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→概念 Concepts
==概念 Concepts==
==概念 Concepts==
;Environment and boundaries
;环境和边界 Environment and boundaries
:[[系统论]]认为世界是一个由相互连接的部分组成的复杂系统。辨识系统的方法是定义系统的[[边界 (拓扑)|边界]]，即选择哪些实体位于系统内部而哪些实体在外部——[[环境 (系统)|环境]]环境的一部分。可以简化系统的表述（[[科学建模|模型]]）以利理解、预测或影响其未来活动。这些模型描出了系统的[[结构]]和[[活动]]。
:[[Systems theory]] views the world as a complex system of interconnected parts. One scopes a system by defining its [[Boundary (topology)|boundary]]; this means choosing which entities are inside the system and which are outside—part of the [[environment (systems)|environment]]. One can make simplified representations ([[Scientific modelling|models]]) of the system in order to understand it and to predict or impact its future behavior. These models may define the [[structure]] and [[behavior]] of the system.
:[[Systems theory]] views the world as a complex system of interconnected parts. One scopes a system by defining its [[Boundary (topology)|boundary]]; this means choosing which entities are inside the system and which are outside—part of the [[environment (systems)|environment]]. One can make simplified representations ([[Scientific modelling|models]]) of the system in order to understand it and to predict or impact its future behavior. These models may define the [[structure]] and [[behavior]] of the system.
Systems theory views the world as a complex system of interconnected parts. One scopes a system by defining its boundary; this means choosing which entities are inside the system and which are outside—part of the environment. One can make simplified representations (models) of the system in order to understand it and to predict or impact its future behavior. These models may define the structure and behavior of the system.
Systems theory views the world as a complex system of interconnected parts. One scopes a system by defining its boundary; this means choosing which entities are inside the system and which are outside—part of the environment. One can make simplified representations (models) of the system in order to understand it and to predict or impact its future behavior. These models may define the structure and behavior of the system.
; 自然系统和人造系统 Natural and human-made systems
系统可分为自然系统和人造系统。自然系统可能没有明确的目的，但从观察者角度出发，自然系统的活动是所目的的。人造系统的目的各不相同，通过在系统内或与系统一起实施的动作来实现。系统的各部分是关联的，且“有意作为一个连贯实体来运作”——否则作为两个或更多而不同系统。
开放系统有输入和输出流，即物质、能量或信息与其周遭环境的交流。
:There are natural and human-made (designed) systems. Natural systems may not have an apparent objective but their behavior can be interpreted as purposeful by an observer. Human-made systems are made with variable purposes that are achieved by some action performed by or with the system. The parts of a system must be related; they must be "designed to work as a coherent entity" — otherwise they would be two or more distinct systems.
:There are natural and human-made (designed) systems. Natural systems may not have an apparent objective but their behavior can be interpreted as purposeful by an observer. Human-made systems are made with variable purposes that are achieved by some action performed by or with the system. The parts of a system must be related; they must be "designed to work as a coherent entity" — otherwise they would be two or more distinct systems.
There are natural and human-made (designed) systems. Natural systems may not have an apparent objective but their behavior can be interpreted as purposeful by an observer. Human-made systems are made with variable purposes that are achieved by some action performed by or with the system. The parts of a system must be related; they must be "designed to work as a coherent entity" — otherwise they would be two or more distinct systems.
There are natural and human-made (designed) systems. Natural systems may not have an apparent objective but their behavior can be interpreted as purposeful by an observer. Human-made systems are made with variable purposes that are achieved by some action performed by or with the system. The parts of a system must be related; they must be "designed to work as a coherent entity" — otherwise they would be two or more distinct systems.
[[File:OpenSystemRepresentation.svg|thumb|252px|''Open systems'' have input and output flows, representing exchanges of matter, energy or information with their surroundings.]]
[[File:OpenSystemRepresentation.svg|thumb|252px|''Open systems'' have input and output flows, representing exchanges of matter, energy or information with their surroundings.]]
Open systems have input and output flows, representing exchanges of matter, energy or information with their surroundings.
Open systems have input and output flows, representing exchanges of matter, energy or information with their surroundings.
;理论框架 Theoretical framework
;Theoretical framework
Theoretical framework
:大多数系统是与与周围环境交换物质和能量的[[开放系统 (热力学)|开放系统]]，例如[[汽车]]、[[咖啡机]]或[[地球]]。而[[封闭系统]]与其环境交换能量而非物质; 例如一台计算机或[[生物圈2号]]项目。一个[[孤立系统]]与它的环境既不交换物质也不交换能量。这种系统的一个理论例子是[[宇宙]]。
:Most systems are [[Open system (thermodynamics)|open systems]], exchanging matter and energy with its surroundings; like a car, a [[coffeemaker]], or [[Earth]]. A [[closed system]] exchanges energy, but not matter, with its environment; like a computer or the project [[Biosphere 2]]. An [[isolated system]] exchanges neither matter nor energy with its environment. A theoretical example of such system is the [[Universe]].
:Most systems are [[Open system (thermodynamics)|open systems]], exchanging matter and energy with its surroundings; like a car, a [[coffeemaker]], or [[Earth]]. A [[closed system]] exchanges energy, but not matter, with its environment; like a computer or the project [[Biosphere 2]]. An [[isolated system]] exchanges neither matter nor energy with its environment. A theoretical example of such system is the [[Universe]].
Most systems are open systems, exchanging matter and energy with its surroundings; like a car, a coffeemaker, or Earth. A closed system exchanges energy, but not matter, with its environment; like a computer or the project Biosphere 2. An isolated system exchanges neither matter nor energy with its environment. A theoretical example of such system is the Universe.
Most systems are open systems, exchanging matter and energy with its surroundings; like a car, a coffeemaker, or Earth. A closed system exchanges energy, but not matter, with its environment; like a computer or the project Biosphere 2. An isolated system exchanges neither matter nor energy with its environment. A theoretical example of such system is the Universe.
;Process and transformation process
;过程和转变过程 Process and transformation process
一个开放系统也可视为一个有界的转换过程，即一个将输入转换为输出的过程或过程集合的[[黑盒]]。输入被消耗，并产生输出。这里所说的输入和输出的概念非常广泛。例如，一艘客轮的输出是乘客从出发地向目的地的移动。
:An [[open system (systems theory)|open system]] can also be viewed as a bounded transformation process, that is, a [[black box]] that is a process or collection of processes that transforms inputs into outputs. Inputs are consumed; outputs are produced. The concept of input and output here is very broad. For example, an output of a passenger ship is the movement of people from departure to destination.
:An [[open system (systems theory)|open system]] can also be viewed as a bounded transformation process, that is, a [[black box]] that is a process or collection of processes that transforms inputs into outputs. Inputs are consumed; outputs are produced. The concept of input and output here is very broad. For example, an output of a passenger ship is the movement of people from departure to destination.
An open system can also be viewed as a bounded transformation process, that is, a black box that is a process or collection of processes that transforms inputs into outputs. Inputs are consumed; outputs are produced. The concept of input and output here is very broad. For example, an output of a passenger ship is the movement of people from departure to destination.
An open system can also be viewed as a bounded transformation process, that is, a black box that is a process or collection of processes that transforms inputs into outputs. Inputs are consumed; outputs are produced. The concept of input and output here is very broad. For example, an output of a passenger ship is the movement of people from departure to destination.
;系统模型 System model
:系统有[[视图模式|多种视图]]。人造系统会具有如下等视图: [[概念]]、[[系统分析|分析]]、[[系统设计|设计]]、[[实现]]、部署、结构、行为、输入数据和输出数据。系统是描述和反映所有这些视图模式的前提。
:A system comprises [[view model|multiple views]]. Man-made systems may have such views as [[concept]], [[systems analysis|analysis]], [[Systems design|design]], [[implementation]], deployment, structure, behavior, input data, and output data views. A [[system model]] is required to describe and represent all these views.
:A system comprises [[view model|multiple views]]. Man-made systems may have such views as [[concept]], [[systems analysis|analysis]], [[Systems design|design]], [[implementation]], deployment, structure, behavior, input data, and output data views. A [[system model]] is required to describe and represent all these views.
A system comprises multiple views. Man-made systems may have such views as concept, analysis, design, implementation, deployment, structure, behavior, input data, and output data views. A system model is required to describe and represent all these views.
A system comprises multiple views. Man-made systems may have such views as concept, analysis, design, implementation, deployment, structure, behavior, input data, and output data views. A system model is required to describe and represent all these views.
;系统架构 Systems architecture
:[[系统架构]]是用一个单一的集成模型来描述[[视图模式|多种视图]]，是一种[[系统模型]]。
:A [[systems architecture]], using one single integrated model for the description of [[view model|multiple views]], is a kind of [[system model]].
A systems architecture, using one single integrated model for the description of multiple views, is a kind of system model.
===子系统 Subsystem===
"子系统"是一组元素，其本身也是一个系统，同时也是一个更大系统的组成部分。IBM大型机“作业输入子系统”系列([[JES1]]、[[JES2]]、[[JES3]]及其[[Houston Automatic Spooling Priority|HASP]]/[[Attached Support Processor|ASP]]前身)就是例子。它们共有的主要“元素”是处理输入、调度、假脱机和输出的组件; 它们还能够与本地和远程操作员交互。
A ''subsystem'' is a set of elements, which is a system itself, and a component of a larger system. The IBM Mainframe ''Job Entry Subsystem'' family ([[JES1]], [[JES2]], [[JES3]], and their [[Houston Automatic Spooling Priority|HASP]]/[[Attached Support Processor|ASP]] predecessors) are examples. The main ''elements'' they have in common are the components that handle input, scheduling, spooling and output; they also have the ability to interact with local and remote operators.
A ''subsystem'' is a set of elements, which is a system itself, and a component of a larger system. The IBM Mainframe ''Job Entry Subsystem'' family ([[JES1]], [[JES2]], [[JES3]], and their [[Houston Automatic Spooling Priority|HASP]]/[[Attached Support Processor|ASP]] predecessors) are examples. The main ''elements'' they have in common are the components that handle input, scheduling, spooling and output; they also have the ability to interact with local and remote operators.
A subsystem is a set of elements, which is a system itself, and a component of a larger system. The IBM Mainframe Job Entry Subsystem family (JES1, JES2, JES3, and their HASP/ASP predecessors) are examples. The main elements they have in common are the components that handle input, scheduling, spooling and output; they also have the ability to interact with local and remote operators.
A subsystem is a set of elements, which is a system itself, and a component of a larger system. The IBM Mainframe Job Entry Subsystem family (JES1, JES2, JES3, and their HASP/ASP predecessors) are examples. The main elements they have in common are the components that handle input, scheduling, spooling and output; they also have the ability to interact with local and remote operators.
子系统表述为一个系统对象，该系统对象包含定义了系统所控制操作环境的特征的信息。<ref>IBM's definition @ http://www.ibm.com/support/knowledgecenter/ssw_i5_54/rzaks/rzakssbsd.htm</ref>数据测试用于验证各个子系统配置数据的准确性（例如MA长度、静态速度曲线、…），有一个单个子系统关联了这些子系统，以测试其特定应用（SA）。<ref>{{Cite book|title=European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization (CENELEC) - EN 50128|last=|first=|publisher=CENELEC|year=2011|isbn=|location=Brussels, Belgium|pages=Table A.11 – Data Préparation Techniques (8.4)}}</ref>
A subsystem description is a system object that contains information defining the characteristics of an operating environment controlled by the system. The Data tests are performed to verify the correctness of the individual subsystem configuration data (e.g. MA Length, Static Speed Profile, …) and they are related to a single subsystem in order to test its Specific Application (SA).
A subsystem description is a system object that contains information defining the characteristics of an operating environment controlled by the system. The Data tests are performed to verify the correctness of the individual subsystem configuration data (e.g. MA Length, Static Speed Profile, …) and they are related to a single subsystem in order to test its Specific Application (SA).
==分析 Analysis==
==分析 Analysis==