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  --[[用户:小头盔|小头盔]]（[[用户讨论:小头盔|讨论]]）这里建议标注一下'''<font color="#ff8000"> 完整的过程函数 holonomic process function</font>'''

  --[[用户:小头盔|小头盔]]（[[用户讨论:小头盔|讨论]]）这里建议标注一下'''<font color="#ff8000"> 完整的过程函数 holonomic process function</font>'''

  --[[用户:Dorr|Dorr]]（[[用户讨论:Dorr|讨论]]）奠定了基础为何要删

  --[[用户:Dorr|Dorr]]（[[用户讨论:Dorr|讨论]]）奠定了基础为何要删????????????????????????????????????????

Though it is almost customary in textbooks to say that Carathéodory's principle expresses the second law and to treat it as equivalent to the Clausius or to the Kelvin-Planck statements, such is not the case. To get all the content of the second law, Carathéodory's principle needs to be supplemented by Planck's principle, that isochoric work always increases the internal energy of a closed system that was initially in its own internal thermodynamic equilibrium.<ref name="Munster 45">Münster, A. (1970), p. 45.</ref>{{sfnp|Lieb|Yngvason|1999|p=49}}<ref name="Planck 1926">[[Max Planck|Planck, M.]] (1926).</ref><ref>Buchdahl, H.A. (1966), p. 69.</ref> {{clarify|date=February 2014}}

Though it is almost customary in textbooks to say that Carathéodory's principle expresses the second law and to treat it as equivalent to the Clausius or to the Kelvin-Planck statements, such is not the case. To get all the content of the second law, Carathéodory's principle needs to be supplemented by Planck's principle, that isochoric work always increases the internal energy of a closed system that was initially in its own internal thermodynamic equilibrium.<ref name="Munster 45">Münster, A. (1970), p. 45.</ref>{{sfnp|Lieb|Yngvason|1999|p=49}}<ref name="Planck 1926">[[Max Planck|Planck, M.]] (1926).</ref><ref>Buchdahl, H.A. (1966), p. 69.</ref> {{clarify|date=February 2014}}

  --[[用户:Dorr|Dorr]]（[[用户讨论:Dorr|讨论]]）改成同一个正确吗

  --[[用户:Dorr|Dorr]]（[[用户讨论:Dorr|讨论]]）改成同一个正确吗??????????????????????????

In his ideal model, the heat of caloric converted into work could be reinstated by reversing the motion of the cycle, a concept subsequently known as [[thermodynamic reversibility]]. Carnot, however, further postulated that some caloric is lost, not being converted to mechanical work. Hence, no real heat engine could realise the [[Carnot cycle]]'s reversibility and was condemned to be less efficient.

In his ideal model, the heat of caloric converted into work could be reinstated by reversing the motion of the cycle, a concept subsequently known as [[thermodynamic reversibility]]. Carnot, however, further postulated that some caloric is lost, not being converted to mechanical work. Hence, no real heat engine could realise the [[Carnot cycle]]'s reversibility and was condemned to be less efficient.

Carnot's theorem states that all reversible engines operating between the same heat reservoirs are equally efficient.

Carnot's theorem states that all reversible engines operating between the same heat reservoirs are equally efficient.

Thus, any reversible heat engine operating between temperatures ''T''₁ and ''T''₂ must have the same efficiency, that is to say, the efficiency is the function of temperatures only:  

Thus, any reversible heat engine operating between temperatures ''T''₁ and ''T''₂ must have the same efficiency, that is to say, the efficiency is the function of temperatures only: