更改

此词条由Jie翻译

此词条由Jie翻译

[[文件:CI types1s 2.jpg|400px|thumb|right|集体智能的类型]]

 

 

[[文件:CI types1s 2.jpg|300px|thumb|right|集体智能的类型]]

{{Group intelligence}}

{{Group intelligence}}

{{Recommender systems}}

{{Recommender systems}}

'''Collective intelligence''' ('''CI''') is shared or group intelligence that [[Emergence|emerges]] from the [[collaboration]], collective efforts, and competition of many individuals and appears in [[consensus decision making]]. The term appears in [[sociobiology]], [[political science]] and in context of mass [[peer review]] and [[crowdsourcing]] applications. It may involve [[consensus]], [[social capital]] and formalisms such as [[voting systems]], [[social media]] and other means of quantifying mass activity.  Collective IQ is a measure of collective intelligence, although it is often used interchangeably with the term collective intelligence. Collective intelligence has also been attributed to [[bacteria]]<ref name="Nguyen2011">{{cite book|author=Ngoc Thanh Nguyen|title=Transactions on Computational Collective Intelligence III|url=https://books.google.com/?id=RUxv25JFTkkC&pg=PA63|accessdate=11 June 2013|date=25 July 2011|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-3-642-19967-7|page=}}</ref>{{rp|63}} and animals.<ref name="Nguyen2011"/>{{rp|69}}

'''Collective intelligence''' ('''CI''') is shared or group intelligence that [[Emergence|emerges]] from the [[collaboration]], collective efforts, and competition of many individuals and appears in [[consensus decision making]]. The term appears in [[sociobiology]], [[political science]] and in context of mass [[peer review]] and [[crowdsourcing]] applications. It may involve [[consensus]], [[social capital]] and formalisms such as [[voting systems]], [[social media]] and other means of quantifying mass activity.  Collective IQ is a measure of collective intelligence, although it is often used interchangeably with the term collective intelligence. Collective intelligence has also been attributed to [[bacteria]]and animals.

Collective intelligence (CI) is shared or group intelligence that emerges from the collaboration, collective efforts, and competition of many individuals and appears in consensus decision making. The term appears in sociobiology, political science and in context of mass peer review and crowdsourcing applications. It may involve consensus, social capital and formalisms such as voting systems, social media and other means of quantifying mass activity.  Collective IQ is a measure of collective intelligence, although it is often used interchangeably with the term collective intelligence. Collective intelligence has also been attributed to bacteria and animals.

Collective intelligence (CI) is shared or group intelligence that emerges from the collaboration, collective efforts, and competition of many individuals and appears in consensus decision making. The term appears in sociobiology, political science and in context of mass peer review and crowdsourcing applications. It may involve consensus, social capital and formalisms such as voting systems, social media and other means of quantifying mass activity.  Collective IQ is a measure of collective intelligence, although it is often used interchangeably with the term collective intelligence. Collective intelligence has also been attributed to bacteria and animals.

It can be understood as an [[emergent property]] from the [[synergies]] among: 1) data-[[information]]-knowledge; 2) software-hardware; and 3) experts (those with new insights as well as recognized authorities) that continually learns from feedback to produce just-in-time knowledge for better decisions than these three elements acting alone;<ref>Glenn, Jerome C. Collective Intelligence&nbsp;– One of the Next Big Things, Futura 4/2009, Finnish Society for Futures Studies, Helsinki, Finland</ref> or more narrowly as an emergent property between people and ways of processing information.<ref>Glenn, Jerome C. Chapter 5, 2008 State of the Future. The Millennium Project, Washington, DC 2008</ref> This notion of collective intelligence is referred to as "symbiotic intelligence" by Norman Lee Johnson.<ref>Norman Lee Johnson, [http://CollectiveScience.com Collective Science site]</ref> The concept is used in [[sociology]], [[Prediction market|business]], [[computer science]] and mass communications: it also appears in [[science fiction]]. [[Pierre Lévy]] defines collective intelligence as, "It is a form of universally distributed intelligence, constantly enhanced, coordinated in real time, and resulting in the effective mobilization of skills. I'll add the following indispensable characteristic to this definition: The basis and goal of collective intelligence is mutual recognition and enrichment of individuals rather than the cult of fetishized or [[hypostatized]] communities."<ref>{{Cite book|last=Levy|first=Pierre|url=https://books.google.com/?id=yPNGswEACAAJ|title=Collective Intelligence|date=1999-12-10|publisher=Basic Books|isbn=978-0-7382-0261-7|location=|pages=14|language=en|oclc=249995946}}</ref> According to researchers Pierre Lévy and [[Derrick de Kerckhove]], it refers to capacity of networked [[ICTs]] (Information communication technologies) to enhance the collective pool of social knowledge by simultaneously expanding the extent of human interactions.<ref>Flew, Terry ''New Media: An Introduction''. Oxford University Press, 2007, p. 21</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lévy|first=Pierre|last2=Farley|first2=Art|last3=Lollini|first3=Massimo|date=2019-12-31|title=Collective Intelligence, the Future of Internet and the IEML: Interview to Pierre Lévy by Art Farley and Massimo Lollini|url=http://journals.oregondigital.org/index.php/hsda/article/view/4620|journal=Humanist Studies & the Digital Age|language=en|volume=6|issue=1|pages=5–31|doi=10.5399/uo/hsda.6.1.2|issn=2158-3846|doi-access=free}}</ref>

It can be understood as an [[emergent property]] from the [[synergies]] among: 1) data-[[information]]-knowledge; 2) software-hardware; and 3) experts (those with new insights as well as recognized authorities) that continually learns from feedback to produce just-in-time knowledge for better decisions than these three elements acting alone; or more narrowly as an emergent property between people and ways of processing information. This notion of collective intelligence is referred to as "symbiotic intelligence" by Norman Lee Johnson. The concept is used in [[sociology]], [[Prediction market|business]], [[computer science]] and mass communications: it also appears in [[science fiction]]. [[Pierre Lévy]] defines collective intelligence as, "It is a form of universally distributed intelligence, constantly enhanced, coordinated in real time, and resulting in the effective mobilization of skills. I'll add the following indispensable characteristic to this definition: The basis and goal of collective intelligence is mutual recognition and enrichment of individuals rather than the cult of fetishized or [[hypostatized]] communities." According to researchers Pierre Lévy and [[Derrick de Kerckhove]], it refers to capacity of networked [[ICTs]] (Information communication technologies) to enhance the collective pool of social knowledge by simultaneously expanding the extent of human interactions.

It can be understood as an emergent property from the synergies among: 1) data-information-knowledge; 2) software-hardware; and 3) experts (those with new insights as well as recognized authorities) that continually learns from feedback to produce just-in-time knowledge for better decisions than these three elements acting alone; or more narrowly as an emergent property between people and ways of processing information. This notion of collective intelligence is referred to as "symbiotic intelligence" by Norman Lee Johnson. The concept is used in sociology, business, computer science and mass communications: it also appears in science fiction. Pierre Lévy defines collective intelligence as, "It is a form of universally distributed intelligence, constantly enhanced, coordinated in real time, and resulting in the effective mobilization of skills. I'll add the following indispensable characteristic to this definition: The basis and goal of collective intelligence is mutual recognition and enrichment of individuals rather than the cult of fetishized or hypostatized communities." According to researchers Pierre Lévy and Derrick de Kerckhove, it refers to capacity of networked ICTs (Information communication technologies) to enhance the collective pool of social knowledge by simultaneously expanding the extent of human interactions.

It can be understood as an emergent property from the synergies among: 1) data-information-knowledge; 2) software-hardware; and 3) experts (those with new insights as well as recognized authorities) that continually learns from feedback to produce just-in-time knowledge for better decisions than these three elements acting alone; or more narrowly as an emergent property between people and ways of processing information. This notion of collective intelligence is referred to as "symbiotic intelligence" by Norman Lee Johnson. The concept is used in sociology, business, computer science and mass communications: it also appears in science fiction. Pierre Lévy defines collective intelligence as, "It is a form of universally distributed intelligence, constantly enhanced, coordinated in real time, and resulting in the effective mobilization of skills. I'll add the following indispensable characteristic to this definition: The basis and goal of collective intelligence is mutual recognition and enrichment of individuals rather than the cult of fetishized or hypostatized communities." According to researchers Pierre Lévy and Derrick de Kerckhove, it refers to capacity of networked ICTs (Information communication technologies) to enhance the collective pool of social knowledge by simultaneously expanding the extent of human interactions.

它可以被理解为: 1)数据-信息-知识; 2)软件-硬件; 3)专家(那些有新见解和公认权威的人)之间的协同作用产生的一个涌现性质，他们不断地从反馈中学习，以产生及时的知识，从而做出比这三个要素单独作用更好的决定; 或者更狭义地说，是人与信息处理方式之间的一个涌现性质。这种集体智慧的概念被诺曼 · 李 · 约翰逊称为“共生智慧”。这个概念被用于社会学、商业、计算机科学和大众传播: 它也出现在科幻小说中。Pierre l vy 将集体智慧定义为，“它是一种普遍分布的智慧形式，不断增强，实时协调，并导致技能的有效动员。我将在这个定义中增加以下不可或缺的特征: 集体智慧的基础和目标是个人的相互承认和丰富，而不是崇拜或实体化的社区根据研究人员 Pierre l vy 和 Derrick de Kerckhove 的说法，它指的是网络化的信息通信技术(信息通信技术)的能力，通过同时扩大人类互动的范围来加强集体的社会知识库。

通过不断从反馈中学习并产生实时性知识，这三个要素的协同增效作用比它们单独采取行动来说，做出的决策会更好；或更狭义地讲，这是人与信息处理方式之间的一种新兴属性。诺曼·李·约翰逊Norman Lee Johnson将这种集体智能的概念称为“共生智能”。该概念用于社会学，商业，计算机科学和大众传播学：当然，它也出现在科幻小说中。皮埃尔·列维Pierre Lévy给出了集体智能另一个定义：“它是一种普遍的分布式智慧，通过不断增强和实时合作来有效地调动技能。我将在此定义中添加以下必不可少的特征：集体智能的基本原则和目标是丰富个体并实现相互认可，而不是说对物质化或实体化社区的疯狂迷恋。”根据研究人员皮埃尔·列维Pierre Lévy和德里克·德·科克霍夫Derrick de Kerckhove的说法，它指的是网络ICT（信息通信技术Information communication technologies）通过扩大人类互动范围来增强社会知识群体的能力。

Collective intelligence strongly contributes to the shift of knowledge and power from the individual to the collective. According to [[Eric S. Raymond]] (1998) and JC Herz (2005), [[open source]] intelligence will eventually generate superior outcomes to knowledge generated by proprietary software developed within corporations ([[Terry Flew|Flew]] 2008). Media theorist [[Henry Jenkins]] sees collective intelligence as an 'alternative source of media power', related to convergence culture. He draws attention to education and the way people are learning to participate in knowledge cultures outside formal learning settings. Henry Jenkins criticizes schools which promote 'autonomous problem solvers and self-contained learners' while remaining hostile to learning through the means of collective intelligence.<ref>Jenkins, ''Henry Convergence Culture: Where old and new media collide''. New York: New York University Press, 2006, p. 259</ref> Both Pierre Lévy (2007) and Henry Jenkins (2008) support the claim that collective intelligence is important for [[democratization]], as it is interlinked with knowledge-based culture and sustained by collective idea sharing, and thus contributes to a better understanding of diverse society.

Collective intelligence strongly contributes to the shift of knowledge and power from the individual to the collective. According to [[Eric S. Raymond]] (1998) and JC Herz (2005), [[open source]] intelligence will eventually generate superior outcomes to knowledge generated by proprietary software developed within corporations ([[Terry Flew|Flew]] 2008). Media theorist [[Henry Jenkins]] sees collective intelligence as an 'alternative source of media power', related to convergence culture. He draws attention to education and the way people are learning to participate in knowledge cultures outside formal learning settings. Henry Jenkins criticizes schools which promote 'autonomous problem solvers and self-contained learners' while remaining hostile to learning through the means of collective intelligence. Both Pierre Lévy (2007) and Henry Jenkins (2008) support the claim that collective intelligence is important for [[democratization]], as it is interlinked with knowledge-based culture and sustained by collective idea sharing, and thus contributes to a better understanding of diverse society.

Collective intelligence strongly contributes to the shift of knowledge and power from the individual to the collective. According to Eric S. Raymond (1998) and JC Herz (2005), open source intelligence will eventually generate superior outcomes to knowledge generated by proprietary software developed within corporations (Flew 2008). Media theorist Henry Jenkins sees collective intelligence as an 'alternative source of media power', related to convergence culture. He draws attention to education and the way people are learning to participate in knowledge cultures outside formal learning settings. Henry Jenkins criticizes schools which promote 'autonomous problem solvers and self-contained learners' while remaining hostile to learning through the means of collective intelligence. Both Pierre Lévy (2007) and Henry Jenkins (2008) support the claim that collective intelligence is important for democratization, as it is interlinked with knowledge-based culture and sustained by collective idea sharing, and thus contributes to a better understanding of diverse society.

Collective intelligence strongly contributes to the shift of knowledge and power from the individual to the collective. According to Eric S. Raymond (1998) and JC Herz (2005), open source intelligence will eventually generate superior outcomes to knowledge generated by proprietary software developed within corporations (Flew 2008). Media theorist Henry Jenkins sees collective intelligence as an 'alternative source of media power', related to convergence culture. He draws attention to education and the way people are learning to participate in knowledge cultures outside formal learning settings. Henry Jenkins criticizes schools which promote 'autonomous problem solvers and self-contained learners' while remaining hostile to learning through the means of collective intelligence. Both Pierre Lévy (2007) and Henry Jenkins (2008) support the claim that collective intelligence is important for democratization, as it is interlinked with knowledge-based culture and sustained by collective idea sharing, and thus contributes to a better understanding of diverse society.

集体智慧有力地促进了知识和权力从个人向集体的转移。根据 Eric s. Raymond (1998)和 JC Herz (2005)的说法，开源智能最终将产生比企业内部开发的专有软件智能产生的知识更好的结果(Flew 2008)。媒体理论家亨利 · 詹金斯认为集体智慧是一种与趋同文化相关的“媒体力量的替代来源”。他提请注意教育和人们学习参与正式学习环境之外的知识文化的方式。亨利•詹金斯批评那些提倡“自主解决问题者和自足型学习者” ，却对通过集体智慧的方式学习持敌对态度的学校。Pierre l vy (2007)和 Henry Jenkins (2008)都支持这样的主张，即集体智慧对民主化很重要，因为它与以知识为基础的文化相互联系，并通过集体思想共享得以维持，从而有助于更好地理解多样化社会。

集体智能极大地促进了知识和权力从个人到集体的转移。埃里克·雷蒙德Eric S. Raymond（1998）和杰西·赫兹JC Herz（2005）认为，相较于一个公司通过内部开发专有软件来创造知识，开源智慧则终将产生更优异的成果（Flew 2008）。媒体理论家亨利·詹金斯Henry Jenkins将集体智能视为与融合文化相关的“媒体力量的替代来源”。他提请人们关注教育，特别是基于传统教育设置之外的知识文化参与方式。亨利·詹金斯批评学校提倡的“自主解决问题者和独立学习者”，同时又反对通过集体智能来学习。皮埃尔·列维（2007）和亨利·詹金斯（2008）也都支持这样的说法，即集体智能对民主化很重要，因为它与以知识为基础的文化相互联系，并通过群体的思想共享来维持，从而有助于更好地理解多元化社会。

Similar to the [[G factor (psychometrics)|''g'' factor (''g'')]] for general individual intelligence, a new scientific understanding of collective intelligence aims to extract a general collective intelligence factor '''c factor''' for groups indicating a group's ability to perform a wide range of tasks.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Woolley|first=Anita Williams|last2=Chabris|first2=Christopher F.|last3=Pentland|first3=Alex|last4=Hashmi|first4=Nada|last5=Malone|first5=Thomas W.|date=2010-10-29|title=Evidence for a Collective Intelligence Factor in the Performance of Human Groups|journal=Science|volume=330|issue=6004|pages=686–688|doi=10.1126/science.1193147|pmid=20929725|bibcode=2010Sci...330..686W|url=https://semanticscholar.org/paper/2816dd942e1b2f41c3708c32ccb13e6f24235c72}}</ref> Definition, operationalization and statistical methods are derived from ''g''. Similarly as ''g'' is highly interrelated with the concept of [[Intelligence quotient|IQ]],<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Jensen|first=Arthur, R.|date=1992|title=Understanding g in terms of information processing|url=|journal=Educational Psychology Review |volume=4 |issue=3|pages=271–308|doi=10.1007/bf01417874|pmid=}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book|title=The g factor: The science of mental ability.|last=Jensen|first=Arthur, R.|publisher=Praeger|year=1998|isbn=|location=Westport, CT|pages=}}</ref> this measurement of collective intelligence can be interpreted as intelligence quotient for groups (Group-IQ) even though the score is not a quotient per se. Causes for ''c'' and predictive validity are investigated as well.

Similar to the [[G factor (psychometrics)|''g'' factor (''g'')]] for general individual intelligence, a new scientific understanding of collective intelligence aims to extract a general collective intelligence factor '''c factor''' for groups indicating a group's ability to perform a wide range of tasks. Definition, operationalization and statistical methods are derived from ''g''. Similarly as ''g'' is highly interrelated with the concept of [[Intelligence quotient|IQ]], this measurement of collective intelligence can be interpreted as intelligence quotient for groups (Group-IQ) even though the score is not a quotient per se. Causes for ''c'' and predictive validity are investigated as well.

Similar to the g factor (g) for general individual intelligence, a new scientific understanding of collective intelligence aims to extract a general collective intelligence factor c factor for groups indicating a group's ability to perform a wide range of tasks. Definition, operationalization and statistical methods are derived from g. Similarly as g is highly interrelated with the concept of IQ, this measurement of collective intelligence can be interpreted as intelligence quotient for groups (Group-IQ) even though the score is not a quotient per se. Causes for c and predictive validity are investigated as well.

Similar to the g factor (g) for general individual intelligence, a new scientific understanding of collective intelligence aims to extract a general collective intelligence factor c factor for groups indicating a group's ability to perform a wide range of tasks. Definition, operationalization and statistical methods are derived from g. Similarly as g is highly interrelated with the concept of IQ, this measurement of collective intelligence can be interpreted as intelligence quotient for groups (Group-IQ) even though the score is not a quotient per se. Causes for c and predictive validity are investigated as well.

Collective intelligence is used to help create widely known platforms including [[Google]], Wikipedia and [[political groups]]. Google is a major search engine that is made of millions of websites that have been created by people all around the world. It has the ability to share knowledge and creativity with each other to collaborate and expand thoughts and expressions. Google includes five key dynamics within their teams to create a well-collaborated system. Dynamics include [[psychological safety]], [[dependability]], structure & clarity, meaning of work and impact of work.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rework.withgoogle.com/blog/five-keys-to-a-successful-google-team/|title=re:Work - The five keys to a successful Google team|website=rework.withgoogle.com|language=en|access-date=2020-04-06}}</ref> Their ideas behind their rediscovery of collective intelligence is to ensure that all workers can express themselves without any fear of potential embarrassment.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://collectiveintelligence.ca/google-rediscovers-collective-intelligence/|title=Google (re)discovers collective intelligence|date=2018-04-10|website=Collective Intelligence|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-06}}</ref> Google's teamwork is said to be one of the main reasons for their success by including the use of emotional and collective intelligence to ensure teamwork is involved in any discussions.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.inc.com/robin-camarote/google-study-reveals-emotional-intelligence-on-teams-determines-success.html|title=What Google's New Emotional Intelligence Study Says About Teamwork and Success|last=Camarote|first=Robin|date=2016-03-14|website=Inc.com|access-date=2020-04-06}}</ref> The system behind Google exemplifies the combining of knowledge of the web-to-people not just knowledge of people-to-people.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://web.mit.edu/comm-forum/legacy/forums/collective_intelligence.html|title=Collective Intelligence|website=web.mit.edu|access-date=2020-04-06}}</ref>

Collective intelligence is used to help create widely known platforms including [[Google]], Wikipedia and [[political groups]]. Google is a major search engine that is made of millions of websites that have been created by people all around the world. It has the ability to share knowledge and creativity with each other to collaborate and expand thoughts and expressions. Google includes five key dynamics within their teams to create a well-collaborated system. Dynamics include [[psychological safety]], [[dependability]], structure & clarity, meaning of work and impact of work. Their ideas behind their rediscovery of collective intelligence is to ensure that all workers can express themselves without any fear of potential embarrassment. Google's teamwork is said to be one of the main reasons for their success by including the use of emotional and collective intelligence to ensure teamwork is involved in any discussions. The system behind Google exemplifies the combining of knowledge of the web-to-people not just knowledge of people-to-people.

Collective intelligence is used to help create widely known platforms including Google, Wikipedia and political groups. Google is a major search engine that is made of millions of websites that have been created by people all around the world. It has the ability to share knowledge and creativity with each other to collaborate and expand thoughts and expressions. Google includes five key dynamics within their teams to create a well-collaborated system. Dynamics include psychological safety, dependability, structure & clarity, meaning of work and impact of work. Their ideas behind their rediscovery of collective intelligence is to ensure that all workers can express themselves without any fear of potential embarrassment. Google's teamwork is said to be one of the main reasons for their success by including the use of emotional and collective intelligence to ensure teamwork is involved in any discussions. The system behind Google exemplifies the combining of knowledge of the web-to-people not just knowledge of people-to-people.  

Collective intelligence is used to help create widely known platforms including Google, Wikipedia and political groups. Google is a major search engine that is made of millions of websites that have been created by people all around the world. It has the ability to share knowledge and creativity with each other to collaborate and expand thoughts and expressions. Google includes five key dynamics within their teams to create a well-collaborated system. Dynamics include psychological safety, dependability, structure & clarity, meaning of work and impact of work. Their ideas behind their rediscovery of collective intelligence is to ensure that all workers can express themselves without any fear of potential embarrassment. Google's teamwork is said to be one of the main reasons for their success by including the use of emotional and collective intelligence to ensure teamwork is involved in any discussions. The system behind Google exemplifies the combining of knowledge of the web-to-people not just knowledge of people-to-people.  

Writers who have influenced the idea of collective intelligence include Francis Galton, Douglas Hofstadter (1979), Peter Russell (1983), Tom Atlee (1993), Pierre Lévy (1994), Howard Bloom (1995), Francis Heylighen (1995), Douglas Engelbart, Louis Rosenberg, Cliff Joslyn, Ron Dembo, Gottfried Mayer-Kress (2003).

Writers who have influenced the idea of collective intelligence include Francis Galton, Douglas Hofstadter (1979), Peter Russell (1983), Tom Atlee (1993), Pierre Lévy (1994), Howard Bloom (1995), Francis Heylighen (1995), Douglas Engelbart, Louis Rosenberg, Cliff Joslyn, Ron Dembo, Gottfried Mayer-Kress (2003).

影响集体智慧观念的作家包括 Francis Galton，侯世达(1979) ，Peter Russell (1983) ，Tom Atlee (1993) ，Pierre l vy (1994) ，Howard Bloom (1995) ，Francis Heylighen (1995) ，道格拉斯·恩格尔巴特，Louis Rosenberg，Cliff Joslyn，Ron Dembo，Gottfried Mayer-Kress (2003)。

影响集体智能思想的作家包括弗朗西斯·加尔顿Francis Galton，道格拉斯·霍夫斯塔特Douglas Hofstadter（1979），彼得·罗素Peter Russell（1983），汤姆·阿特利Tom Atlee（1993），皮埃尔·列维Pierre Lévy（1994），霍华德·布鲁姆Howard Bloom（1995），弗朗西斯·海里根Francis Heylighen（1995），道格拉斯·恩格巴特Douglas Engelbart，路易·罗森伯格Louis Rosenberg，克里夫·乔斯林Cliff Joslyn，罗恩·丹博Ron Dembo，戈特弗里德·梅耶·克雷斯Gottfried Mayer-Kress（2003）。

{{TOC limit|3}}

{{TOC limit|3}}