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第9行： − 对社会的系统思考的印象+ 第17行：
第17行： − 系统科学是研究自然界、社会、认知、工程、技术和科学本身的系统本质的一门交叉学科。对于系统科学家来说，世界可以被理解为一个系统的系统。该领域的目标是发展跨学科基础，适用于各种领域，如心理学、生物学、医学、通信、商业管理、计算机科学、工程学和社会科学。+ 第25行：
第25行： − 系统科学涵盖了诸如复杂系统、控制论、动态系统理论、信息论、语言学或系统论等正规科学。它在自然科学、社会科学和工程学领域有应用，如控制论、运筹学、社会系统理论、系统生物学、系统动力学、人的因素、系统生态学、计算机科学、系统工程和系统心理学。系统科学通常强调的主题是: (a)整体观点，(b)系统与其嵌入环境之间的相互作用，(c)复杂的(通常是微妙的)动态行为轨迹，有时是稳定的(因此是强化的) ，而在各种“边界条件”下可能变得极不稳定(因此是破坏性的)。对地球尺度生物圈/地球圈动态的关注是系统科学力求提供有意义的见解的问题性质的一个例子。+ 第35行：
第35行： − 自从20世纪50年代一般系统研究出现以来，系统思维和系统科学已经发展成为许多理论框架。+ 第65行：
第65行： − 系统设计是“建立和确定最佳系统组件配置以实现特定目标或目的”的过程例如在计算方面，系统设计可以定义硬件和系统体系结构，其中包括许多子体系结构，包括软件体系结构、组件、模块、接口和数据，以及安全、信息等，以满足计算机系统的特定要求。+ 第77行：
第77行： − + 第101行：
第101行： − 有几种类型的系统方法学，即系统分析的学科。例如:+ 第107行：
第107行： − + 第113行：
第113行： − + 第119行：
第119行： − + 第131行：
第131行： − 系统论是研究自然界、社会和科学中复杂系统的一个交叉学科。更具体地说，它是一个概念框架，通过它，人们可以分析或描述任何一组协同工作以产生某种结果的对象。+ 第143行：
第143行： − 系统科学在一定程度上是以系统思维为科学分支的，如混沌理论、复杂系统、控制论、控制论、控制论、社会技术系统论、系统生物学、系统化学、系统生态学、系统心理学以及已经提到的系统动力学、系统工程和系统理论。+ 第153行：
第153行： − 系统科学涵盖了正规科学，如动态系统理论科学，以及在自然和社会科学和工程中的应用，如社会系统理论和系统动力学。+ 第287行：
第287行： − 其中包括其他科学家，如阿科夫，阿什比，玛格丽特米德和丘奇曼，他们在20世纪50年代和60年代普及了系统的概念。这些科学家启发并教育了第二代科学家，他们中有更著名的科学家，如 Ervin Laszlo (1932年)和 fritzjof Capra (1939年) ，后者在20世纪70年代和80年代写过系统论。其他人在20世纪80年代认识并开始研究这些作品，并从20世纪90年代开始写作。德波 · 哈蒙德可以说是典型的第三代系统科学家。+ 第301行：
第301行： − + 第317行：
第317行： − 该领域最著名的研究机构是位于美国新墨西哥州圣达菲的圣菲研究所研究所，致力于复杂系统的研究。这个研究所是在1984年由 George Cowan，David Pines，Stirling Colgate，默里·盖尔曼，Nick Metropolis，Herb Anderson，Peter a. Carruthers 和 Richard Slansky 创立的。除了派恩斯和盖尔曼，其他人都是洛斯阿拉莫斯国家实验室的科学家。的最初任务是传播一个单独的科际整合区域的概念，复杂性理论在 SFI 被称为复杂性科学。最近，印度拉贾斯坦邦的 IIT 焦特布尔开始通过学士、硕士和博士项目向学生灌输系统科学和工程学。这使它成为印度第一个向学生提供系统科学教育的机构。+
无编辑摘要
Impression of systems thinking about society
Impression of systems thinking about society
对社会系统思考的印象
Systems science is an interdisciplinary field that studies the nature of systems—from simple to complex—in nature, society, cognition, engineering, technology and science itself. To systems scientists, the world can be understood as a system of systems. The field aims to develop interdisciplinary foundations that are applicable in a variety of areas, such as psychology, biology, medicine, communication, business management, computer science, engineering, and social sciences.
Systems science is an interdisciplinary field that studies the nature of systems—from simple to complex—in nature, society, cognition, engineering, technology and science itself. To systems scientists, the world can be understood as a system of systems. The field aims to develop interdisciplinary foundations that are applicable in a variety of areas, such as psychology, biology, medicine, communication, business management, computer science, engineering, and social sciences.
系统科学是研究自然、社会、认知、工程、技术和科学本身的系统本质的一门交叉学科。对于系统科学家来说，世界可以被理解为一个系统的系统。该领域的目标是发展跨学科基础，适用于各种领域，如心理学、生物学、医学、通信、商业管理、计算机科学、工程学和社会科学。
Systems science covers formal sciences such as complex systems, cybernetics, dynamical systems theory, information theory, linguistics or systems theory. It has applications in the field of the natural and social sciences and engineering, such as control theory, operations research, social systems theory, systems biology, system dynamics, human factors, systems ecology, computer science, systems engineering and systems psychology. Themes commonly stressed in system science are (a) holistic view, (b) interaction between a system and its embedding environment, and (c) complex (often subtle) trajectories of dynamic behavior that sometimes are stable (and thus reinforcing), while at various 'boundary conditions' can become wildly unstable (and thus destructive). Concerns about Earth-scale biosphere/geosphere dynamics is an example of the nature of problems to which systems science seeks to contribute meaningful insights.
Systems science covers formal sciences such as complex systems, cybernetics, dynamical systems theory, information theory, linguistics or systems theory. It has applications in the field of the natural and social sciences and engineering, such as control theory, operations research, social systems theory, systems biology, system dynamics, human factors, systems ecology, computer science, systems engineering and systems psychology. Themes commonly stressed in system science are (a) holistic view, (b) interaction between a system and its embedding environment, and (c) complex (often subtle) trajectories of dynamic behavior that sometimes are stable (and thus reinforcing), while at various 'boundary conditions' can become wildly unstable (and thus destructive). Concerns about Earth-scale biosphere/geosphere dynamics is an example of the nature of problems to which systems science seeks to contribute meaningful insights.
系统科学涵盖了诸如复杂系统、控制论、动力系统理论、信息论、语言学或系统论等形式科学。它在自然科学、社会科学和工程学领域有应用，如控制论、运筹学、社会系统理论、系统生物学、系统动力学、人因工程学、系统生态学、计算机科学、系统工程和系统心理学。系统科学通常强调的主题是: (a)整体观点，(b)系统与其嵌入环境之间的相互作用，(c)复杂的(通常是微妙的)动态行为轨迹，有时是稳定的(因此是强化的) ，而在各种“边界条件”下可能变得极不稳定(因此是破坏性的)。对地球尺度生物圈/地球圈动力学的关注是系统科学力求对自然问题提供有意义见解的一个例子。
Since the emergence of general systems research in the 1950s, systems thinking and systems science have developed into many theoretical frameworks.
Since the emergence of general systems research in the 1950s, systems thinking and systems science have developed into many theoretical frameworks.
自从20世纪50年代对一般系统的研究出现以来，系统思维和系统科学已经发展出许多理论框架。
[[Image:Henk Bikker 1991.jpg|thumb|240px|Systems notes of Henk Bikker, [[TU Delft]], 1991]]
[[Image:Henk Bikker 1991.jpg|thumb|240px|Systems notes of Henk Bikker, [[TU Delft]], 1991]]
Systems design is the process of "establishing and specifying the optimum system component configuration for achieving specific goal or objective." For example in computing, systems design can define the hardware and systems architecture which includes many sub-architectures including software architecture, components, modules, interfaces, and data, as well as security, information, and others, for a computer system to satisfy specified requirements.
Systems design is the process of "establishing and specifying the optimum system component configuration for achieving specific goal or objective." For example in computing, systems design can define the hardware and systems architecture which includes many sub-architectures including software architecture, components, modules, interfaces, and data, as well as security, information, and others, for a computer system to satisfy specified requirements.
系统设计是“建立和确定最佳系统组件配置以实现特定目标或目的”的过程。例如在计算方面，系统设计可以定义硬件和系统体系结构，其中包括许多子体系结构，包括软件体系结构、组件、模块、接口和数据，以及安全、信息等，以满足计算机系统的特定要求。
;System dynamics
;System dynamics
System dynamics is an approach to understanding the behavior of complex systems over time. It offers "simulation technique for modeling business and social systems," which deals with internal feedback loops and time delays that affect the behavior of the entire system. What makes using system dynamics different from other approaches to studying complex systems is the use of feedback loops and stocks and flows.
System dynamics is an approach to understanding the behavior of complex systems over time. It offers "simulation technique for modeling business and social systems," which deals with internal feedback loops and time delays that affect the behavior of the entire system. What makes using system dynamics different from other approaches to studying complex systems is the use of feedback loops and stocks and flows.
系统动力学是一种理解复杂系统行为的方法。它提供了“商业和社会系统建模的仿真技术” ，处理影响整个系统行为的内部反馈回路和时间延迟。使用系统动力学不同于其他研究复杂系统的方法是使用反馈循环和存量和流量。
系统动力学是一种理解复杂系统行为的方法。它提供了“商业和社会系统建模的仿真技术” ，处理影响整个系统行为的内部反馈回路和时间延迟。使系统动力学不同于其他研究复杂系统方法的是它使用了反馈循环和存量和流量。
;Systems engineering
;Systems engineering
There are several types of Systems Methodologies, that is, disciplines for analysis of systems. For example:
There are several types of Systems Methodologies, that is, disciplines for analysis of systems. For example:
有几种类型的系统方法论，即系统分析的学科。例如:
:* [[Soft systems methodology]] (SSM) : in the field of organizational studies is an approach to organisational process modelling, and it can be used both for general [[Problem solving|problem]] solving and in the management of change. It was developed in [[England]] by academics at the [[University of Lancaster]] Systems Department through a ten-year Action Research programme.
:* [[Soft systems methodology]] (SSM) : in the field of organizational studies is an approach to organisational process modelling, and it can be used both for general [[Problem solving|problem]] solving and in the management of change. It was developed in [[England]] by academics at the [[University of Lancaster]] Systems Department through a ten-year Action Research programme.
* Soft systems methodology (SSM) : in the field of organizational studies is an approach to organisational process modelling, and it can be used both for general problem solving and in the management of change. It was developed in England by academics at the University of Lancaster Systems Department through a ten-year Action Research programme.
* Soft systems methodology (SSM) : in the field of organizational studies is an approach to organisational process modelling, and it can be used both for general problem solving and in the management of change. It was developed in England by academics at the University of Lancaster Systems Department through a ten-year Action Research programme.
* 软体系统方法论: 在组织研究领域，组织过程建模是一种组织过程建模的方法，可用于一般问题的解决和变革的管理。它是由英格兰兰卡斯特大学系统学院的学者通过一个为期十年的行动研究项目开发的。
* 软体系统方法论: 在组织研究领域，软体系统方法论是一种组织过程建模的方法，可用于一般问题的解决和改革的管理。它是由英国兰卡斯特大学系统学院的学者通过一个为期十年的行动研究项目开发的。
:* [[System development methodology]] (SDM) in the field of IT development is a variety of structured, organized processes for developing information technology and embedded software systems.
:* [[System development methodology]] (SDM) in the field of IT development is a variety of structured, organized processes for developing information technology and embedded software systems.
* System development methodology (SDM) in the field of IT development is a variety of structured, organized processes for developing information technology and embedded software systems.
* System development methodology (SDM) in the field of IT development is a variety of structured, organized processes for developing information technology and embedded software systems.
* 资讯科技发展范畴的系统发展方法(SDM)是一系列结构化、有组织的程序，用以发展资讯科技及嵌入式软件系统。
* 在IT领域发展出的系统开发方法论(SDM)是一系列结构化、有组织的程序，用以开发信息技术及嵌入式软件系统。
:* [[Viable systems approach]] (vSa) is a methodology useful for the understanding and governance of complex phenomena; it has been successfully proposed in the field of management, decision making, marketing and service.
:* [[Viable systems approach]] (vSa) is a methodology useful for the understanding and governance of complex phenomena; it has been successfully proposed in the field of management, decision making, marketing and service.
* Viable systems approach (vSa) is a methodology useful for the understanding and governance of complex phenomena; it has been successfully proposed in the field of management, decision making, marketing and service.
* Viable systems approach (vSa) is a methodology useful for the understanding and governance of complex phenomena; it has been successfully proposed in the field of management, decision making, marketing and service.
* 可行的系统方法是一种有助于理解和管理复杂现象的方法; 它已在管理、决策、营销和服务领域得到成功的提议。
* 可行系统方法是一种有助于理解和管理复杂现象的方法; 它已在管理、决策、营销和服务领域得到成功的应用。
;Systems theories
;Systems theories
Systems theory is an interdisciplinary field that studies complex systems in nature, society, and science. More specifically, it is a conceptual framework by which one can analyze or describe any group of objects that work in concert to produce some result.
Systems theory is an interdisciplinary field that studies complex systems in nature, society, and science. More specifically, it is a conceptual framework by which one can analyze or describe any group of objects that work in concert to produce some result.
系统论是研究自然、社会和科学中复杂系统的一个交叉学科。更具体地说，它是一个概念框架，通过它，人们可以分析或描述任何一组协同工作并导致某种结果的对象。
;Systems science
;Systems science
Systems sciences are scientific disciplines partly based on systems thinking such as chaos theory, complex systems, control theory, cybernetics, sociotechnical systems theory, systems biology, systems chemistry, systems ecology, systems psychology and the already mentioned systems dynamics, systems engineering, and systems theory.
Systems sciences are scientific disciplines partly based on systems thinking such as chaos theory, complex systems, control theory, cybernetics, sociotechnical systems theory, systems biology, systems chemistry, systems ecology, systems psychology and the already mentioned systems dynamics, systems engineering, and systems theory.
系统科学在一定程度上是以系统思维为科学分支的，如混沌理论、复杂系统、控制理论、控制论、社会技术系统论、系统生物学、系统化学、系统生态学、系统心理学以及已经提到的系统动力学、系统工程和系统理论。
Systems sciences cover formal sciences like dynamical systems theory and applications in the natural and social sciences and engineering, such as social systems theory and system dynamics.
Systems sciences cover formal sciences like dynamical systems theory and applications in the natural and social sciences and engineering, such as social systems theory and system dynamics.
系统科学涵盖了形式科学，如动力系统理论，以及在自然、社会科学和工程中的应用，如社会系统理论和系统动力学。
Among them were other scientists like Ackoff, Ashby, Margaret Mead and Churchman, who popularized the systems concept in the 1950s and 1960s. These scientists inspired and educated a second generation with more notable scientists like Ervin Laszlo (1932) and Fritjof Capra (1939), who wrote about systems theory in the 1970s and 1980s. Others got acquainted and started studying these works in the 1980s and started writing about it since the 1990s. Debora Hammond can be seen as a typical representative of these third generation of general systems scientists.
Among them were other scientists like Ackoff, Ashby, Margaret Mead and Churchman, who popularized the systems concept in the 1950s and 1960s. These scientists inspired and educated a second generation with more notable scientists like Ervin Laszlo (1932) and Fritjof Capra (1939), who wrote about systems theory in the 1970s and 1980s. Others got acquainted and started studying these works in the 1980s and started writing about it since the 1990s. Debora Hammond can be seen as a typical representative of these third generation of general systems scientists.
在他们当中，包括了其他科学家，如阿科夫，阿什比，玛格丽特米德和丘奇曼，他们在20世纪50年代和60年代普及了系统的概念。这些科学家启发并教育了第二代科学家，他们中有更著名的科学家，如 Ervin Laszlo (1932年)和 fritzjof Capra (1939年) ，后者在20世纪70年代和80年代写过系统论。其他人在20世纪80年代认识并开始研究这些作品，并从20世纪90年代开始写作。德波 · 哈蒙德可以说是典型的第三代系统科学家。
The International Society for the Systems Sciences (ISSS) is an organisation for interdisciplinary collaboration and synthesis of systems sciences. The ISSS is unique among systems-oriented institutions in terms of the breadth of its scope, bringing together scholars and practitioners from academic, business, government, and non-profit organizations. Based on fifty years of tremendous interdisciplinary research from the scientific study of complex systems to interactive approaches in management and community development. This society was initially conceived in 1954 at the Stanford Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences by Ludwig von Bertalanffy, Kenneth Boulding, Ralph Gerard, and Anatol Rapoport.
The International Society for the Systems Sciences (ISSS) is an organisation for interdisciplinary collaboration and synthesis of systems sciences. The ISSS is unique among systems-oriented institutions in terms of the breadth of its scope, bringing together scholars and practitioners from academic, business, government, and non-profit organizations. Based on fifty years of tremendous interdisciplinary research from the scientific study of complex systems to interactive approaches in management and community development. This society was initially conceived in 1954 at the Stanford Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences by Ludwig von Bertalanffy, Kenneth Boulding, Ralph Gerard, and Anatol Rapoport.
国际系统科学学会(ISSS)是一个跨学科合作和综合系统科学的组织。ISSS 在系统导向的机构中是独一无二的，它的范围很广，汇集了来自学术界、商界、政府和非盈利组织的学者和实践者。从对复杂系统的科学研究到管理和社区发展的互动方法，五十年的巨大科际整合为基础。这个协会最初是1954年在斯坦福行为科学高级研究中心由卡尔·路德维希·冯·贝塔郎非，Kenneth Boulding，Ralph Gerard 和 Anatol Rapoport 构想的。
国际系统科学学会(ISSS)是一个跨学科合作和综合系统科学的组织。ISSS 在系统导向的机构中是独一无二的，它的范围很广，在五十年跨学科研究的基础上，汇集了来自学术界、商界、政府和非盈利组织的学者和实践者，从对复杂系统的科学研究，到在管理和社区发展中采用交互方法。这个协会最初是1954年在斯坦福行为科学高级研究中心由卡尔·路德维希·冯·贝塔郎非，Kenneth Boulding，Ralph Gerard 和 Anatol Rapoport 构想的。
The best known research institute in the field is the Santa Fe Institute (SFI) located in Santa Fe, New Mexico, United States, dedicated to the study of complex systems. This institute was founded in 1984 by George Cowan, David Pines, Stirling Colgate, Murray Gell-Mann, Nick Metropolis, Herb Anderson, Peter A. Carruthers, and Richard Slansky. All but Pines and Gell-Mann were scientists with Los Alamos National Laboratory. SFI's original mission was to disseminate the notion of a separate interdisciplinary research area, complexity theory referred to at SFI as complexity science. Recently, IIT Jodhpur in Rajasthan, India started inculcating system science and engineering to its students through Bachelors, Masters and Doctorate programs. This makes it the first institution to offer system science education to students in India.
The best known research institute in the field is the Santa Fe Institute (SFI) located in Santa Fe, New Mexico, United States, dedicated to the study of complex systems. This institute was founded in 1984 by George Cowan, David Pines, Stirling Colgate, Murray Gell-Mann, Nick Metropolis, Herb Anderson, Peter A. Carruthers, and Richard Slansky. All but Pines and Gell-Mann were scientists with Los Alamos National Laboratory. SFI's original mission was to disseminate the notion of a separate interdisciplinary research area, complexity theory referred to at SFI as complexity science. Recently, IIT Jodhpur in Rajasthan, India started inculcating system science and engineering to its students through Bachelors, Masters and Doctorate programs. This makes it the first institution to offer system science education to students in India.
该领域最著名的研究机构是位于美国新墨西哥州圣达菲的圣菲研究所，它致力于复杂系统的研究。这个研究所是在1984年由 George Cowan，David Pines，Stirling Colgate，默里·盖尔曼，Nick Metropolis，Herb Anderson，Peter a. Carruthers 和 Richard Slansky 创立的。除了派恩斯和盖尔曼，其他人都是洛斯阿拉莫斯国家实验室的科学家。圣菲研究所的最初任务是传播独立的跨学科研究领域的概念，复杂性理论在 SFI 被称为复杂性科学。最近，印度拉贾斯坦邦的印度理工学院焦特布尔校区开始通过学士、硕士和博士项目向学生灌输系统科学和工程学。这使它成为印度第一个向学生提供系统科学教育的机构。