更改

Systems biology finds its roots in the quantitative modeling of enzyme kinetics, a discipline that flourished between 1900 and 1970, the mathematical modeling of population dynamics, the simulations developed to study neurophysiology, control theory and cybernetics, and synergetics.

Systems biology finds its roots in the quantitative modeling of enzyme kinetics, a discipline that flourished between 1900 and 1970, the mathematical modeling of population dynamics, the simulations developed to study neurophysiology, control theory and cybernetics, and synergetics.

One of the theorists who can be seen as one of the precursors of systems biology is Ludwig von Bertalanffy with his general systems theory.

One of the theorists who can be seen as one of the precursors of systems biology is Ludwig von Bertalanffy with his general systems theory.

In 1960, Denis Noble developed the first computer model of the heart pacemaker.

In 1960, Denis Noble developed the first computer model of the heart pacemaker.

The formal study of systems biology, as a distinct discipline, was launched by systems theorist Mihajlo Mesarovic in 1966 with an international symposium at the Case Institute of Technology in Cleveland, Ohio, titled "Systems Theory and Biology".

The formal study of systems biology, as a distinct discipline, was launched by systems theorist Mihajlo Mesarovic in 1966 with an international symposium at the Case Institute of Technology in Cleveland, Ohio, titled "Systems Theory and Biology".

系统生物学是一门独特的学科，系统理论家米哈伊洛 · 梅萨罗维奇于1966年在俄亥俄州克利夫兰市的凯斯理工学院召开了一次题为“系统理论与生物学”的国际研讨会，正式开展了系统生物学的研究。

系统理论家米哈伊洛 · 梅萨罗维奇于1966年在俄亥俄州克利夫兰市的凯斯理工学院召开了一次题为“系统理论与生物学”的国际研讨会，开启了系统生物学作为一个独特领域的正式研究。

The 1960s and 1970s saw the development of several approaches to study complex molecular systems, such as the metabolic control analysis and the biochemical systems theory. The successes of molecular biology throughout the 1980s, coupled with a skepticism toward theoretical biology, that then promised more than it achieved, caused the quantitative modeling of biological processes to become a somewhat minor field.

The 1960s and 1970s saw the development of several approaches to study complex molecular systems, such as the metabolic control analysis and the biochemical systems theory. The successes of molecular biology throughout the 1980s, coupled with a skepticism toward theoretical biology, that then promised more than it achieved, caused the quantitative modeling of biological processes to become a somewhat minor field.

[[File:SystemsBiologyTrendsInMostCitedResearch.PNG|alt=Shows trends in systems biology research. From 1992 to 2013 Database development articles increased. Articles about algorithms have fluctuated but remained fairly steady. Network properties articles and software development articles have remained low but experienced an increased about halfway through the time period 1992-2013. The articles on Metabolic flux analysis decreased from 1992 to 2013.  In 1992 algorithms, equations, modeling and simulation articles were most cited. In 2012 the most cited were database development articles.|thumb|Shows trends in systems biology research by presenting the number of articles out of the top 30 cited systems biology papers during that time which include a specific topic<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Zou|first=Yawen|last2=Laubichler|first2=Manfred D.|date=2018-07-25|title=From systems to biology: A computational analysis of the research articles on systems biology from 1992 to 2013|journal=PLOS One|language=en|volume=13|issue=7|pages=e0200929|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0200929|issn=1932-6203|pmc=6059489|pmid=30044828|bibcode=2018PLoSO..1300929Z}}</ref>]]

[[File:SystemsBiologyTrendsInMostCitedResearch.PNG|alt=Shows trends in systems biology research. From 1992 to 2013 Database development articles increased. Articles about algorithms have fluctuated but remained fairly steady. Network properties articles and software development articles have remained low but experienced an increased about halfway through the time period 1992-2013. The articles on Metabolic flux analysis decreased from 1992 to 2013.  In 1992 algorithms, equations, modeling and simulation articles were most cited. In 2012 the most cited were database development articles.|thumb|Shows trends in systems biology research by presenting the number of articles out of the top 30 cited systems biology papers during that time which include a specific topic<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Zou|first=Yawen|last2=Laubichler|first2=Manfred D.|date=2018-07-25|title=From systems to biology: A computational analysis of the research articles on systems biology from 1992 to 2013|journal=PLOS One|language=en|volume=13|issue=7|pages=e0200929|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0200929|issn=1932-6203|pmc=6059489|pmid=30044828|bibcode=2018PLoSO..1300929Z}}</ref>]]

Shows trends in systems biology research by presenting the number of articles out of the top 30 cited systems biology papers during that time which include a specific topic

Shows trends in systems biology research by presenting the number of articles out of the top 30 cited systems biology papers during that time which include a specific topic

However, the birth of [[functional genomics]] in the 1990s meant that large quantities of high-quality data became available, while the computing power exploded, making more realistic models possible. In 1992, then 1994, serial articles <ref>B.&nbsp;J. Zeng, "On the holographic model of human body", 1st National Conference of Comparative

However, the birth of [[functional genomics]] in the 1990s meant that large quantities of high-quality data became available, while the computing power exploded, making more realistic models possible. In 1992, then 1994, serial articles <ref>B.&nbsp;J. Zeng, "On the holographic model of human body", 1st National Conference of Comparative

However, the birth of functional genomics in the 1990s meant that large quantities of high-quality data became available, while the computing power exploded, making more realistic models possible. In 1992, then 1994, serial articles <ref>B.&nbsp;J. Zeng, "On the holographic model of human body", 1st National Conference of Comparative

However, the birth of functional genomics in the 1990s meant that large quantities of high-quality data became available, while the computing power exploded, making more realistic models possible. In 1992, then 1994, serial articles <ref>B.&nbsp;J. Zeng, "On the holographic model of human body", 1st National Conference of Comparative

然而，20世纪90年代功能基因组学的诞生意味着大量高质量的数据变得可用，同时计算能力爆炸式增长，使得更真实的模型成为可能。1992年，1994年，曾斌斌撰写系列文章《论人体的全息模型》 ，第一届全国比较研究会议

然而，20世纪90年代功能基因组学的诞生意味着可以得到大量高质量的数据，同时计算能力爆炸式增长，使得更真实的模型成为可能。1992年，1994年，曾斌斌撰写系列文章《论人体的全息模型》 ，第一届全国比较研究会议

Studies Traditional Chinese Medicine and West Medicine, Medicine and Philosophy, April 1992 ("systems medicine and pharmacology" termed).</ref><ref>Zeng (B.) J., On the concept of system biological engineering, Communication on Transgenic Animals, No. 6, June, 1994.</ref><ref>B.&nbsp;J. Zeng, "Transgenic animal expression system – transgenic egg plan (goldegg plan)",

Studies Traditional Chinese Medicine and West Medicine, Medicine and Philosophy, April 1992 ("systems medicine and pharmacology" termed).</ref><ref>Zeng (B.) J., On the concept of system biological engineering, Communication on Transgenic Animals, No. 6, June, 1994.</ref><ref>B.&nbsp;J. Zeng, "Transgenic animal expression system – transgenic egg plan (goldegg plan)",

Around the year 2000, after Institutes of Systems Biology were established in Seattle and Tokyo, systems biology emerged as a movement in its own right, spurred on by the completion of various genome projects, the large increase in data from the omics (e.g., genomics and proteomics) and the accompanying advances in high-throughput experiments and bioinformatics. Shortly afterwards, the first departments wholly devoted to systems biology were founded (for example, the Department of Systems Biology at Harvard Medical School ).

Around the year 2000, after Institutes of Systems Biology were established in Seattle and Tokyo, systems biology emerged as a movement in its own right, spurred on by the completion of various genome projects, the large increase in data from the omics (e.g., genomics and proteomics) and the accompanying advances in high-throughput experiments and bioinformatics. Shortly afterwards, the first departments wholly devoted to systems biology were founded (for example, the Department of Systems Biology at Harvard Medical School ).

2000年左右，在西雅图和东京建立了系统生物学研究所之后，由于各种基因组项目的完成、组学(如基因组学和蛋白质组学)数据的大量增加以及随之而来的高通量实验和生物信息学的进展，系统生物学作为一项独立的运动而出现。不久之后，第一个完全致力于系统生物学的系成立了(例如，哈佛医学院的系统生物学系)。

2000年左右，在西雅图和东京建立了系统生物学研究所之后，由于各种基因组项目的完成、组学(如基因组学和蛋白质组学)数据的大量增加以及随之而来的高通量实验和生物信息学的进展，系统生物学作为一项独立的运动而涌现出来。不久之后，第一个完全致力于系统生物学的院系成立了(例如，哈佛医学院的系统生物学系)。

In 2003, work at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology was begun on CytoSolve, a method to model the whole cell by dynamically integrating multiple molecular pathway models.  Since then, various research institutes dedicated to systems biology have been developed. For example, the NIGMS of NIH established a project grant that is currently supporting over ten systems biology centers in the United States. As of summer 2006, due to a shortage of people in systems biology

In 2003, work at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology was begun on CytoSolve, a method to model the whole cell by dynamically integrating multiple molecular pathway models.  Since then, various research institutes dedicated to systems biology have been developed. For example, the NIGMS of NIH established a project grant that is currently supporting over ten systems biology centers in the United States. As of summer 2006, due to a shortage of people in systems biology

2003年，麻省理工学院开始研究细胞解决方案，这是一种通过动态整合多个分子通路模型来建立整个细胞模型的方法。从那时起，各种致力于系统生物学的研究机构已经发展起来。例如，美国国立卫生研究院的 NIGMS 建立了一个项目补助金，目前正在支持美国的十多个系统生物学中心。截至2006年夏天，由于系统生物学人才短缺

2003年，麻省理工学院的研究从CytoSolve开始，这是一种通过动态整合多个分子通路模型来建立整个细胞模型的方法。从那时起，各种致力于系统生物学的研究机构已经发展起来。例如，美国国立卫生研究院的 NIGMS 建立了一个项目补助金，目前正在支持美国的十多个系统生物学中心。截至2006年夏天，由于系统生物学人才短缺

An important milestone in the development of systems biology has become the international project Physiome.

An important milestone in the development of systems biology has become the international project Physiome.

 

 

== Associated disciplines ==

== Associated disciplines ==