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→概念 Concepts
;环境和边界 Environment and boundaries
;环境和边界 Environment and boundaries
:[[系统论]]认为世界是一个由相互连接的部分组成的复杂系统。辨识系统的方法是定义系统的[[边界 (拓扑)|边界]]，即选择哪些实体位于系统内部而哪些实体在外部——[[环境 (系统)|环境]]环境的一部分。可以简化系统的表述（[[科学建模|模型]]）以利理解、预测或影响其未来活动。这些模型描出了系统的[[结构]]和[[活动]]。
:[[系统论 Systems theory]]认为世界是一个由相互连接的部分组成的复杂系统。辨识系统的方法是定义系统的[[边界 (拓扑) Boundary (topology)|边界 boundary]]，即选择哪些实体位于系统内部而哪些实体在外部——[[环境 (系统) environment (systems)|环境 environment]]环境的一部分。可以简化系统的表述（[[科学建模 Scientific modelling|模型 models]]）以利理解、预测或影响其未来活动。这些模型描出了系统的[[结构 structure]]和[[活动 behavior]]。
; 自然系统和人造系统 Natural and human-made systems
; 自然系统和人造系统 Natural and human-made systems
系统可分为自然系统和人造（人为设计）系统。自然系统可能没有明确的目的，但从观察者角度出发，自然系统的活动是所目的的。人造系统的目的各不相同，通过在系统内或与系统一起实施的动作来实现。系统的各部分是关联的，且“有意作为一个连贯实体来运作”——否则作为两个或更多而不同系统。
;理论框架 Theoretical framework
;理论框架 Theoretical framework
:大多数系统是与与周围环境交换物质和能量的[[开放系统 (热力学)|开放系统]]，例如[[汽车]]、[[咖啡机]]或[[地球]]。而[[封闭系统]]与其环境交换能量而非物质; 例如一台计算机或[[生物圈2号]]项目。一个[[孤立系统]]与它的环境既不交换物质也不交换能量。这种系统的一个理论例子是[[宇宙]]。
:大多数系统是与与周围环境交换物质和能量的[[开放系统 (热力学) Open system (thermodynamics)|开放系统 open systems]]，例如[[汽车]]、[[咖啡机]]或[[地球]]。而[[封闭系统 closed system]]与其环境交换能量而非物质; 例如一台计算机或[[生物圈2号 Biosphere 2]]项目。一个[[孤立系统 isolated system]]与它的环境既不交换物质也不交换能量。这种系统的一个理论例子是[[宇宙 Universe]]。
:Most systems are [[Open system (thermodynamics)|open systems]], exchanging matter and energy with its surroundings; like a car, a [[coffeemaker]], or [[Earth]]. A [[closed system]] exchanges energy, but not matter, with its environment; like a computer or the project [[Biosphere 2]]. An [[isolated system]] exchanges neither matter nor energy with its environment. A theoretical example of such system is the [[Universe]].
:Most systems are [[Open system (thermodynamics)|open systems]], exchanging matter and energy with its surroundings; like a car, a [[coffeemaker]], or [[Earth]]. A [[closed system]] exchanges energy, but not matter, with its environment; like a computer or the project [[Biosphere 2]]. An [[isolated system]] exchanges neither matter nor energy with its environment. A theoretical example of such system is the [[Universe]].
;过程和转变过程 Process and transformation process
;过程和转变过程 Process and transformation process
一个[[开放系统]]也可视为一个有界的转换过程，即一个将输入转换为输出的过程或过程集合的[[黑盒 black box]]。输入被消耗，并产生输出。这里所说的输入和输出的概念非常广泛。例如，一艘客轮的输出是乘客从出发地向目的地的移动。
:An [[open system (systems theory)|open system]] can also be viewed as a bounded transformation process, that is, a [[black box]] that is a process or collection of processes that transforms inputs into outputs. Inputs are consumed; outputs are produced. The concept of input and output here is very broad. For example, an output of a passenger ship is the movement of people from departure to destination.
:An [[open system (systems theory)|open system]] can also be viewed as a bounded transformation process, that is, a [[black box]] that is a process or collection of processes that transforms inputs into outputs. Inputs are consumed; outputs are produced. The concept of input and output here is very broad. For example, an output of a passenger ship is the movement of people from departure to destination.
;系统模型 System model
;系统模型 System model
:系统有[[视图模式|多种视图]]。人造系统会具有如下等视图: [[概念]]、[[系统分析|分析]]、[[系统设计|设计]]、[[实现]]、部署、结构、行为、输入数据和输出数据。系统是描述和反映所有这些视图模式的前提。
:系统有[[视图模式 view model|多种视图 multiple views]]。人造系统会具有如下等视图: [[概念 concept]]、[[系统分析 systems analysis|分析 analysis]]、[[系统设计 Systems design|设计 design]]、[[实现 implementation]]、部署、结构、行为、输入数据和输出数据。[[系统模型 system model]]是描述和反映所有这些视图模式的前提。
:A system comprises [[view model|multiple views]]. Man-made systems may have such views as [[concept]], [[systems analysis|analysis]], [[Systems design|design]], [[implementation]], deployment, structure, behavior, input data, and output data views. A [[system model]] is required to describe and represent all these views.
:A system comprises [[view model|multiple views]]. Man-made systems may have such views as [[concept]], [[systems analysis|analysis]], [[Systems design|design]], [[implementation]], deployment, structure, behavior, input data, and output data views. A [[system model]] is required to describe and represent all these views.
;系统架构 Systems architecture
;系统架构 Systems architecture
:[[系统架构]]是用一个单一的集成模型来描述[[视图模式|多种视图]]，是一种[[系统模型]]。
:[[系统架构 systems architecture]]是用一个单一的集成模型来描述[[视图模式 view model|多种视图 multiple views]]，是一种[[系统模型 system model]]。
:A [[systems architecture]], using one single integrated model for the description of [[view model|multiple views]], is a kind of [[system model]].
:A [[systems architecture]], using one single integrated model for the description of [[view model|multiple views]], is a kind of [[system model]].