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==Concepts==

==概念 Concepts==

;Environment and boundaries

;Environment and boundaries

===Subsystem===

===子系统 Subsystem===

A ''subsystem'' is a set of elements, which is a system itself, and a component of a larger system. The IBM Mainframe ''Job Entry Subsystem'' family ([[JES1]], [[JES2]], [[JES3]], and their [[Houston Automatic Spooling Priority|HASP]]/[[Attached Support Processor|ASP]] predecessors) are examples. The main ''elements'' they have in common are the components that handle input, scheduling, spooling and output; they also have the ability to interact with local and remote operators.

A ''subsystem'' is a set of elements, which is a system itself, and a component of a larger system. The IBM Mainframe ''Job Entry Subsystem'' family ([[JES1]], [[JES2]], [[JES3]], and their [[Houston Automatic Spooling Priority|HASP]]/[[Attached Support Processor|ASP]] predecessors) are examples. The main ''elements'' they have in common are the components that handle input, scheduling, spooling and output; they also have the ability to interact with local and remote operators.

==Analysis==

==分析 Analysis==

There are many kinds of systems that can be analyzed both [[Quantitative research|quantitatively]] and [[Qualitative research|qualitatively]]. For example, in an analysis of urban [[System dynamics|systems dynamics]], A .W. Steiss<ref>Steiss, 1967, pp. 8–18.</ref> defined five intersecting systems, including the physical subsystem and behavioral system. For sociological models influenced by systems theory, [[Kenneth D. Bailey (sociologist)|Kenneth D. Bailey]]<ref>Bailey, 1994.</ref> defined systems in terms of [[conceptual system|conceptual]], [[Concrete (philosophy)|concrete]], and abstract systems, either [[Isolated system|isolated]], [[Closed system|closed]], or [[Open system (systems theory)|open]]. [[Walter F. Buckley]]<ref>Buckley, 1967.</ref> defined systems in sociology in terms of [[Mechanics|mechanical]], [[organic (model)|organic]], and [[process modeling|process]] models. [[Bela H. Banathy]]<ref>Banathy, 1997.</ref> cautioned that for any inquiry into a system understanding its kind is crucial, and defined "natural" and "designed", i. e. artificial, systems.

There are many kinds of systems that can be analyzed both [[Quantitative research|quantitatively]] and [[Qualitative research|qualitatively]]. For example, in an analysis of urban [[System dynamics|systems dynamics]], A .W. Steiss<ref>Steiss, 1967, pp. 8–18.</ref> defined five intersecting systems, including the physical subsystem and behavioral system. For sociological models influenced by systems theory, [[Kenneth D. Bailey (sociologist)|Kenneth D. Bailey]]<ref>Bailey, 1994.</ref> defined systems in terms of [[conceptual system|conceptual]], [[Concrete (philosophy)|concrete]], and abstract systems, either [[Isolated system|isolated]], [[Closed system|closed]], or [[Open system (systems theory)|open]]. [[Walter F. Buckley]]<ref>Buckley, 1967.</ref> defined systems in sociology in terms of [[Mechanics|mechanical]], [[organic (model)|organic]], and [[process modeling|process]] models. [[Bela H. Banathy]]<ref>Banathy, 1997.</ref> cautioned that for any inquiry into a system understanding its kind is crucial, and defined "natural" and "designed", i. e. artificial, systems.

===Cultural system===

===文化系统 Cultural system===

A cultural system may be defined as the interaction of different elements of [[culture]]. While a cultural system is quite different from a [[social system]], sometimes both together are referred to as a "sociocultural system". A major concern of the social sciences is the [[Social order|problem of order]].

A cultural system may be defined as the interaction of different elements of [[culture]]. While a cultural system is quite different from a [[social system]], sometimes both together are referred to as a "sociocultural system". A major concern of the social sciences is the [[Social order|problem of order]].

===Economic system===

===经济系统 Economic system===

{{Main|Economic system}}

{{Main|Economic system}}

==Application of the system concept==

==系统概念的应用 Application of the system concept==

Systems modeling is generally a basic principle in engineering and in social sciences. The system is the representation of the entities under concern. Hence inclusion to or exclusion from system context is dependent on the intention of the modeler.

Systems modeling is generally a basic principle in engineering and in social sciences. The system is the representation of the entities under concern. Hence inclusion to or exclusion from system context is dependent on the intention of the modeler.

===In information and computer science===

===信息和电脑科学方面 In information and computer science===

In [[computer science]] and [[information science]], '''system''' is a hardware system, [[software system]], or combination, which has [[Component (UML)|components]] as its structure and observable [[inter-process communication]]s as its behavior. Again, an example will illustrate: There are systems of counting, as with [[Roman numerals]], and various systems for filing papers, or catalogues, and various library systems, of which the [[Dewey Decimal Classification]] is an example. This still fits with the definition of components which are connected together (in this case to facilitate the flow of information).

In [[computer science]] and [[information science]], '''system''' is a hardware system, [[software system]], or combination, which has [[Component (UML)|components]] as its structure and observable [[inter-process communication]]s as its behavior. Again, an example will illustrate: There are systems of counting, as with [[Roman numerals]], and various systems for filing papers, or catalogues, and various library systems, of which the [[Dewey Decimal Classification]] is an example. This still fits with the definition of components which are connected together (in this case to facilitate the flow of information).

===In engineering and physics===

===工程和物理方面 In engineering and physics===

In [[engineering]] and [[physics]], a physical system is the portion of the universe that is being studied (of which a [[thermodynamic system]] is one major example). Engineering also has the concept of a system referring to all of the parts and interactions between parts of a complex project. [[Systems engineering]] is the branch of engineering that studies how this type of system should be planned, designed, implemented, built, and maintained. Expected [[result]] is the behavior predicted by the specification, or another source, of the component or system under specified conditions.<ref name=":0" />

In [[engineering]] and [[physics]], a physical system is the portion of the universe that is being studied (of which a [[thermodynamic system]] is one major example). Engineering also has the concept of a system referring to all of the parts and interactions between parts of a complex project. [[Systems engineering]] is the branch of engineering that studies how this type of system should be planned, designed, implemented, built, and maintained. Expected [[result]] is the behavior predicted by the specification, or another source, of the component or system under specified conditions.<ref name=":0" />

===In social and cognitive sciences and management research===

===社会科学、认知科学及管理研究方面 In social and cognitive sciences and management research===

Social and [[cognitive science]]s recognize systems in human person models and in human societies. They include human brain functions and mental processes as well as normative ethics systems and social/cultural behavioral patterns.

Social and [[cognitive science]]s recognize systems in human person models and in human societies. They include human brain functions and mental processes as well as normative ethics systems and social/cultural behavioral patterns.

===Pure logical systems===

===纯粹逻辑系统 Pure logical systems===

===Applied to strategic thinking===

===应用于战略思维 Applied to strategic thinking===

In 1988, military strategist, [[John A. Warden III]] introduced the [[Warden's Five Rings|Five Ring System]] model in his book, ''The Air Campaign'', contending that any complex system could be broken down into five concentric rings. Each ring—Leadership, Processes, Infrastructure, Population and Action Units—could be used to isolate key elements of any system that needed change. The model was used effectively by Air Force planners in the [[First Gulf War]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Warden |first=John A. III |title=The Air Campaign: Planning for Combat |publisher=National Defense University Press |location=Washington, D.C. |date=1988 |isbn=978-1-58348-100-4 |authorlink=John A. Warden III}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Warden |first=John A. III |date=September 1995

In 1988, military strategist, [[John A. Warden III]] introduced the [[Warden's Five Rings|Five Ring System]] model in his book, ''The Air Campaign'', contending that any complex system could be broken down into five concentric rings. Each ring—Leadership, Processes, Infrastructure, Population and Action Units—could be used to isolate key elements of any system that needed change. The model was used effectively by Air Force planners in the [[First Gulf War]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Warden |first=John A. III |title=The Air Campaign: Planning for Combat |publisher=National Defense University Press |location=Washington, D.C. |date=1988 |isbn=978-1-58348-100-4 |authorlink=John A. Warden III}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Warden |first=John A. III |date=September 1995