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这种系统是''[[复杂系统]]/[[复杂]]的''，因为它们是'''[[动态的交互网络]] Dynamic network analysis'''，并不是单个静态实体的简单聚合，也就是说，集合的行为不能通过每个组件的行为来进行预测。<ref name=CAS-T-01/><ref name=CAS-T-02/><ref name="Miller, John H., and Scott E. Page"/> 同时它们也是适应性的，因为个体和集体的行为会随着微事件或事件集合的发生而进行变异或自我组织。<ref name=CAS-T-01/><ref name=CAS-T-02/><ref name="Miller, John H., and Scott E. Page"/>
这种系统是''[[复杂系统]]/[[复杂]]的''，因为它们是'''[[动态的交互网络]] Dynamic network analysis'''，并不是单个静态实体的简单聚合，也就是说，集合的行为不能通过每个组件的行为来进行预测。<ref name=CAS-T-01>{{cite web |url=http://tejas.iimb.ac.in/articles/12.php|title=Insights from Complexity Theory: Understanding Organisations better |publisher= by Assoc. Prof. Amit Gupta, Student contributor - S. Anish, IIM Bangalore|date= |accessdate=1 June 2012 }}</ref><ref name=CAS-T-02>{{cite journal |title=Ten Principles of Complexity & Enabling Infrastructures |publisher= by Professor Eve Mitleton-Kelly, Director Complexity Research Programme, London School of Economics |date= |citeseerx = 10.1.1.98.3514}}</ref><ref name="Miller, John H., and Scott E. Page"/> 同时它们也是适应性的，因为个体和集体的行为会随着微事件或事件集合的发生而进行变异或自我组织。<ref name=CAS-T-01/><ref name=CAS-T-02/><ref name="Miller, John H., and Scott E. Page"/>
复杂适应系统的研究主要集中在系统的复杂性、涌现性和宏观性质上。<ref name="CAS-T-12" /><ref name="CAS-T-11" /><ref name="CAS-T-13" />
复杂适应系统的研究主要集中在系统的复杂性、涌现性和宏观性质上。<ref name=CAS-T-11>{{cite journal|title=A Complex Adaptive Organization Under the Lens of the LIFE Model:The Case of Wikipedia|journal=Egosnet.org|url=https://otago.academia.edu/JeanBaptisteFaucher/Papers/489796/A_Complex_Adaptive_Organization_Under_the_Lens_of_the_LIFE_Model_The_Case_of_Wikipedia|accessdate=25 August 2012|last1=Faucher|first1=Jean-Baptiste}}</ref><ref name=CAS-T-12>{{cite web|title=Evolutionary Psychology, Complex Systems, and Social Theory|url=http://web.eecs.utk.edu/~mclennan/papers/EPCSST.pdf|work=Bruce MacLennan, Department of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville|publisher=eecs.utk.edu|accessdate=25 August 2012}}</ref><ref name=CAS-T-13>{{cite web|title=Complex Adaptive Systems as a Model for Evaluating Organisational : Change Caused by the Introduction of Health Information Systems|url=http://www.uow.edu.au/~kd21/uploads/Diment-complexity.pdf|work=Kieren Diment, Ping Yu, Karin Garrety, Health Informatics Research Lab, Faculty of Informatics, University of Wollongong, School of Management, University of Wollongong, NSW|publisher=uow.edu.au|accessdate=25 August 2012|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120905170544/http://www.uow.edu.au/~kd21/uploads/Diment-complexity.pdf|archivedate=5 September 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
复杂适应系统的典型例子包括: 气候、城市、企业、市场、政府、工业、生态系统、社交网络、电网、动物群落、交通流、社会昆虫群体（例如：蚁群）<ref name=AFC-NA-21/>等。除此之外，互联网和网络空间等由复杂的人机交互组成、协作和管理的网络系统也被视为复杂适应性系统。<ref name=CAS-T-16/><ref name=CAS-T-17/><ref name=CAS-T-18/>
复杂适应系统的典型例子包括: 气候、城市、企业、市场、政府、工业、生态系统、社交网络、电网、动物群落、交通流、社会昆虫群体（例如：蚁群）<ref name=AFC-NA-21/>等。除此之外，互联网和网络空间等由复杂的人机交互组成、协作和管理的网络系统也被视为复杂适应性系统。<ref name=CAS-T-16>{{cite web|title=The Internet Analyzed as a Complex Adaptive System|url=http://spacecollective.org/aloksubbarao/5730/The-Internet-Analyzed-as-a-Complex-Adaptive-System|accessdate=25 August 2012}}</ref><ref name=CAS-T-17>{{cite web|title=Cyberspace: The Ultimate Complex Adaptive System|url=http://www.dodccrp.org/files/IC2J_v4n2_03_Phister.pdf|publisher=The International C2 Journal
|accessdate=25 August 2012}} by Paul W. Phister Jr</ref><ref name=CAS-T-18>{{cite web|title=Complex Adaptive Systems|url=http://web.mit.edu/esd.83/www/notebook/Complex%20Adaptive%20Systems.pdf|publisher=mit.edu|year=2001|accessdate=25 August 2012}} by Serena Chan, Research Seminar in Engineering Systems</ref>
== 参考文献 ==
== 参考文献 ==
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== 其他参考资料 ==
== 其他参考资料 ==