules and Order|last=Hayek|first=Friedrich|publisher=Routledge|year=1998|isbn=|location=London|pages=37}}</ref> Being "complex phenomena",<ref>{{Cite book|title=Studies in Philosophy, Politics and Economics|last=Hayek|first=Friedrich|publisher=Routledge|year=1967|isbn=|location=London|pages=26}}</ref> the best way to examine market functions is by using the feedback mechanism, explained by cybernetic theorists. That way, economists could make "pattern predictions".<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hayek|first=Friedrich|date=Fall 2002|title=Competition as a discovery procedure|url=|journal=The Quarterly Journal of Austrian Economics|volume=5|pages=12|via=}}</ref>

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另一方面，'''弗里德里希•哈耶克 Friedrich Hayek'''也提到，控制论可以帮助经济学家理解市场的“自组织或自生系统”。<ref>{{Cite book|title=Law, Legislation and Liberty: Volume 1: Rules and Order|last=Hayek|first=Friedrich|publisher=Routledge|year=1998|isbn=|location=London|pages=37}}</ref>控制论学者认为检验市场功能的最佳方法是利用反馈机制。这样，经济学家就可以做出“模式预测”。

Therefore, the market for Hayek is a "communication system", an "efficient mechanism for digesting dispersed information".<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=New studies in philosophy, politics, economics and the history of ideas|last=Hayek|first=Friedrich|publisher=Routledge|year=1990|isbn=|location=London|pages=34}}</ref> The economist and a cyberneticist are like garderners who are "providing the appropriate environment".<ref name=":0" /> Hayek's definition of information is idiosyncratic and precedes the information theory used in cybernetics and the natural sciences.

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因此，哈耶克的市场是一个“交流系统” ，一个“消化分散信息的有效机制”。<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=New studies in philosophy, politics, economics and the history of ideas|last=Hayek|first=Friedrich|publisher=Routledge|year=1990|isbn=|location=London|pages=34}}</ref>经济学家和控制论者就像“提供适当环境”的园丁。

Finally, Hayek also considers [[Adam Smith]]'s idea of the [[invisible hand]] as an anticipation of the operation of the feedback mechanism in cybernetics.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Law, Legislation and Liberty: Volume 3: Political Order of a Free People|last=Hayek|first=Friedrich|publisher=Routledge|year=1998|isbn=|location=London|pages=158}}</ref> In the same book, ''[[Law, Legislation and Liberty]]'', Hayek mentions, along with cybernetics, that economists should rely on the scientific findings of [[Ludwig von Bertalanffy]] [[Systems theory|general systems theory]], along with information and [[communication theory]] and [[semiotics]].<ref name=":1" />

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最后，哈耶克还认为亚当 · 斯密关于看不见的手的观点是对控制论中反馈机制运作的一种预期。<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Law, Legislation and Liberty: Volume 3: Political Order of a Free People|last=Hayek|first=Friedrich|publisher=Routledge|year=1998|isbn=|location=London|pages=158}}</ref>在《法律、立法与自由》中，哈耶克提到，经济学家应该更多的引用卡尔·路德维希·冯·贝塔郎非的一般系统理论中的科学发现，以及信息与通信理论和符号学。

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