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'''复杂适应系统 Complex adaptive system '''(CAS)是一种系统，在这种系统中，对系统单个组成单元的理解并不能完美解释系统的整体行为<ref name="Miller, John H., and Scott E. Page">{{Cite book|title=Complex adaptive systems : an introduction to computational models of social life|last=Miller, John H., and Scott E. Page|date=2007-01-01|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=9781400835522|location=|pages=|oclc=760073369}}</ref>。在复杂适应系统中，系统的整体比其单独某个部分<ref>Holland, J. H. (1998). Emergence: From chaos to order. Reading, MA: Helix Books.</ref>或部分之和都更加复杂、更有意义。复杂适应系统是[[非线性动力系统]]的子集<ref name="Lansing 2003 pp. 183–204">{{cite journal | last=Lansing | first=J. Stephen | title=Complex Adaptive Systems | journal=Annual Review of Anthropology | publisher=Annual Reviews | volume=32 | issue=1 | year=2003 | issn=0084-6570 | doi=10.1146/annurev.anthro.32.061002.093440 | pages=183–204}}</ref>，其研究高度跨学科，融合了自然科学和社会科学的知识开发出了系统级的模型和见解，从而使得系统可以实现'''[[异质主体]] Heterogeneous agents'''、'''[[相变]] Phase transition '''和'''[[涌现行为]] Emergent behavior'''<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.slate.com/articles/technology/bitwise/2016/01/a_crude_look_at_the_whole_looks_at_complexity_theory_which_wants_to_understand.html|title=The Theory of Everything and Then Some|last=Auerbach|first=David|date=2016-01-19|work=Slate|access-date=2017-03-07|language=en-US|issn=1091-2339}}</ref> 。

'''复杂适应系统 Complex adaptive system '''(CAS)是一种系统，在这种系统中，对系统单个组成单元的理解并不能完美解释系统的整体行为<ref name="Miller, John H., and Scott E. Page">{{Cite book|title=Complex adaptive systems : an introduction to computational models of social life|last=Miller, John H., and Scott E. Page|date=2007-01-01|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=9781400835522|location=|pages=|oclc=760073369}}</ref>。在复杂适应系统中，系统的整体比其单独某个部分<ref>Holland, J. H. (1998). Emergence: From chaos to order. Reading, MA: Helix Books.</ref>或部分之和都更加复杂、更有意义。复杂适应系统是[[非线性动力系统]]的子集<ref name="Lansing 2003 pp. 183–204">{{cite journal | last=Lansing | first=J. Stephen | title=Complex Adaptive Systems | journal=Annual Review of Anthropology | publisher=Annual Reviews | volume=32 | issue=1 | year=2003 | issn=0084-6570 | doi=10.1146/annurev.anthro.32.061002.093440 | pages=183–204}}</ref>，其研究高度跨学科，融合了自然科学和社会科学的知识开发出了系统级的模型和见解，从而使得系统可以实现'''[[异质主体]] Heterogeneous agents'''、'''[[相变]] Phase transition '''和'''[[涌现]]行为 Emergent behavior'''<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.slate.com/articles/technology/bitwise/2016/01/a_crude_look_at_the_whole_looks_at_complexity_theory_which_wants_to_understand.html|title=The Theory of Everything and Then Some|last=Auerbach|first=David|date=2016-01-19|work=Slate|access-date=2017-03-07|language=en-US|issn=1091-2339}}</ref> 。

They are ''[[complex system|complex]]'' in that they are [[Dynamic network analysis|dynamic networks of interactions]], and their relationships are not aggregations of the individual static entities, i.e., the behavior of the ensemble is not predicted by the behavior of the components.  They are ''[[adaptive]]'' in that the individual and [[collective behavior]] mutate and [[self-organizing|self-organize]] corresponding to the change-initiating micro-event or collection of events.<ref name=CAS-T-01/><ref name=CAS-T-02/><ref name="Miller, John H., and Scott E. Page"/> They are a "complex macroscopic collection" of relatively "similar and partially connected micro-structures" formed in order to [[Adaptive system|adapt]] to the changing environment and increase their survivability as a [[macrostructure (sociology)|macro-structure]].<ref name=CAS-T-01/><ref name=CAS-T-02/><ref name=CAS-T-12/> The Complex Adaptive Systems approach builds on [[replicator dynamics]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Foster |first1=John  |date=2006 |title=Why is economics not a complex systems science? |url=https://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:9953/econ_dp_336_04.pdf |journal=Journal of Economic Issues |volume=40 |issue=4 |pages=1069-1091 |doi=10.1080/00213624.2006.11506975 |access-date=2020-01-18 }}</ref>

这种系统是''[[复杂系统]]/[[复杂]]的''，因为它们是'''[[动态的交互网络]] Dynamic network analysis'''，并不是单个静态实体的简单聚合，也就是说，集合的行为不能通过每个组件的行为来进行预测。<ref name=CAS-T-01/><ref name=CAS-T-02/><ref name="Miller, John H., and Scott E. Page"/> 同时它们也是适应性的，因为个体和集体的行为会随着微事件或事件集合的发生而进行变异或自我组织。<ref name=CAS-T-01/><ref name=CAS-T-02/><ref name="Miller, John H., and Scott E. Page"/>

 

 

这种系统是''[[复杂系统]]/[[复杂]]的''，因为它们是'''[[动态的交互网络]] Dynamic network analysis'''，并不是单个静态实体的简单聚合，也就是说，集合的行为不能通过每个组件的行为来进行预测。<ref name=CAS-T-01/><ref name=CAS-T-02/><ref name="Miller, John H., and Scott E. Page"/> 同时它们也是适应性的，因为个体和集体的行为会随着微事件或事件集合的发生而进行变异或自我组织。

 

 

复杂适应系统的典型例子包括: 气候、城市、企业、市场、政府、工业、生态系统、社交网络、电网、动物群落、交通流、社会昆虫群体（例如：蚁群）<ref name=AFC-NA-21/>等。除此之外，互联网和网络空间等由复杂的人机交互组成、协作和管理的网络系统也被视为复杂适应性系统。<ref name=CAS-T-16/><ref name=CAS-T-17/><ref name=CAS-T-18/>

Typical examples of complex adaptive systems include: climate; cities; firms; markets; governments; industries; ecosystems; social networks; power grids; animal swarms; traffic flows; [[social insect]] (e.g. [[ant]]) colonies;<ref name=AFC-NA-21/> the [[brain]] and the [[immune system]]; and the [[cell (biology)|cell]] and the developing [[embryo]]. Human social group-based endeavors, such as [[political party|political parties]], [[community|communities]], [[geopolitical]] [[organisations|organizations]], [[war]], and [[terrorist network analysis|terrorist networks]] are also considered CAS.<ref name=AFC-NA-21/><ref name=GT-33/><ref name=CAS-T-19>{{cite web|first=Samuel|last=Solvit|title=Dimensions of War: Understanding War as a Complex Adaptive System|url=http://dimensionsofwar.com/|publisher=L'Harmattan|year=2012|accessdate=25 August 2013}}</ref> The [[internet]] and [[cyberspace]]—composed, collaborated, and managed by a complex mix of [[human–computer interaction]]s, is also regarded as a complex adaptive system.<ref name=CAS-T-16/><ref name=CAS-T-17/><ref name=CAS-T-18/> CAS can be hierarchical, but more often exhibit aspects of "self-organization".<ref>{{Cite book|title=Hidden order: how adaptation builds complexity|last=Holland, John H. (John Henry)|date=1996|publisher=Addison-Wesley|isbn=0201442302|location=|pages=|oclc=970420200}}</ref>

 

 

 

'''特纳 Turner'''和'''贝克 Baker'''<ref>Turner, J. R., & Baker, R. (in press). Just doing the do: A case study testing creativity and innovative processes as complex adaptive systems. New Horizons in Adult Education and Human Resource Development.</ref>从文献中综合了复杂适应系统的特征，并在创造力和创新的背景下测试了这些特征。这八个特点中的每一个都显示出在创造性和创新过程中存在:

* '''特纳 Turner'''和'''贝克 Baker'''<ref>Turner, J. R., & Baker, R. (in press). Just doing the do: A case study testing creativity and innovative processes as complex adaptive systems. New Horizons in Adult Education and Human Resource Development.</ref>从文献中综合了复杂适应系统的特征，并在创造力和创新的背景下测试了这些特征。这八个特点中的每一个都显示出在创造性和创新过程中存在: