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→Energy, available useful work
===Energy, available useful work===
===Energy, available useful work===
能量，<font color = 'red'><s>有用的工作</s></font><font color = 'blue'>可用的有用工作</font>
{{See also|Exergy}}
{{See also|Exergy}}
An important and revealing idealized special case is to consider applying the Second Law to the scenario of an isolated system (called the total system or universe), made up of two parts: a sub-system of interest, and the sub-system's surroundings. These surroundings are imagined to be so large that they can be considered as an unlimited heat reservoir at temperature T<sub>R</sub> and pressure P<sub>R</sub> so that no matter how much heat is transferred to (or from) the sub-system, the temperature of the surroundings will remain T<sub>R</sub>; and no matter how much the volume of the sub-system expands (or contracts), the pressure of the surroundings will remain P<sub>R</sub>.
An important and revealing idealized special case is to consider applying the Second Law to the scenario of an isolated system (called the total system or universe), made up of two parts: a sub-system of interest, and the sub-system's surroundings. These surroundings are imagined to be so large that they can be considered as an unlimited heat reservoir at temperature T<sub>R</sub> and pressure P<sub>R</sub> so that no matter how much heat is transferred to (or from) the sub-system, the temperature of the surroundings will remain T<sub>R</sub>; and no matter how much the volume of the sub-system expands (or contracts), the pressure of the surroundings will remain P<sub>R</sub>.
考虑将第二定律应用于孤立系统(称为整体系统或宇宙)的情形，是一个重要的、具有启发性的理想情形。该系统由两部分组成：感兴趣的子系统和子系统的周围环境。因为环境被想象的非常巨大，它们可以被视为温度为 t 子 r / sub 和压力为 p 子 r / sub 一个无限的蓄热器，无论有多少热量被转移到（或来自）子系统，周围的温度将保持TR；无论子系统的体积膨胀（或收缩）有多大，周围环境的压力都将保持不变。
考虑将第二定律应用于孤立系统(称为整体系统或宇宙)<font color = 'red'><s>的情形，</s></font>是一个重要<font color = 'red'><s>的、</s></font><font color = 'blue'>而</font>具有启发性的理想情形。该系统由两部分组成：<font color = 'red'>感兴趣的<s></s></font>研究关心的<font color = 'blue'></font>子系统和子系统的周围环境。因为<font color = 'red'><s>环境被想象的</s></font><font color = 'blue'>想象的环境</font>非常<font color = 'red'><s>巨</s></font>大，<font color = 'blue'>以至于</font>它们可以被视为一个温度为 T<sub>R</sub> 且压力为 P<sub>R</sub> 的无限<font color = 'red'><s>蓄热器</s></font><font color = 'blue'>热源</font>，<font color = 'blue'>因此</font>无论有多少热<font color = 'red'><s>量</s></font>被转移到（或来自）子系统，周围的温度将保持T<sub>R</sub>；无论子系统的体积膨胀（或收缩）有多大，周围环境的压力都将保持不变。
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