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第538行： − 生物化学为基础(“湿”)+ 第549行：
第549行： − 基于生化的人工生命研究，是在合成生物学领域研究。它涉及合成DNA的创建，“生化”是“湿件 ”的延伸。+ − − − 第560行：
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→Biochemical-based ("wet")基于生物化学的研究（“湿的”）
==Biochemical-based ("wet")基于生物化学的研究（“湿的”）==
==Biochemical-based ("wet")基于生物化学的研究（“湿的”）==
生物化学基础(“湿”)
{{Further|Synthetic biology}}
{{Further|Synthetic biology}}
基于生化的人工生命研究，属于合成生物学领域研究。它涉及合成DNA的创建等，术语“湿”即拓展自“湿件 ”一词。
In May 2019, researchers, in a milestone effort, reported the creation of a new [[Synthetic biology#Synthetic life|synthetic]] (possibly [[Artificial life#Biochemical-based ("wet")|artificial]]) form of [[wikt:viability|viable]] [[life]], a variant of the [[bacteria]] ''[[Escherichia coli]]'', by reducing the natural number of 64 [[codon]]s in the bacterial [[genome]] to 59 codons instead, in order to encode 20 [[amino acid]]s.<ref name="NYT-20190515">{{cite news |last=Zimmer |first=Carl |authorlink=Carl Zimmer |title=Scientists Created Bacteria With a Synthetic Genome. Is This Artificial Life? - In a milestone for synthetic biology, colonies of E. coli thrive with DNA constructed from scratch by humans, not nature. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/15/science/synthetic-genome-bacteria.html |date=15 May 2019 |work=[[The New York Times]] |accessdate=16 May 2019 }}</ref><ref name="NAT-20190515">{{cite journal |author=Fredens, Julius |display-authors=et al. |title=Total synthesis of Escherichia coli with a recoded genome |date=15 May 2019 |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |doi=10.1038/s41586-019-1192-5 |pmid=31092918 |pmc=7039709 |volume=569 |issue=7757 |pages=514–518 }}</ref>
In May 2019, researchers, in a milestone effort, reported the creation of a new [[Synthetic biology#Synthetic life|synthetic]] (possibly [[Artificial life#Biochemical-based ("wet")|artificial]]) form of [[wikt:viability|viable]] [[life]], a variant of the [[bacteria]] ''[[Escherichia coli]]'', by reducing the natural number of 64 [[codon]]s in the bacterial [[genome]] to 59 codons instead, in order to encode 20 [[amino acid]]s.<ref name="NYT-20190515">{{cite news |last=Zimmer |first=Carl |authorlink=Carl Zimmer |title=Scientists Created Bacteria With a Synthetic Genome. Is This Artificial Life? - In a milestone for synthetic biology, colonies of E. coli thrive with DNA constructed from scratch by humans, not nature. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/15/science/synthetic-genome-bacteria.html |date=15 May 2019 |work=[[The New York Times]] |accessdate=16 May 2019 }}</ref><ref name="NAT-20190515">{{cite journal |author=Fredens, Julius |display-authors=et al. |title=Total synthesis of Escherichia coli with a recoded genome |date=15 May 2019 |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |doi=10.1038/s41586-019-1192-5 |pmid=31092918 |pmc=7039709 |volume=569 |issue=7757 |pages=514–518 }}</ref>
2019年5月，研究人员在一个具有里程碑意义的报告中提出将细菌基因组中64个密码子的天然数量减少到59个密码子，并编入20 个氨基酸，创造了一种新的、可以生长的合成（可能是人工的）生命，一种大肠杆菌的变体。
2019年5月，研究人员在一个具有里程碑意义的报告中提出将细菌基因组中64个密码子的天然数量减少到59个密码子，并编入20 个氨基酸，创造了一种新的、可以生长的合成（可能是人工的）生命，一种大肠杆菌的变体。
2019年5月，研究人员在一项具有里程碑意义的工作中，报道通过将细菌基因组中64个密码子的自然数量减少到59个密码子，并编码20个氨基酸，创造了一种新的合成（可能是人工）形式的可行生命，一种大肠杆菌的变种。
== Open problems 开放性问题==
== Open problems 开放性问题==