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→Gravitational systems
In systems that do not require for their descriptions the general theory of relativity, bodies always have positive heat capacity, meaning that the temperature rises with energy. Therefore, when energy flows from a high-temperature object to a low-temperature object, the source temperature is decreased while the sink temperature is increased; hence temperature differences tend to diminish over time. This is not always the case for systems in which the gravitational force is important and the general theory of relativity is required. Such systems can spontaneously change towards uneven spread of mass and energy. This applies to the universe in large scale, and consequently it may be difficult or impossible to apply the second law to it. Beyond this, the thermodynamics of systems described by the general theory of relativity is beyond the scope of the present article.
In systems that do not require for their descriptions the general theory of relativity, bodies always have positive heat capacity, meaning that the temperature rises with energy. Therefore, when energy flows from a high-temperature object to a low-temperature object, the source temperature is decreased while the sink temperature is increased; hence temperature differences tend to diminish over time. This is not always the case for systems in which the gravitational force is important and the general theory of relativity is required. Such systems can spontaneously change towards uneven spread of mass and energy. This applies to the universe in large scale, and consequently it may be difficult or impossible to apply the second law to it. Beyond this, the thermodynamics of systems described by the general theory of relativity is beyond the scope of the present article.
在不需要描述相对论的系统中，物体始终具有正热容，这意味着温度随能量而升高。 因此，当能量从高温物体流向低温物体时，发射源温度降低而冷源温度升高； 因此，温差会随着时间的流逝而减小。 对于引力很重要并且基于相对论的一般系统而言，情况并非总是如此。 这样的系统可以自发地转变为质量和能量的不均匀分布。 这适用于大规模的宇宙，因此可能很难或不可能对它应用第二定律。 除此之外，广义相对论描述的系统的热力学超出了本文的范围
==Non-equilibrium states==
==Non-equilibrium states==