更改

==here==

==here==

 

The motive power of heat is independent of the agents employed to realize it; its quantity is fixed solely by the temperatures of the bodies between which is effected, finally, the transfer of caloric.

The motive power of heat is independent of the agents employed to realize it; its quantity is fixed solely by the temperatures of the bodies between which is effected, finally, the transfer of caloric.

In modern terms, Carnot's principle may be stated more precisely:

In modern terms, Carnot's principle may be stated more precisely:

用现代术语来说，卡诺原理可能更为准确:

用现代术语<font color = 'red'><s>来说</s></font>，卡诺原理可能更为准确:

The efficiency of a quasi-static or reversible Carnot cycle depends only on the temperatures of the two heat reservoirs, and is the same, whatever the working substance. A Carnot engine operated in this way is the most efficient possible heat engine using those two temperatures.

The efficiency of a quasi-static or reversible Carnot cycle depends only on the temperatures of the two heat reservoirs, and is the same, whatever the working substance. A Carnot engine operated in this way is the most efficient possible heat engine using those two temperatures.

准静态卡诺循环或可逆卡诺循环的效率只取决于两种热源的温度，而且无论工作物质是什么，效率是相同的。只有两个热源与工作物质交换热源（一个高温热源温度<math>T_1</math>和一个低温热源温度<math>T_2</math>)的卡诺热机是最有效的热机。

准静态卡诺循环或可逆卡诺循环的效率只取决于两种热源的温度，而且无论工作物质是什么，效率是相同的。<font color = 'red'><s>只有</s></font><font color = 'blue'>使用</font>两个热源与工作物质交换热源（一个高温热源温度<math>T_1</math>和一个低温热源温度<math>T_2</math>)的卡诺热机是最有效的热机。

   --[[用户:趣木木|趣木木]]（[[用户讨论:趣木木|讨论]]）最后一句进行了补充 意译

   --[[用户:趣木木|趣木木]]（[[用户讨论:趣木木|讨论]]）最后一句进行了补充 意译

 

===Clausius statement克劳修斯表述===

===Clausius statement克劳修斯表述===

The German scientist Rudolf Clausius laid the foundation for the second law of thermodynamics in 1850 by examining the relation between heat transfer and work. His formulation of the second law, which was published in German in 1854, is known as the Clausius statement:

The German scientist Rudolf Clausius laid the foundation for the second law of thermodynamics in 1850 by examining the relation between heat transfer and work. His formulation of the second law, which was published in German in 1854, is known as the Clausius statement:

1850年，德国科学家'''鲁道夫·克劳修斯 Rudolf Clausius''' 通过研究热传递和功之间的关系，为热力学第二定律实验室奠定了基础。他在1854年用德语发表的论文中所提及的热力学第二定律定义被称为克劳修斯表述:

1850年，德国科学家'''鲁道夫·克劳修斯 Rudolf Clausius''' 通过研究热传递和功之间的关系，为热力学第二定律<font color = 'red'><s>实验室</s></font>奠定了基础。他在1854年用德语发表的论文中所提及的热力学第二定律定义被称为克劳修斯表述:

<blockquote>Heat can never pass from a colder to a warmer body without some other change, connected therewith, occurring at the same time.</blockquote>

<blockquote>Heat can never pass from a colder to a warmer body without some other change, connected therewith, occurring at the same time.</blockquote>

不可能把热量从低温物体传递到高温物体而不产生其他影响。 / blockquote

不可能把热量从低温物体传递到高温物体而不产生其他影响。  

 

The statement by Clausius uses the concept of 'passage of heat'. As is usual in thermodynamic discussions, this means 'net transfer of energy as heat', and does not refer to contributory transfers one way and the other.

The statement by Clausius uses the concept of 'passage of heat'. As is usual in thermodynamic discussions, this means 'net transfer of energy as heat', and does not refer to contributory transfers one way and the other.

克劳修斯的表述使用了“热量通道”的概念。正如通常在热力学的讨论，这意味着“能量作为热量的净转移” ，而不是另一种形式上的"分摊转账"或其他。

克劳修斯的表述使用了“'''热量通道Passage Of Heat'''”的概念。<font color = 'red'><s>正如通常在热力学的讨论，这意味着“能量作为热量的净转移” ，而不是另一种形式上的"分摊转账"或其他。</s></font><font color = 'blue'>

   --[[用户:趣木木|趣木木]]（[[用户讨论:趣木木|讨论]]）不太理解分摊转账contributory transfers  

   --[[用户:趣木木|趣木木]]（[[用户讨论:趣木木|讨论]]）不太理解分摊转账contributory transfers  

 

Heat cannot spontaneously flow from cold regions to hot regions without external work being performed on the system, which is evident from ordinary experience of refrigeration, for example. In a refrigerator, heat flows from cold to hot, but only when forced by an external agent, the refrigeration system.

Heat cannot spontaneously flow from cold regions to hot regions without external work being performed on the system, which is evident from ordinary experience of refrigeration, for example. In a refrigerator, heat flows from cold to hot, but only when forced by an external agent, the refrigeration system.

Lord Kelvin expressed the second law in several wordings.

Lord Kelvin expressed the second law in several wordings.

'''开尔文勋爵 Lord Kelvin''' 用几个字表达了热力学第二定律。

'''开尔文勋爵 Lord Kelvin''' <font color = 'red'><s>用几个字表达</s></font><font color = 'blue'>表述</font>了热力学第二定律。

It is impossible for a self-acting machine, unaided by any external agency, to convey heat from one body to another at a higher temperature.

It is impossible for a self-acting machine, unaided by any external agency, to convey heat from one body to another at a higher temperature.

It is impossible, by means of inanimate material agency, to derive mechanical effect from any portion of matter by cooling it below the temperature of the coldest of the surrounding objects.

It is impossible, by means of inanimate material agency, to derive mechanical effect from any portion of matter by cooling it below the temperature of the coldest of the surrounding objects.

通过无生命物质的作用，不可能通过将物质的任何部分冷却到低于周围物体最冷的温度来产生机械效应。

<font color = 'red'><s>通过无生命物质的作用，不可能通过将物质的任何部分冷却到低于周围物体最冷的温度来产生机械效应。</s></font><font color = 'blue'>不可能通过无生命物质的作用，将物质的任何部分冷却到低于周围物体最低的温度并产生'''机械效应 Mechanical Effect'''。</font>

 

   --[[用户:趣木木|趣木木]]（[[用户讨论:趣木木|讨论]]）无生命物质可以意译为机器吗

   --[[用户:趣木木|趣木木]]（[[用户讨论:趣木木|讨论]]）无生命物质可以意译为机器吗

Suppose there is an engine violating the Kelvin statement: i.e., one that drains heat and converts it completely into work in a cyclic fashion without any other result. Now pair it with a reversed Carnot engine as shown by the figure. The efficiency of a normal heat engine is η and so the efficiency of the reversed heat engine is 1/η. The net and sole effect of the combined pair of engines is to transfer heat from <math>\Delta Q=Q\left(\frac{1}{\eta}-1\right)</math> the cooler reservoir to the hotter one, which violates the Clausius statement. (This is a consequence of the first law of thermodynamics, as for the total system's energy to remain the same, <math> \text{Input}+\text{Output}=0 \implies Q-\frac{Q}{\eta} = -Q_c </math>, so therefore <math> Q_c=Q\left( \frac{1}{\eta}-1\right) </math> ). Thus a violation of the Kelvin statement implies a violation of the Clausius statement, i.e. the Clausius statement implies the Kelvin statement. We can prove in a similar manner that the Kelvin statement implies the Clausius statement, and hence the two are equivalent.

Suppose there is an engine violating the Kelvin statement: i.e., one that drains heat and converts it completely into work in a cyclic fashion without any other result. Now pair it with a reversed Carnot engine as shown by the figure. The efficiency of a normal heat engine is η and so the efficiency of the reversed heat engine is 1/η. The net and sole effect of the combined pair of engines is to transfer heat from <math>\Delta Q=Q\left(\frac{1}{\eta}-1\right)</math> the cooler reservoir to the hotter one, which violates the Clausius statement. (This is a consequence of the first law of thermodynamics, as for the total system's energy to remain the same, <math> \text{Input}+\text{Output}=0 \implies Q-\frac{Q}{\eta} = -Q_c </math>, so therefore <math> Q_c=Q\left( \frac{1}{\eta}-1\right) </math> ). Thus a violation of the Kelvin statement implies a violation of the Clausius statement, i.e. the Clausius statement implies the Kelvin statement. We can prove in a similar manner that the Kelvin statement implies the Clausius statement, and hence the two are equivalent.

假设有一个热机违反了开尔文定理: 也就是说，这个热机以循环的方式吸收热量并将其转化为功，而不产生任何影响。现与反向卡诺发动机相对应，如图所示。

假设有一个热机违反了开尔文定理: 也就是说，这个热机以循环的方式吸收热量并将其<font color = 'blue'>完全</font>转化为功，而<font color = 'blue'>且</font>不产生任何影响。现<font color = 'blue'>在将其</font>与反向卡诺<font color = 'red'><s>发动</s></font>机<font color = 'red'><s>相对应</s></font><font color = 'blue'>比较</font>，如图所示。

普通热机的效率为η，反向热机的效率为1/η。这对热机的联合作用<math>\Delta Q=Q\left(\frac{1}{\eta}-1\right)</math> 为将热量从较冷热源到较热热源，这违反了克劳修斯表述。(这是能量守恒定律的结果，因为系统的总能量保持不变，所以<math> Q_c=Q\left( \frac{1}{\eta}-1\right) </math>。因此，违反开尔文表述意味着违反克劳修斯表述，即克劳修斯表述暗示了开尔文表述。我们可以用类似的方式证明开尔文表述暗示了克劳修斯表述，因此两者是等价的。

普通热机的效率为η，反向热机的效率为1/η。这对<font color = 'red'><s>热机的联合作用为</s></font><font color = 'blue'>联合热机的净效应和唯一效应是</font><math>\Delta Q=Q\left(\frac{1}{\eta}-1\right)</math> 将热量从较冷热源<font color = 'blue'>转移</font>到较热热源，这违反了克劳修斯表述。（这是能量守恒定律的结果，因为系统的总能量保持不变<math> \text{Input}+\text{Output}=0 \implies Q-\frac{Q}{\eta} = -Q_c </math>，所以<math> Q_c=Q\left( \frac{1}{\eta}-1\right) </math>。）因此，违反开尔文表述意味着违反克劳修斯表述，即克劳修斯表述暗示了开尔文表述。我们可以用类似的方式证明开尔文表述暗示了克劳修斯表述，因此两者是等价的。

===Planck's proposition普朗克假设===

===Planck's proposition普朗克<font color = 'red'><s>假设</s></font><font color = 'blue'>命题</font>===

It is impossible to construct an engine which will work in a complete cycle, and produce no effect except the raising of a weight and cooling of a heat reservoir.

It is impossible to construct an engine which will work in a complete cycle, and produce no effect except the raising of a weight and cooling of a heat reservoir.

 

 

===Relation between Kelvin's statement and Planck's proposition 开尔文表述与普朗克命题的关系===

===Relation between Kelvin's statement and Planck's proposition 开尔文表述与普朗克命题的关系===

It is almost customary in textbooks to speak of the "Kelvin-Planck statement" of the law, as for example in the text by ter Haar and Wergeland.

It is almost customary in textbooks to speak of the "Kelvin-Planck statement" of the law, as for example in the text by ter Haar and Wergeland.

教科书中几乎惯常提及该定律的“'''开尔文-普朗克表述 Kelvin-Planck Statement'''” ，例如'''德克·特哈尔 Diek ter Haar''' 和'''哈拉尔德·沃格兰 Harald Wergeland''' 在文中就是这样表述的。

教科书中几乎<font color = 'red'><s>惯常提及该定律的“'''开尔文-普朗克表述 Kelvin-Planck Statement'''”</s></font><font color = 'blue'>总是用“'''开尔文-普朗克表述 Kelvin-Planck Statement'''”来称呼该定律</font>，例如'''德克·特哈尔 Diek ter Haar''' 和'''哈拉尔德·沃格兰 Harald Wergeland''' <font color = 'red'><s>在文中</s></font>就是这样表述的。

 

Every process occurring in nature proceeds in the sense in which the sum of the entropies of all bodies taking part in the process is increased. In the limit, i.e. for reversible processes, the sum of the entropies remains unchanged.

Every process occurring in nature proceeds in the sense in which the sum of the entropies of all bodies taking part in the process is increased. In the limit, i.e. for reversible processes, the sum of the entropies remains unchanged.

... in an irreversible or spontaneous change from one equilibrium state to another (as for example the equalization of temperature of two bodies A and B, when brought in contact) the entropy always increases.

... in an irreversible or spontaneous change from one equilibrium state to another (as for example the equalization of temperature of two bodies A and B, when brought in contact) the entropy always increases.

在从一个平衡态到另一个平衡态的不可逆或自发的变化中（例如，当两个物体 A 和 B 接触时的温度平衡过程），熵总是增加。

……在从一个平衡态到另一个平衡态的不可逆或自发的变化中（例如，当两个物体 A 和 B 接触时的温度平衡过程），熵总是增加。

 

 

===Principle of Carathéodory 卡拉西奥多里原理===

===Principle of Carathéodory 卡拉西奥多里原理===