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==History==
==历史 History==
System dynamics was created during the mid-1950s<ref>Forrester, Jay (1971). Counterintuitive behavior of social systems. Technology Review 73(3): 52–68</ref> by Professor [[Jay Forrester]] of the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]]. In 1956, Forrester accepted a professorship in the newly formed [[MIT Sloan School of Management]]. His initial goal was to determine how his background in science and engineering could be brought to bear, in some useful way, on the core issues that determine the success or failure of corporations. Forrester's insights into the common foundations that underlie engineering, which led to the creation of system dynamics, were triggered, to a large degree, by his involvement with managers at [[General Electric]] (GE) during the mid-1950s. At that time, the managers at GE were perplexed because employment at their appliance plants in Kentucky exhibited a significant three-year cycle. The [[business cycle]] was judged to be an insufficient explanation for the employment instability. From hand simulations (or calculations) of the stock-flow-feedback structure of the GE plants, which included the existing corporate decision-making structure for hiring and layoffs, Forrester was able to show how the instability in GE employment was due to the internal structure of the firm and not to an external force such as the business cycle. These hand simulations were the start of the field of system dynamics.<ref name="UDE">Michael J. Radzicki and Robert A. Taylor (2008). [http://www.systemdynamics.org/DL-IntroSysDyn/start.htm "Origin of System Dynamics: Jay W. Forrester and the History of System Dynamics"]. In: ''U.S. Department of Energy's Introduction to System Dynamics''. Retrieved 23 October 2008.</ref>
System dynamics was created during the mid-1950s<ref>Forrester, Jay (1971). Counterintuitive behavior of social systems. Technology Review 73(3): 52–68</ref> by Professor [[Jay Forrester]] of the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]]. In 1956, Forrester accepted a professorship in the newly formed [[MIT Sloan School of Management]]. His initial goal was to determine how his background in science and engineering could be brought to bear, in some useful way, on the core issues that determine the success or failure of corporations. Forrester's insights into the common foundations that underlie engineering, which led to the creation of system dynamics, were triggered, to a large degree, by his involvement with managers at [[General Electric]] (GE) during the mid-1950s. At that time, the managers at GE were perplexed because employment at their appliance plants in Kentucky exhibited a significant three-year cycle. The [[business cycle]] was judged to be an insufficient explanation for the employment instability. From hand simulations (or calculations) of the stock-flow-feedback structure of the GE plants, which included the existing corporate decision-making structure for hiring and layoffs, Forrester was able to show how the instability in GE employment was due to the internal structure of the firm and not to an external force such as the business cycle. These hand simulations were the start of the field of system dynamics.<ref name="UDE">Michael J. Radzicki and Robert A. Taylor (2008). [http://www.systemdynamics.org/DL-IntroSysDyn/start.htm "Origin of System Dynamics: Jay W. Forrester and the History of System Dynamics"]. In: ''U.S. Department of Energy's Introduction to System Dynamics''. Retrieved 23 October 2008.</ref>
系统动力学的第二个主要的非公司应用紧随第一个之后。1970年，Jay Forrester 应罗马俱乐部的邀请参加了在瑞士伯尔尼举行的一次会议。罗马俱乐部是一个致力于解决其成员所描述的”人类困境”的组织，即今后某个时候可能出现的全球危机，因为世界人口呈指数增长，对地球的承载能力(可再生和不可再生资源的来源及其处理污染物的汇)提出了要求。在伯尔尼会议上，Forrester 被问及是否可以用系统动力学来解决人类的困境。当然，他的回答是可以。在从伯尔尼会议回来的飞机上，弗雷斯特创建了世界社会经济系统系统动力学模型的初稿。他把这个模型叫做 WORLD1。回到美国后，弗雷斯特精炼了 WORLD1，为罗马俱乐部成员访问麻省理工学院做准备。称这个模型为 WORLD2的改进版本。在一本名为《世界动力学》的书中出版了 WORLD2。
系统动力学的第二个主要的非公司应用紧随第一个之后。1970年，Jay Forrester 应罗马俱乐部的邀请参加了在瑞士伯尔尼举行的一次会议。罗马俱乐部是一个致力于解决其成员所描述的”人类困境”的组织，即今后某个时候可能出现的全球危机，因为世界人口呈指数增长，对地球的承载能力(可再生和不可再生资源的来源及其处理污染物的汇)提出了要求。在伯尔尼会议上，Forrester 被问及是否可以用系统动力学来解决人类的困境。当然，他的回答是可以。在从伯尔尼会议回来的飞机上，弗雷斯特创建了世界社会经济系统系统动力学模型的初稿。他把这个模型叫做 WORLD1。回到美国后，弗雷斯特精炼了 WORLD1，为罗马俱乐部成员访问麻省理工学院做准备。称这个模型为 WORLD2的改进版本。在一本名为《世界动力学》的书中出版了 WORLD2。
==Topics in systems dynamics==
==Topics in systems dynamics==