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A system is a group of interacting or interrelated entities that form a unified whole.<ref name="merriam-webster-system">ងថហក
A system is a group of interacting or interrelated entities that form a unified whole.<ref name="merriam-webster-system">ងថហក
{{cite web|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/system|title=Definition of ''system''|website=Merriam-Webster|location=Springfield, MA, USA|accessdate=2019-01-16}}
{{cite web|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/system|title=Definition of ''system''|website=Merriam-Webster|location=Springfield, MA, USA|accessdate=2019-01-16}}
According to Marshall McLuhan,
According to Marshall McLuhan,
马素·麦克鲁汉:
<blockquote>
<blockquote>
< 引用 >
< 引用 >
“系统”即“关注对象”，系统化需要极高的视觉梯度。而哲学上，笛卡尔之前没有“系统”，柏拉图没有“系统”，亚里士多德的也没有“系统”。
| quote = 'System' means 'something to look at'. You must have a very high visual gradient to have systematization. In philosophy, before Descartes, there was no 'system.' Plato had no 'system.' Aristotle had no 'system.'
| quote = 'System' means 'something to look at'. You must have a very high visual gradient to have systematization. In philosophy, before Descartes, there was no 'system.' Plato had no 'system.' Aristotle had no 'system.'
}}
}}
</blockquote >
</blockquote >
19世纪，研究[[热力学]]的法国物理学家[[尼古拉·莱昂纳尔·萨迪·卡诺]]开创了自然科学中的“系统”概念。1824年，他研究了[[蒸汽机]]的“工作介质”（通常是水蒸气）的系统在加热时做功的系统功能。该工作介质可与锅炉、冷水库（冷水流）、活塞（推动以做功的工作部件）。1850年，德国物理学家[[鲁道夫 · 克劳修斯]]把[[environment (systems)|外部环境]]也纳入对这个图景的概括，并以“工作体”指称该系统。