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== 术语起源 Etymology ==

== 术语起源 Etymology ==

[[File:Ideal feedback model.svg|thumb|Simple feedback model. AB < 0 for [[negative feedback]].]]

[[File:Ideal feedback model.png|thumb|Simple feedback model. AB < 0 for [[negative feedback]].]]

The term ''cybernetics'' stems from [[w:el:Κυβερνήτης|κυβερνήτης]] (''kybernḗtēs'') "steersman, governor, pilot, or rudder".  As with the ancient Greek pilot, independence of thought is important in cybernetics.<ref>Leary, Timothy. "The Cyberpunk: the individual as reality pilot" in Storming the Reality Studio.  Duke University Press:  1991.</ref> French physicist and mathematician [[André-Marie Ampère]] first coined the word "cybernetique" in his 1834 essay ''Essai sur la philosophie des sciences'' to describe the science of civil government.<ref>[[H.S. Tsien]]. ''[[Engineering Cybernetics]]'', Preface vii. McGraw Hill, 1954.</ref> The term was used by [[Norbert Wiener]], in his book ''[[Cybernetics: Or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine|Cybernetics]]'', to define the study of control and communication in the animal and the machine. In the book, he states: "Although the term ''cybernetics'' does not date further back than the summer of 1947, we shall find it convenient to use in referring to earlier epochs of the development of the field."<ref name="W1948" />

The term ''cybernetics'' stems from [[w:el:Κυβερνήτης|κυβερνήτης]] (''kybernḗtēs'') "steersman, governor, pilot, or rudder".  As with the ancient Greek pilot, independence of thought is important in cybernetics.<ref>Leary, Timothy. "The Cyberpunk: the individual as reality pilot" in Storming the Reality Studio.  Duke University Press:  1991.</ref> French physicist and mathematician [[André-Marie Ampère]] first coined the word "cybernetique" in his 1834 essay ''Essai sur la philosophie des sciences'' to describe the science of civil government.<ref>[[H.S. Tsien]]. ''[[Engineering Cybernetics]]'', Preface vii. McGraw Hill, 1954.</ref> The term was used by [[Norbert Wiener]], in his book ''[[Cybernetics: Or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine|Cybernetics]]'', to define the study of control and communication in the animal and the machine. In the book, he states: "Although the term ''cybernetics'' does not date further back than the summer of 1947, we shall find it convenient to use in referring to earlier epochs of the development of the field."<ref name="W1948" />