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| | 二战后，各国开始了太空竞赛，太空竞赛非常依赖于精确的航天器控制。当代，控制理论在经济学和人工智能等领域的应用也越来越多。在这里，有人可能会说，控制得目标是找到一个遵循良好控制器定理的内部模型。因此，举例来说，在经济学中，一个(股票或商品)交易模型越准确地代表了市场的行为，它就越容易控制市场(并从中提取“有用的工作”(利润))。在人工智能中，一个例子可能是一个聊天机器人模拟人类的话语状态: 它模拟人类状态越精确(例如:在电话语音支持热线) ，它可以更好地帮助人类(例如:进行纠正措施，解决问题，防止电话呼叫造成的通话堵塞)。这俩个例子通常是将控制理论的历史解释视为一组微分方程建模和动力学建模，并将其扩展为控制器与平台相互作用的广义推广。 | | 二战后，各国开始了太空竞赛，太空竞赛非常依赖于精确的航天器控制。当代，控制理论在经济学和人工智能等领域的应用也越来越多。在这里，有人可能会说，控制得目标是找到一个遵循良好控制器定理的内部模型。因此，举例来说，在经济学中，一个(股票或商品)交易模型越准确地代表了市场的行为，它就越容易控制市场(并从中提取“有用的工作”(利润))。在人工智能中，一个例子可能是一个聊天机器人模拟人类的话语状态: 它模拟人类状态越精确(例如:在电话语音支持热线) ，它可以更好地帮助人类(例如:进行纠正措施，解决问题，防止电话呼叫造成的通话堵塞)。这俩个例子通常是将控制理论的历史解释视为一组微分方程建模和动力学建模，并将其扩展为控制器与平台相互作用的广义推广。 |
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| − | ==Open-loop and closed-loop (feedback) control== | + | ==开环和闭环(反馈)控制== |
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| − | ==Open-loop and closed-loop (feedback) control==
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| − | 开环和闭环(反馈)控制 | |
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| | [[File:Feedback loop with descriptions.svg|thumb|right|400px|A [[block diagram]] of a [[negative feedback]] [[control system]] using a [[feedback loop]] to control the process variable by comparing it with a desired value, and applying the difference as an error signal to generate a control output to reduce or eliminate the error.]] | | [[File:Feedback loop with descriptions.svg|thumb|right|400px|A [[block diagram]] of a [[negative feedback]] [[control system]] using a [[feedback loop]] to control the process variable by comparing it with a desired value, and applying the difference as an error signal to generate a control output to reduce or eliminate the error.]] |
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| | 单个工业控制回路的例子; 显示过程流程的连续调制控制。 | | 单个工业控制回路的例子; 显示过程流程的连续调制控制。 |
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| − | Fundamentally, there are two types of control loops: open loop control and closed loop (feedback) control.
| + | 从根本上讲，控制回路有两种类型：开环控制和闭环（反馈）控制。 |
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| − | Fundamentally, there are two types of control loops: open loop control and closed loop (feedback) control.
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| − | 基本上，有两种类型的控制回路: 开环控制和闭环(反馈)控制。
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| − | In open loop control, the control action from the controller is independent of the "process output" (or "controlled process variable" - PV). A good example of this is a central heating boiler controlled only by a timer, so that heat is applied for a constant time, regardless of the temperature of the building. The control action is the timed switching on/off of the boiler, the process variable is the building temperature, but neither is linked.
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| − | In open loop control, the control action from the controller is independent of the "process output" (or "controlled process variable" - PV). A good example of this is a central heating boiler controlled only by a timer, so that heat is applied for a constant time, regardless of the temperature of the building. The control action is the timed switching on/off of the boiler, the process variable is the building temperature, but neither is linked.
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| − | 在开环控制中，来自控制器的控制动作独立于“过程输出”(或“受控程序变数”-PV)。这方面的一个很好的例子是一个集中供热锅炉只由一个定时器控制，这样加热就是一个恒定的时间，不管建筑物的温度如何。控制动作是锅炉的定时开关，程序变数是建筑物的温度，但两者都没有联系。
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| − | In closed loop control, the control action from the controller is dependent on feedback from the process in the form of the value of the process variable (PV). In the case of the boiler analogy, a closed loop would include a thermostat to compare the building temperature (PV) with the temperature set on the thermostat (the set point - SP). This generates a controller output to maintain the building at the desired temperature by switching the boiler on and off. A closed loop controller, therefore, has a feedback loop which ensures the controller exerts a control action to manipulate the process variable to be the same as the "Reference input" or "set point". For this reason, closed loop controllers are also called feedback controllers.<ref>"Feedback and control systems" - JJ Di Steffano, AR Stubberud, IJ Williams. Schaums outline series, McGraw-Hill 1967</ref>
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| − | In closed loop control, the control action from the controller is dependent on feedback from the process in the form of the value of the process variable (PV). In the case of the boiler analogy, a closed loop would include a thermostat to compare the building temperature (PV) with the temperature set on the thermostat (the set point - SP). This generates a controller output to maintain the building at the desired temperature by switching the boiler on and off. A closed loop controller, therefore, has a feedback loop which ensures the controller exerts a control action to manipulate the process variable to be the same as the "Reference input" or "set point". For this reason, closed loop controllers are also called feedback controllers.
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| − | 在闭环控制中，来自控制器的控制动作依赖于来自过程的反馈，其形式为程序变数值。在类似于锅炉的情况下，一个闭合回路将包括一个恒温器，用于比较建筑物温度(PV)和恒温器上的温度设置(设置点 -SP)。这会产生一个控制器输出，通过开关锅炉使建筑物保持在所需的温度。一个闭环控制器，因此，有一个反馈回路，确保控制器施加一个控制动作来操纵程序变数，使其与“参考输入”或“设定点”相同。因此，闭环控制器也称为反馈控制器。
| + | 在开环控制中，来自控制器的控制动作独立于“过程输出”（或“受控过程变量”-PV）。一个很好的例子是仅由计时器控制的中央供暖锅炉，因此无论建筑物的温度如何，都将热量恒定地施加。控制动作是定时打开/关闭锅炉，过程变量是建筑物温度，但两者都不相关。 |
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| | + | 在闭环控制中，来自控制器的控制动作取决于过程变量（PV）值的反馈。在类似于锅炉的情况下，闭环回路将包括一个恒温器，以将建筑物温度与恒温器上设定的温度（设定值-SP）进行比较。这将产生一个控制器输出，通过打开和关闭锅炉来将建筑物维持在所需温度。因此，闭环控制器具有反馈回路，该反馈回路可确保控制器施加合适的控制动作将过程变量操纵为与“参考输入”或“设定点”相同。因此，闭环控制器也称为反馈控制器<ref>"Feedback and control systems" - JJ Di Steffano, AR Stubberud, IJ Williams. Schaums outline series, McGraw-Hill 1967</ref>。 |
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| | + | 根据英国标准协会，闭环控制系统的定义是“一个具有监视反馈的控制系统，该反馈而形成的偏差信号被用于控制最终控制元件的动作，从而尽可能使偏差减小到零。” [13] |
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| | + | 同样 “ 反馈控制系统是一种系统，通过比较这些变量的功能并将该差异用作控制手段，趋于保持一个系统变量与另一个系统变量之间的规定关系。” [14] |
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