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→特征 Features
Brian Arthur, Steven N. Durlauf, and David A. Lane describe several features of complex systems that deserve greater attention in economics.
Brian Arthur, Steven N. Durlauf, and David A. Lane describe several features of complex systems that deserve greater attention in economics.
布莱恩 · 亚瑟，史蒂文 · N · 德劳夫和大卫 · A · 莱恩描述了在经济学中值得更多关注的几个复杂系统的特征。
布莱恩 · 亚瑟，史蒂文 · N · 德劳夫和大卫 · A · 莱恩描述了在经济学中值关注的几个复杂系统的特征。
Dispersed interaction—The economy has interaction between many dispersed, heterogeneous, agents. The action of any given agent depends upon the anticipated actions of other agents and on the aggregate state of the economy.
Dispersed interaction—The economy has interaction between many dispersed, heterogeneous, agents. The action of any given agent depends upon the anticipated actions of other agents and on the aggregate state of the economy.
分散的相互作用ーー经济体系中有许多分散的、异质的主体之间的相互作用。任何特定行为主体，其行为取决于其他行为主体的预期行为和经济的总体状况。
# '''No global controller'''—Controls are provided by mechanisms of competition and coordination between agents. Economic actions are mediated by legal institutions, assigned roles, and shifting associations. No global entity controls interactions. Traditionally, a fictitious ''auctioneer'' has appeared in some mathematical analyses of general equilibrium models, although nobody claimed any descriptive accuracy for such models. Traditionally, many mainstream models have imposed ''constraints'', such as requiring that budgets be balanced, and such constraints are avoided in complexity economics.
# '''No global controller'''—Controls are provided by mechanisms of competition and coordination between agents. Economic actions are mediated by legal institutions, assigned roles, and shifting associations. No global entity controls interactions. Traditionally, a fictitious ''auctioneer'' has appeared in some mathematical analyses of general equilibrium models, although nobody claimed any descriptive accuracy for such models. Traditionally, many mainstream models have imposed ''constraints'', such as requiring that budgets be balanced, and such constraints are avoided in complexity economics.
No global controller—Controls are provided by mechanisms of competition and coordination between agents. Economic actions are mediated by legal institutions, assigned roles, and shifting associations. No global entity controls interactions. Traditionally, a fictitious auctioneer has appeared in some mathematical analyses of general equilibrium models, although nobody claimed any descriptive accuracy for such models. Traditionally, many mainstream models have imposed constraints, such as requiring that budgets be balanced, and such constraints are avoided in complexity economics.
No global controller—Controls are provided by mechanisms of competition and coordination between agents. Economic actions are mediated by legal institutions, assigned roles, and shifting associations. No global entity controls interactions. Traditionally, a fictitious auctioneer has appeared in some mathematical analyses of general equilibrium models, although nobody claimed any descriptive accuracy for such models. Traditionally, many mainstream models have imposed constraints, such as requiring that budgets be balanced, and such constraints are avoided in complexity economics.
不存在全局控制器ーー控制是通过主体之间的竞争和协调机制实现的。经济行为是由法律机构、指定的角色和不断变化的协会调解的，而没有全局实体控制交互。尽管没有人在模型描述中准确表达过这一操作，但在一般均衡模型的一些数学分析中通常都会存在一个虚拟的拍卖商。同时传统的许多主流模型都需要施加约束，比如要求预算平衡，但这种约束在复杂性经济学中是非必要的。
# '''Cross-cutting hierarchical organization'''—The economy has many levels of organization and interaction. Units at any given level behaviors, actions, strategies, products typically serve as "building blocks" for constructing units at the next higher level. The overall organization is more than hierarchical, with many sorts of tangling interactions (associations, channels of communication) across levels.
# '''Cross-cutting hierarchical organization'''—The economy has many levels of organization and interaction. Units at any given level behaviors, actions, strategies, products typically serve as "building blocks" for constructing units at the next higher level. The overall organization is more than hierarchical, with many sorts of tangling interactions (associations, channels of communication) across levels.
Cross-cutting hierarchical organization—The economy has many levels of organization and interaction. Units at any given level behaviors, actions, strategies, products typically serve as "building blocks" for constructing units at the next higher level. The overall organization is more than hierarchical, with many sorts of tangling interactions (associations, channels of communication) across levels.
Cross-cutting hierarchical organization—The economy has many levels of organization and interaction. Units at any given level behaviors, actions, strategies, products typically serve as "building blocks" for constructing units at the next higher level. The overall organization is more than hierarchical, with many sorts of tangling interactions (associations, channels of communication) across levels.
跨领域的层级组织ーー经济具有多层次的组织和互动。任何给定级别的单元行为、动作、策略、产品都会被典型地充当构建下一个更高级别单元的组成要素。整个组织不仅仅是层次结构的，还有许多跨层次的交互(关联、沟通渠道)。
# '''Ongoing adaptation'''—Behaviors, actions, strategies, and products are revised frequently as the individual agents accumulate experience.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Shiozawa | first1 = Y. | year = 2004 | title = Evolutionary Economics in the 21st Century: A Manifest | url = | journal = Evolutionary and Institutional Economics Review | volume = 1 | issue = 1| pages = 5–47 | doi=10.14441/eier.1.5}}</ref>
# '''Ongoing adaptation'''—Behaviors, actions, strategies, and products are revised frequently as the individual agents accumulate experience.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Shiozawa | first1 = Y. | year = 2004 | title = Evolutionary Economics in the 21st Century: A Manifest | url = | journal = Evolutionary and Institutional Economics Review | volume = 1 | issue = 1| pages = 5–47 | doi=10.14441/eier.1.5}}</ref>
Ongoing adaptation—Behaviors, actions, strategies, and products are revised frequently as the individual agents accumulate experience.
Ongoing adaptation—Behaviors, actions, strategies, and products are revised frequently as the individual agents accumulate experience.
状态的持续改变ー行为、行动、策略和产品随着个体经验的积累而频繁修改。
# '''Novelty niches'''—Such niches are associated with new markets, new technologies, new behaviors, and new institutions. The very act of filling a niche may provide new niches. The result is ongoing novelty.
# '''Novelty niches'''—Such niches are associated with new markets, new technologies, new behaviors, and new institutions. The very act of filling a niche may provide new niches. The result is ongoing novelty.
Novelty niches—Such niches are associated with new markets, new technologies, new behaviors, and new institutions. The very act of filling a niche may provide new niches. The result is ongoing novelty.
Novelty niches—Such niches are associated with new markets, new technologies, new behaviors, and new institutions. The very act of filling a niche may provide new niches. The result is ongoing novelty.
新的商机ーー这些商机可能与新的市场、新的技术、新的行为和新的机构有关。而去满足/填补这些商机这种行为本身就可能提供新的商机。这样的结果就是会不断出现新的商机。
# '''Out-of-equilibrium dynamics'''—Because new niches, new potentials, new possibilities, are continually created, the economy functions without attaining any optimum or global equilibrium. Improvements occur regularly.
# '''Out-of-equilibrium dynamics'''—Because new niches, new potentials, new possibilities, are continually created, the economy functions without attaining any optimum or global equilibrium. Improvements occur regularly.
Out-of-equilibrium dynamics—Because new niches, new potentials, new possibilities, are continually created, the economy functions without attaining any optimum or global equilibrium. Improvements occur regularly.
Out-of-equilibrium dynamics—Because new niches, new potentials, new possibilities, are continually created, the economy functions without attaining any optimum or global equilibrium. Improvements occur regularly.
非均衡动态ーー由于新的生态位、新的潜力、新的可能性不断产生，经济运行不会达到任何最佳的或均衡的点。改进是会不断发生的。
== 当代经济学趋势 Contemporary trends in economics ==
== 当代经济学趋势 Contemporary trends in economics ==