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→老化 Aging
Working memory is among the cognitive functions most sensitive to decline in old age. Several explanations have been offered for this decline in psychology. One is the processing speed theory of cognitive aging by Tim Salthouse. Drawing on the finding of general slowing of cognitive processes as people grow older, Salthouse argues that slower processing leaves more time for working-memory contents to decay, thus reducing effective capacity. However, the decline of working-memory capacity cannot be entirely attributed to slowing because capacity declines more in old age than speed. Another proposal is the inhibition hypothesis advanced by Lynn Hasher and Rose Zacks. This theory assumes a general deficit in old age in the ability to inhibit irrelevant, or no-longer relevant, information. Therefore, working memory tends to be cluttered with irrelevant contents that reduce the effective capacity for relevant content. The assumption of an inhibition deficit in old age has received much empirical support but, so far, it is not clear whether the decline in inhibitory ability fully explains the decline of working-memory capacity. An explanation on the neural level of the decline of working memory and other cognitive functions in old age has been proposed by West. She argued that working memory depends to a large degree on the pre-frontal cortex, which deteriorates more than other brain regions as we grow old. Age related decline in working memory can be briefly reversed using low intensity transcranial stimulation, synchronizing rhythms in bilateral frontal and left temporal lobe areas.
Working memory is among the cognitive functions most sensitive to decline in old age. Several explanations have been offered for this decline in psychology. One is the processing speed theory of cognitive aging by Tim Salthouse. Drawing on the finding of general slowing of cognitive processes as people grow older, Salthouse argues that slower processing leaves more time for working-memory contents to decay, thus reducing effective capacity. However, the decline of working-memory capacity cannot be entirely attributed to slowing because capacity declines more in old age than speed. Another proposal is the inhibition hypothesis advanced by Lynn Hasher and Rose Zacks. This theory assumes a general deficit in old age in the ability to inhibit irrelevant, or no-longer relevant, information. Therefore, working memory tends to be cluttered with irrelevant contents that reduce the effective capacity for relevant content. The assumption of an inhibition deficit in old age has received much empirical support but, so far, it is not clear whether the decline in inhibitory ability fully explains the decline of working-memory capacity. An explanation on the neural level of the decline of working memory and other cognitive functions in old age has been proposed by West. She argued that working memory depends to a large degree on the pre-frontal cortex, which deteriorates more than other brain regions as we grow old. Age related decline in working memory can be briefly reversed using low intensity transcranial stimulation, synchronizing rhythms in bilateral frontal and left temporal lobe areas.
在老年期一系列认知功能的衰退中，工作记忆最为敏感。心理学上对这种衰退有几种解释。一个是提姆 · 萨尔特豪斯 Tim Salthouse 的认知老化之加工速度理论。普遍而言，人的认知过程随着年龄增长而变慢，萨尔豪斯 Salthouse 基于这一发现，提出变慢的处理过程导致工作记忆内容有更多的时间衰减，从而降低其有效容量的主张。然而，工作记忆容量的下降不能完全归因于慢，因为老年期的容量下降比处理速度下降更快。另一个是 琳恩·哈什尔 Lynn Hasher 和 罗丝·扎克 Rose Zacks 提出的抑制假说。该理论假设老年人在抑制不相关或不再相关的信息方面普遍能力不足。因此，工作记忆往往被不相关内容所干扰，从而降低了相关内容的有效容量。老年抑制能力缺失的假设得到了大量实证研究的支持，但抑制能力的下降是否完全解释了工作记忆能力的下降，目前为止还尚不清楚。韦斯特 West对老年期工作记忆及其他认知功能的衰退提出了一种神经层面的解释，她认为工作记忆在很大程度上取决于前额叶皮层，而随着年龄的增长，前额叶皮层比其他大脑区域更容易衰退。年龄导致的工作记忆衰退可通过低强度经颅刺激的低强度、双侧额叶或左侧颞叶的同步节律得到短暂逆转。
== 训练 Training ==
== 训练 Training ==