更改

Cybernetics was an influence on thinking in architecture and design in the decades after the Second World War. Ashby and Pask were drawn on by design theorists such as [[Horst Rittel]],<ref>{{cite journal|first1=Thomas|last1=Fischer|first2=Laurence D.|last2=Richards|title=From Goal-Oriented to Constraint-Oriented Design: The Cybernetic Intersection of Design Theory and Systems Theory|journal=Leonardo|date=2014-06-09|issn=0024-094X|pages=36–41|volume=50|issue=1|doi=10.1162/leon_a_00862|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1001054}}</ref> [[Christopher Alexander]]<ref>Upitis, A. (2013). Alexander's Choice: How Architecture avoided Computer Aided Design c. 1962. In A. Dutta (Ed.), A Second Modernism: MIT, Architecture, and the 'Techno-Social' Moment (pp. 474-505). Cambridge, Massachusetts: SA+P Press.</ref> and [[Bruce Archer]].<ref>Boyd Davis, S., & Gristwood, S. (2016). The Structure of Design Processes: Ideal and Reality in Bruce Archer’s 1968 Doctoral Thesis. In Proceedings of DRS 2016, Design Research Society 50th Anniversary Conference, Brighton, UK. 27–30 June 2016. Retrieved from http://www.drs2016.org/240/</ref> Pask was a consultant to [[Nicholas Negroponte|Nicholas Negroponte's]] [[Architecture Machine Group]], forerunner of the [[MIT Media Lab]], and collaborated with architect [[Cedric Price]] and theatre director [[Joan Littlewood]] on the influential [[Fun Palace]] project during the 1960s.<ref>Mathews, S. (2007). From Agit-Prop to Free Space: The Architecture of Cedric Price. London: Black Dog. Isabelle Doucet (University of Manchester, UK), Samantha Hardingham (Architectural Association, London, UK), Tanja Herdt (TU Munich, Germany), Jim Njoo (École Nationale Supérieure d’Architecture de Paris-La Villette, France), Ben Sweeting (University of Brighton, UK). [https://www.cca.qc.ca/en/events/40500/an-afternoon-with-cedric-price-no-1 An Afternoon with Cedric Price no. 1, CCA c/o Lisboa]. Panel discussion moderated by Kim Förster, CCA Associate Director, Research. Organised by the Canadian Centre for Architecture, Montreal and Artéria, Lisbon. Held at Barbas Lopes Arquitectos. Part of the Lisbon Architecture Triennale 2016. 22 October 2016.</ref> Pask's 1950s Musicolour installation was the inspiration for John and Julia Frazer's work on Price's Generator project.<ref>Furtado Cardoso Lopes, G. M. (2008). Cedric Price's Generator and the Frazers' systems research. Technoetic Arts, 6(1), 55-72. {{doi|10.1386/tear.6.1.55_1}}</ref> There has been a resurgence of interest in cybernetics and [[Systemic design|systems thinking]] amongst designers in recent decades, in relation to developments in technology and increasingly complex design challenges.<ref>Glanville, R. (Ed.). (2007). Cybernetics and design. Special double issue of Kybernetes, 36(9/10); Jones, P. H. (2014). Systemic Design Principles for Complex Social Systems. In G. Metcalf (Ed.), Social Systems and Design (pp. 91-128). Tokyo: Springer.</ref> Figures such as [[Klaus Krippendorff]], [[Paul Pangaro]] and [[Ranulph Glanville]] have made significant contributions to both cybernetics and design research. The connections between the two fields have come to be understood less in terms of application and more as reflections of each other.<ref>Glanville, R. (2007). Try again. Fail again. Fail better: The cybernetics in design and the design in cybernetics. Kybernetes, 36(9/10), 1173-1206. {{doi|10.1108/03684920710827238}}; Glanville, R. (2014). How Design and Cybernetics Reflect Each Other. In B. Sevaldson & P. H. Jones (Eds.), Proceedings of Third Symposium of Relating Systems Thinking to Design, Oslo, Norway. October 15–17, 2014. Sweeting, B. (2016). [http://www.univie.ac.at/constructivism/journal/11/3/572.sweeting Design Research as a Variety of Second-Order Cybernetic Practice]. Constructivist Foundations, 11(3), 572-579.</ref>

Cybernetics was an influence on thinking in architecture and design in the decades after the Second World War. Ashby and Pask were drawn on by design theorists such as [[Horst Rittel]],<ref>{{cite journal|first1=Thomas|last1=Fischer|first2=Laurence D.|last2=Richards|title=From Goal-Oriented to Constraint-Oriented Design: The Cybernetic Intersection of Design Theory and Systems Theory|journal=Leonardo|date=2014-06-09|issn=0024-094X|pages=36–41|volume=50|issue=1|doi=10.1162/leon_a_00862|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1001054}}</ref> [[Christopher Alexander]]<ref>Upitis, A. (2013). Alexander's Choice: How Architecture avoided Computer Aided Design c. 1962. In A. Dutta (Ed.), A Second Modernism: MIT, Architecture, and the 'Techno-Social' Moment (pp. 474-505). Cambridge, Massachusetts: SA+P Press.</ref> and [[Bruce Archer]].<ref>Boyd Davis, S., & Gristwood, S. (2016). The Structure of Design Processes: Ideal and Reality in Bruce Archer’s 1968 Doctoral Thesis. In Proceedings of DRS 2016, Design Research Society 50th Anniversary Conference, Brighton, UK. 27–30 June 2016. Retrieved from http://www.drs2016.org/240/</ref> Pask was a consultant to [[Nicholas Negroponte|Nicholas Negroponte's]] [[Architecture Machine Group]], forerunner of the [[MIT Media Lab]], and collaborated with architect [[Cedric Price]] and theatre director [[Joan Littlewood]] on the influential [[Fun Palace]] project during the 1960s.<ref>Mathews, S. (2007). From Agit-Prop to Free Space: The Architecture of Cedric Price. London: Black Dog. Isabelle Doucet (University of Manchester, UK), Samantha Hardingham (Architectural Association, London, UK), Tanja Herdt (TU Munich, Germany), Jim Njoo (École Nationale Supérieure d’Architecture de Paris-La Villette, France), Ben Sweeting (University of Brighton, UK). [https://www.cca.qc.ca/en/events/40500/an-afternoon-with-cedric-price-no-1 An Afternoon with Cedric Price no. 1, CCA c/o Lisboa]. Panel discussion moderated by Kim Förster, CCA Associate Director, Research. Organised by the Canadian Centre for Architecture, Montreal and Artéria, Lisbon. Held at Barbas Lopes Arquitectos. Part of the Lisbon Architecture Triennale 2016. 22 October 2016.</ref> Pask's 1950s Musicolour installation was the inspiration for John and Julia Frazer's work on Price's Generator project.<ref>Furtado Cardoso Lopes, G. M. (2008). Cedric Price's Generator and the Frazers' systems research. Technoetic Arts, 6(1), 55-72. {{doi|10.1386/tear.6.1.55_1}}</ref> There has been a resurgence of interest in cybernetics and [[Systemic design|systems thinking]] amongst designers in recent decades, in relation to developments in technology and increasingly complex design challenges.<ref>Glanville, R. (Ed.). (2007). Cybernetics and design. Special double issue of Kybernetes, 36(9/10); Jones, P. H. (2014). Systemic Design Principles for Complex Social Systems. In G. Metcalf (Ed.), Social Systems and Design (pp. 91-128). Tokyo: Springer.</ref> Figures such as [[Klaus Krippendorff]], [[Paul Pangaro]] and [[Ranulph Glanville]] have made significant contributions to both cybernetics and design research. The connections between the two fields have come to be understood less in terms of application and more as reflections of each other.<ref>Glanville, R. (2007). Try again. Fail again. Fail better: The cybernetics in design and the design in cybernetics. Kybernetes, 36(9/10), 1173-1206. {{doi|10.1108/03684920710827238}}; Glanville, R. (2014). How Design and Cybernetics Reflect Each Other. In B. Sevaldson & P. H. Jones (Eds.), Proceedings of Third Symposium of Relating Systems Thinking to Design, Oslo, Norway. October 15–17, 2014. Sweeting, B. (2016). [http://www.univie.ac.at/constructivism/journal/11/3/572.sweeting Design Research as a Variety of Second-Order Cybernetic Practice]. Constructivist Foundations, 11(3), 572-579.</ref>

===In Earth system science===

===地球系统科学领域 In Earth system science===

Geocybernetics aims to study and control the complex co-evolution of [[Earth's spheres|ecosphere]] and [[anthroposphere]],<ref name="Schellnhuber (1998)">Schellnhuber, H.-J., Discourse: Earth system analysis - The scope of the challenge, pp. 3-195. In: Schellnhuber, H.-J. and Wenzel, V. (Eds.). 1998. Earth system analysis: Integrating science for sustainability. Berlin: Springer.</ref> for example, for dealing with planetary problems such as anthropogenic [[global warming]].<ref name="Schellnhuber (1999)">Schellnhuber, H.-J., Earth system analysis and the second Copernican revolution. ''Nature'', 402, C19-C23. 1999.</ref> Geocybernetics applies a [[dynamical systems]] perspective to [[Earth system analysis]]. It provides a theoretical framework for studying the implications of following different [[sustainability]] paradigms on co-evolutionary trajectories of the planetary [[socio-ecological system]] to reveal [[attractor]]s in this system, their stability, resilience and reachability. Concepts such as [[wikt:tipping point|tipping point]]s in the [[climate system]], [[planetary boundaries]], the [[safe operating space]] for humanity and proposals for manipulating Earth system dynamics on a global scale such as [[climate engineering|geoengineering]] have been framed in the language of geocybernetic Earth system analysis.

Geocybernetics aims to study and control the complex co-evolution of [[Earth's spheres|ecosphere]] and [[anthroposphere]],<ref name="Schellnhuber (1998)">Schellnhuber, H.-J., Discourse: Earth system analysis - The scope of the challenge, pp. 3-195. In: Schellnhuber, H.-J. and Wenzel, V. (Eds.). 1998. Earth system analysis: Integrating science for sustainability. Berlin: Springer.</ref> for example, for dealing with planetary problems such as anthropogenic [[global warming]].<ref name="Schellnhuber (1999)">Schellnhuber, H.-J., Earth system analysis and the second Copernican revolution. ''Nature'', 402, C19-C23. 1999.</ref> Geocybernetics applies a [[dynamical systems]] perspective to [[Earth system analysis]]. It provides a theoretical framework for studying the implications of following different [[sustainability]] paradigms on co-evolutionary trajectories of the planetary [[socio-ecological system]] to reveal [[attractor]]s in this system, their stability, resilience and reachability. Concepts such as [[wikt:tipping point|tipping point]]s in the [[climate system]], [[planetary boundaries]], the [[safe operating space]] for humanity and proposals for manipulating Earth system dynamics on a global scale such as [[climate engineering|geoengineering]] have been framed in the language of geocybernetic Earth system analysis.

=== In sport ===

=== In sport ===