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在第二定律建立之前，许多志在发明永动机的人试图通过提取环境的巨大内能作为机器动力，以突破'''热力学第一定律 First Law of Thermodynamics''' 的限制。这种机器被称为“'''第二类永动机 Perpetual Motion Machine of the Second Kind'''”。<font color = 'blue'>热力学</font>第二定律表明这种机器是不可能的。

在第二定律建立之前，许多志在发明永动机的人试图通过提取环境的巨大内能作为机器动力，以突破'''热力学第一定律 First Law of Thermodynamics''' 的限制。这种机器被称为“'''第二类永动机 Perpetual Motion Machine of the Second Kind'''”。<font color = 'blue'>热力学</font>第二定律表明这种机器是不可能的。

 

===Carnot theorem 卡诺定理===

===Carnot theorem 卡诺定理===

 

[[Carnot theorem (thermodynamics)|Carnot's theorem]] (1824) is a principle that limits the maximum efficiency for any possible engine. The efficiency solely depends on the temperature difference between the hot and cold thermal reservoirs. Carnot's theorem states:

[[Carnot theorem (thermodynamics)|Carnot's theorem]] (1824) is a principle that limits the maximum efficiency for any possible engine. The efficiency solely depends on the temperature difference between the hot and cold thermal reservoirs. Carnot's theorem states:

Carnot's theorem (1824) is a principle that limits the maximum efficiency for any possible engine. The efficiency solely depends on the temperature difference between the hot and cold thermal reservoirs. Carnot's theorem states:

Carnot's theorem (1824) is a principle that limits the maximum efficiency for any possible engine. The efficiency solely depends on the temperature difference between the hot and cold thermal reservoirs. Carnot's theorem states:

'''卡诺定理 Carnot's Theorem'''（1824）是一条限制任何可能的发动机的最大效率的原理。效率完全取决于热库和冷库之间的温差。卡诺定理指出:

'''卡诺定理 Carnot's Theorem'''（1824）是一条限制任何可能的<font color = 'red'><s>发动机</s></font>热机<font color = 'blue'>的最大效率的原理。效率完全取决于<font color = 'red'><s>热库和冷库之间的温差</s></font><font color = 'blue'>热源中热和冷之间的温差</font>。卡诺定理指出:

*All irreversible heat engines between two heat reservoirs are less efficient than a [[Carnot engine]] operating between the same reservoirs.

*All irreversible heat engines between two heat reservoirs are less efficient than a [[Carnot engine]] operating between the same reservoirs.

* 所有不可逆热机的效率低于在两相同热源之间工作的'''卡诺机 Carnot Engine'''。

* 所有<font color = 'blue'>在两个热源之间工作的</font>不可逆热机的效率低于在<font color = 'red'><s>两相同</s></font><font color = 'blue'>同一个</font>热源之间工作的'''卡诺机 Carnot Engine'''。

* 所有可逆热机的效率与在两相同热源之间工作的卡诺机相等。

* 所有<font color = 'blue'>在两个热源之间工作的</font>可逆热机的效率与在<font color = 'red'><s>两相同</s></font><font color = 'blue'>同一个</font>热源之间工作的卡诺机相等。

In his ideal model, the heat of caloric converted into work could be reinstated by reversing the motion of the cycle, a concept subsequently known as thermodynamic reversibility. Carnot, however, further postulated that some caloric is lost, not being converted to mechanical work. Hence, no real heat engine could realise the Carnot cycle's reversibility and was condemned to be less efficient.

In his ideal model, the heat of caloric converted into work could be reinstated by reversing the motion of the cycle, a concept subsequently known as thermodynamic reversibility. Carnot, however, further postulated that some caloric is lost, not being converted to mechanical work. Hence, no real heat engine could realise the Carnot cycle's reversibility and was condemned to be less efficient.

在他的理想模型中，热转换成功可以通过逆转循环的运动而恢复，这个概念后来被称为'''热力学可逆性 Thermodynamic Reversibility'''。然而，卡诺进一步假定，一些热量损失了，并没有转化为机械功。因此，没有一个真实的热机能够实现'''卡诺循环 Carnot Cycle'''的可逆性，并且被认为效率较低。

在他的理想模型中，<font color = 'red'><s>热转换成功</s></font><font color = 'blue'>热转化为功的过程</font>可以通过逆转循环的运动而恢复，这个概念后来被称为'''热力学可逆性 Thermodynamic Reversibility'''。然而，卡诺进一步假定，一些热量损失了，并没有转化为机械功。因此，没有一个真实的热机能够实现'''卡诺循环 Carnot Cycle'''的可逆性，并且被认为效率较低。

Though formulated in terms of caloric (see the obsolete caloric theory), rather than entropy, this was an early insight into the second law.

Though formulated in terms of caloric (see the obsolete caloric theory), rather than entropy, this was an early insight into the second law.

该理论尽管是用热量表述的（见被取代的'''热质说 Caloric Theory'''），而不是熵，但是它是对第二定律的早期认识。

该理论尽管是用热量表述的（见被取代的'''<font color = 'red'><s>热质说</s></font><font color = 'blue'>热量理论</font> Caloric Theory'''），而不是熵，但是它是对第二定律的早期认识。

===Clausius inequality 克劳修斯不等式===

===Clausius inequality 克劳修斯不等式===

The equality holds in the reversible case and the strict inequality holds in the irreversible case. The reversible case is used to introduce the state function entropy. This is because in cyclic processes the variation of a state function is zero from state functionality.

The equality holds in the reversible case and the strict inequality holds in the irreversible case. The reversible case is used to introduce the state function entropy. This is because in cyclic processes the variation of a state function is zero from state functionality.

--[[用户:Dorr|Dorr]]（[[用户讨论:Dorr|讨论]]）末句存疑

  --[[用户:Dorr|Dorr]]（[[用户讨论:Dorr|讨论]]）末句存疑

===Thermodynamic temperature 热力学温度===

===Thermodynamic temperature 热力学温度===

Carnot's theorem states that all reversible engines operating between the same heat reservoirs are equally efficient.

Carnot's theorem states that all reversible engines operating between the same heat reservoirs are equally efficient.

Thus, any reversible heat engine operating between temperatures ''T''₁ and ''T''₂ must have the same efficiency, that is to say, the efficiency is the function of temperatures only:  

Thus, any reversible heat engine operating between temperatures ''T''₁ and ''T''₂ must have the same efficiency, that is to say, the efficiency is the function of temperatures only:  

In addition, a reversible heat engine operating between temperatures ''T''₁ and ''T''₃ must have the same efficiency as one consisting of two cycles, one between ''T''₁ and another (intermediate) temperature ''T''₂, and the second between ''T''₂ and''T''₃. This can only be the case if

In addition, a reversible heat engine operating between temperatures ''T''₁ and ''T''₃ must have the same efficiency as one consisting of two cycles, one between ''T''₁ and another (intermediate) temperature ''T''₂, and the second between ''T''₂ and''T''₃. This can only be the case if

In addition, a reversible heat engine operating between temperatures T₁ and T₃ must have the same efficiency as one consisting of two cycles, one between T₁ and another (intermediate) temperature T₂, and the second between T₂ andT₃. This can only be the case if

In addition, a reversible heat engine operating between temperatures T₁ and T₃ must have the same efficiency as one consisting of two cycles, one between T₁ and another (intermediate) temperature T₂, and the second between T₂ andT₃. This can only be the case if