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#重定向 [[社会计算]]
此词条暂由彩云小译翻译，未经人工整理和审校，带来阅读不便，请见谅。
此词条暂由彩云小译翻译，未经人工整理和审校，带来阅读不便，请见谅。
{{sociology}}<onlyinclude><!--
{{sociology}}<onlyinclude><!--
The 1970s and 1980s were also a time when physicists and mathematicians were attempting to model and analyze how simple component units, such as atoms, give rise to global properties, such as complex material properties at low temperatures, in magnetic materials, and within turbulent flows. Using cellular automata, scientists were able to specify systems consisting of a grid of cells in which each cell only occupied some finite states and changes between states were solely governed by the states of immediate neighbors. Along with advances in artificial intelligence and microcomputer power, these methods contributed to the development of "chaos theory" and "complexity theory" which, in turn, renewed interest in understanding complex physical and social systems across disciplinary boundaries. Research organizations explicitly dedicated to the interdisciplinary study of complexity were also founded in this era: the Santa Fe Institute was established in 1984 by scientists based at Los Alamos National Laboratory and the BACH group at the University of Michigan likewise started in the mid-1980s.
The 1970s and 1980s were also a time when physicists and mathematicians were attempting to model and analyze how simple component units, such as atoms, give rise to global properties, such as complex material properties at low temperatures, in magnetic materials, and within turbulent flows. Using cellular automata, scientists were able to specify systems consisting of a grid of cells in which each cell only occupied some finite states and changes between states were solely governed by the states of immediate neighbors. Along with advances in artificial intelligence and microcomputer power, these methods contributed to the development of "chaos theory" and "complexity theory" which, in turn, renewed interest in understanding complex physical and social systems across disciplinary boundaries. Research organizations explicitly dedicated to the interdisciplinary study of complexity were also founded in this era: the Santa Fe Institute was established in 1984 by scientists based at Los Alamos National Laboratory and the BACH group at the University of Michigan likewise started in the mid-1980s.
20世纪70年代和80年代，物理学家和数学家也在试图模拟和分析简单的组成单位如何产生整体特性，比如低温环境中原子在磁性材料和湍流中的复杂材料特性。使用'''元胞自动机 Cellular Automata'''，科学家们能够指定由元胞网格组成的系统，其中每个元胞只占据一些有限的状态，状态之间的变化完全由相邻元胞的状态控制。随着人工智能和微型计算机能力的进步，这些方法促进了“混沌理论”和“复杂性理论”的发展，这反过来又重新引起了人们对跨学科的复杂物理和社会系统的兴趣。明确致力于跨学科复杂性研究的机构也是在这个时代成立的: 圣菲研究所是由美国洛斯阿拉莫斯国家实验室（Los Alamos National Laboratory）的科学家于1984年建立的，密歇根大学的 BACH 小组也是在20世纪80年代中期建立的。
{{main|Data mining|Social network analysis}}
{{main|Data mining|Social network analysis}}
--[[用户:嘉树|嘉树]]（[[用户讨论:嘉树|讨论]]） 少一段原文
Independent from developments in computational models of social systems, social network analysis emerged in the 1970s and 1980s from advances in graph theory, statistics, and studies of social structure as a distinct analytical method and was articulated and employed by sociologists like James S. Coleman, Harrison White, Linton Freeman, J. Clyde Mitchell, Mark Granovetter, Ronald Burt, and Barry Wellman.[22] The increasing pervasiveness of computing and telecommunication technologies throughout the 1980s and 1990s demanded analytical techniques, such as network analysis and multilevel modeling, that could scale to increasingly complex and large data sets. The most recent wave of computational sociology, rather than employing simulations, uses network analysis and advanced statistical techniques to analyze large-scale computer databases of electronic proxies for behavioral data. Electronic records such as email and instant message records, hyperlinks on the World Wide Web, mobile phone usage, and discussion on Usenet allow social scientists to directly observe and analyze social behavior at multiple points in time and multiple levels of analysis without the constraints of traditional empirical methods such as interviews, participant observation, or survey instruments.[23] Continued improvements in machine learning algorithms likewise have permitted social scientists and entrepreneurs to use novel techniques to identify latent and meaningful patterns of social interaction and evolution in large electronic datasets.[24][25]
Independent from developments in computational models of social systems, social network analysis emerged in the 1970s and 1980s from advances in graph theory, statistics, and studies of social structure as a distinct analytical method and was articulated and employed by sociologists like [[James Samuel Coleman|James S. Coleman]], [[Harrison White]], [[Linton Freeman]], [[J. Clyde Mitchell]], [[Mark Granovetter]], [[Ronald Burt]], and [[Barry Wellman]].<ref>{{cite book|title=The Development of Social Network Analysis: A Study in the Sociology of Science |first=Linton C. |last=Freeman |publisher=Empirical Press |location=Vancouver, BC |year=2004}}</ref> The increasing pervasiveness of computing and telecommunication technologies throughout the 1980s and 1990s demanded analytical techniques, such as [[network theory|network analysis]] and [[multilevel modeling]], that could scale to increasingly complex and large data sets. The most recent wave of computational sociology, rather than employing simulations, uses network analysis and advanced statistical techniques to analyze large-scale computer databases of electronic proxies for behavioral data. Electronic records such as email and instant message records, hyperlinks on the [[World Wide Web]], mobile phone usage, and discussion on [[Usenet]] allow social scientists to directly observe and analyze social behavior at multiple points in time and multiple levels of analysis without the constraints of traditional empirical methods such as interviews, participant observation, or survey instruments.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Life in the network: the coming age of computational social science|first9=J|last10=Gutmann|first10=M.|last11=Jebara|first11=T.|last12=King|first12=G.|last13=Macy|first13=M.|last14=Roy|first14=D.|last15=Van Alstyne|first15=M.|last9=Fowler|first8=N|last8=Contractor|first7=N|last7=Christakis|first6=D|last6=Brewer|first5=AL|last5=Barabasi|first4=S |journal=Science|last4=Aral |date=February 6, 2009|first3=L |volume=323|pmid=19197046 |issue=5915|last3=Adamic |pages=721–723|pmc=2745217 |doi=10.1126/science.1167742 |first1=David |last1=Lazer |first2=Alex |last2=Pentland |display-authors=8}}</ref> Continued improvements in [[machine learning]] algorithms likewise have permitted social scientists and entrepreneurs to use novel techniques to identify latent and meaningful patterns of social interaction and evolution in large electronic datasets.<ref>{{cite journal|first1=Jaideep |last1=Srivastava |first2=Robert |last2=Cooley |first3=Mukund |last3=Deshpande |first4=Pang-Ning |last4=Tan |journal=Proceedings of the ACM Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining |title=Web usage mining: discovery and applications of usage patterns from Web data|volume=1 |year=2000 |pages=12–23 |doi=10.1145/846183.846188|issue=2}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/S0169-7552(98)00110-X|title=The anatomy of a large-scale hypertextual Web search engine |first1=Sergey |last1=Brin |first2=Lawrence |last2=Page |journal=Computer Networks and ISDN Systems |volume=30 |issue=1–7 |pages=107–117 |date=April 1998|citeseerx=10.1.1.115.5930 }}</ref>
Independent from developments in computational models of social systems, social network analysis emerged in the 1970s and 1980s from advances in graph theory, statistics, and studies of social structure as a distinct analytical method and was articulated and employed by sociologists like [[James Samuel Coleman|James S. Coleman]], [[Harrison White]], [[Linton Freeman]], [[J. Clyde Mitchell]], [[Mark Granovetter]], [[Ronald Burt]], and [[Barry Wellman]].<ref>{{cite book|title=The Development of Social Network Analysis: A Study in the Sociology of Science |first=Linton C. |last=Freeman |publisher=Empirical Press |location=Vancouver, BC |year=2004}}</ref> The increasing pervasiveness of computing and telecommunication technologies throughout the 1980s and 1990s demanded analytical techniques, such as [[network theory|network analysis]] and [[multilevel modeling]], that could scale to increasingly complex and large data sets. The most recent wave of computational sociology, rather than employing simulations, uses network analysis and advanced statistical techniques to analyze large-scale computer databases of electronic proxies for behavioral data. Electronic records such as email and instant message records, hyperlinks on the [[World Wide Web]], mobile phone usage, and discussion on [[Usenet]] allow social scientists to directly observe and analyze social behavior at multiple points in time and multiple levels of analysis without the constraints of traditional empirical methods such as interviews, participant observation, or survey instruments.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Life in the network: the coming age of computational social science|first9=J|last10=Gutmann|first10=M.|last11=Jebara|first11=T.|last12=King|first12=G.|last13=Macy|first13=M.|last14=Roy|first14=D.|last15=Van Alstyne|first15=M.|last9=Fowler|first8=N|last8=Contractor|first7=N|last7=Christakis|first6=D|last6=Brewer|first5=AL|last5=Barabasi|first4=S |journal=Science|last4=Aral |date=February 6, 2009|first3=L |volume=323|pmid=19197046 |issue=5915|last3=Adamic |pages=721–723|pmc=2745217 |doi=10.1126/science.1167742 |first1=David |last1=Lazer |first2=Alex |last2=Pentland |display-authors=8}}</ref> Continued improvements in [[machine learning]] algorithms likewise have permitted social scientists and entrepreneurs to use novel techniques to identify latent and meaningful patterns of social interaction and evolution in large electronic datasets.<ref>{{cite journal|first1=Jaideep |last1=Srivastava |first2=Robert |last2=Cooley |first3=Mukund |last3=Deshpande |first4=Pang-Ning |last4=Tan |journal=Proceedings of the ACM Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining |title=Web usage mining: discovery and applications of usage patterns from Web data|volume=1 |year=2000 |pages=12–23 |doi=10.1145/846183.846188|issue=2}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/S0169-7552(98)00110-X|title=The anatomy of a large-scale hypertextual Web search engine |first1=Sergey |last1=Brin |first2=Lawrence |last2=Page |journal=Computer Networks and ISDN Systems |volume=30 |issue=1–7 |pages=107–117 |date=April 1998|citeseerx=10.1.1.115.5930 }}</ref>
【图2：Narrative network of US Elections 2012 + 2012年美国大选叙事网络】
【图2：Narrative network of US Elections 2012 + 2012年美国大选叙事网络】
The automatic parsing of textual corpora has enabled the extraction of actors and their relational networks on a vast scale,
The automatic parsing of textual corpora has enabled the extraction of actors and their relational networks on a vast scale, turning textual data into network data. The resulting networks, which can contain thousands of nodes, are then analysed by using tools from Network theory to identify the key actors, the key communities or parties, and general properties such as robustness or structural stability of the overall network, or centrality of certain nodes.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Network analysis of narrative content in large corpora|author1=S Sudhahar|author2=G De Fazio|author3=R Franzosi|author4=N Cristianini|journal=Natural Language Engineering|volume=21|issue=1|pages=1–32|year=2013|doi=10.1017/S1351324913000247 |url=https://research-information.bristol.ac.uk/files/129621186/Network_Analysis_of_Narrative_Content_in_Large_Corpora.pdf}}</ref> This automates the approach introduced by quantitative narrative analysis,<ref>{{cite book|title=Quantitative Narrative Analysis|last=Franzosi|first=Roberto|publisher=Emory University|year=2010}}</ref> whereby subject-verb-object triplets are identified with pairs of actors linked by an action, or pairs formed by actor-object.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>
turning textual data into network data. The resulting networks, which can contain thousands of nodes, are then analysed by using tools from Network theory to identify the key actors, the key communities or parties, and general properties such as robustness or structural stability of the overall network, or centrality of certain nodes.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Network analysis of narrative content in large corpora|author1=S Sudhahar|author2=G De Fazio|author3=R Franzosi|author4=N Cristianini|journal=Natural Language Engineering|volume=21|issue=1|pages=1–32|year=2013|doi=10.1017/S1351324913000247 |url=https://research-information.bristol.ac.uk/files/129621186/Network_Analysis_of_Narrative_Content_in_Large_Corpora.pdf}}</ref> This automates the approach introduced by quantitative narrative analysis,<ref>{{cite book|title=Quantitative Narrative Analysis|last=Franzosi|first=Roberto|publisher=Emory University|year=2010}}</ref> whereby subject-verb-object triplets are identified with pairs of actors linked by an action, or pairs formed by actor-object.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>
The automatic parsing of textual corpora has enabled the extraction of actors and their relational networks on a vast scale, turning textual data into network data. The resulting networks, which can contain thousands of nodes, are then analysed by using tools from Network theory to identify the key actors, the key communities or parties, and general properties such as robustness or structural stability of the overall network, or centrality of certain nodes. This automates the approach introduced by quantitative narrative analysis, whereby subject-verb-object triplets are identified with pairs of actors linked by an action, or pairs formed by actor-object.
文本语料库的自动解析使对参与者及其关系网络的大规模提取成为可能，它将文本数据转换为网络数据。由此产生的网络可以包含数千个'''节点 Nodes'''，然后利用网络理论中的工具对其进行分析，以确定关键参与者、关键群体，以及网络的总体特性如稳健性、结构稳定性，或某些节点的'''中心性 Centrality'''等。这使'''定量叙事分析Quantitative Narrative Analysis'''引入的方法得以自动化，据此，主语-动词-宾语三元组被看作由动作连接的成对行为者，或者由行为者-宾语形成的成对行为者。
===Computational content analysis 计算机内容分析 （名词翻译可吗？）===
===Computational content analysis 计算机内容分析 （名词翻译可吗？）===
As discussed previously, societies fall into levels and in one such level, the individual level, a micro-macro link refers to the interactions which create higher-levels. There are a set of questions that needs to be answered regarding these Micro-Macro links. How they are formed? When do they converge? What is the feedback pushed to the lower levels and how are they pushed?
As discussed previously, societies fall into levels and in one such level, the individual level, a micro-macro link refers to the interactions which create higher-levels. There are a set of questions that needs to be answered regarding these Micro-Macro links. How they are formed? When do they converge? What is the feedback pushed to the lower levels and how are they pushed?
正如前面所讨论的，社会分为不同层次。在其中的一个层次：个体层次中，'''微观-宏观联系 Micro-macro Link'''指的是创造更高层次的相互作用。关于微观-宏观链接有一系列问题等待回答。它们是如何形成的？它们什么时候汇聚？什么反馈被推到了较低的层次，他们是如何被推动的？（--[[用户:嘉树|嘉树]]（[[用户讨论:嘉树|讨论]]） 语句不通顺啊，什么叫推到了较低层次的反馈。。。不懂不懂）
正如前面所讨论的，社会分为不同层次。在其中的一个层次：个体层次中，'''微观-宏观联系 Micro-macro Link'''指的是创造更高层次的相互作用。关于微观-宏观链接有一系列问题等待回答。它们是如何形成的？它们什么时候汇聚？什么反馈被推到了较低的层次，以及它们是如何被推到较低层次的？
Integrating simple models which perform better on individual tasks to form a Hybrid model is an approach that can be looked into. These models can offer better performance and understanding of the data. However the trade-off of identifying and having a deep understanding of the interactions between these simple models arises when one needs to come up with one combined, well performing model. Also, coming up with tools and applications to help analyse and visualize the data based on these hybrid models is another added challenge.
Integrating simple models which perform better on individual tasks to form a Hybrid model is an approach that can be looked into. These models can offer better performance and understanding of the data. However the trade-off of identifying and having a deep understanding of the interactions between these simple models arises when one needs to come up with one combined, well performing model. Also, coming up with tools and applications to help analyse and visualize the data based on these hybrid models is another added challenge.
集成在单个任务中表现良好的简单模型并形成'''混合模型 Hybrid model'''是一种可以继续考虑的方法。这些模型有更好的性能并可以对数据提供更好的理解。然而，当需要提出一个整合的、性能良好的模型时，识别简单模型和深入理解模型之间相互作用的权衡问题就出现了（--[[用户:嘉树|嘉树]]（[[用户讨论:嘉树|讨论]]） 此句好长啊，权衡的两个方面是这两个方面吗？囿于知识局限，不理解这两者的矛盾之处）。
集成在单个任务中表现良好的简单模型并形成'''混合模型 Hybrid model'''是一种可以继续考虑的方法。这些模型有更好的性能并可以对数据提供更好的理解。然而，当需要提出一个整合的、性能良好的模型时，识别简单模型和深入理解模型之间相互作用的权衡问题就出现了。此外，另一个挑战是开发工具和应用程序来帮助分析和可视化基于这些混合模型的数据。
==Impact 影响==
==Impact 影响==