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→Potential connections to individual intelligence
个体智力可以用来预测从学业事业的成功到健康甚至死亡的大量生活场景。除了在智力任务上的表现外，集体智能是否能够预测其他结果尚待研究。
个体智力可以用来预测从学业事业的成功到健康甚至死亡的大量生活场景。除了在智力任务上的表现外，集体智能是否能够预测其他结果尚待研究。
=== Potential connections to individual intelligence 与个人智力的潜在联系 ===
=== Potential connections to individual intelligence ===
Gladwell (2008) showed that the relationship between individual IQ and success works only to a certain point and that additional IQ points over an estimate of IQ 120 do not translate into real life advantages. If a similar border exists for Group-IQ or if advantages are linear and infinite, has still to be explored. Similarly, demand for further research on possible connections of individual and collective intelligence exists within plenty of other potentially transferable logics of individual intelligence, such as, for instance, the development over time a group's collective intelligence potentially offers simpler opportunities for improvement by exchanging team members or implementing structures and technologies. as well as watching drama movies.In how far such training ultimately improves collective intelligence through social sensitivity remains an open question.
Gladwell<ref>{{Cite book|title=Outliers. The Story of Success|last=Gladwell, M.|publisher=Little, Brown and Company|year=2008|isbn=978-0-316-01792-3|location=New York, NY|pages=|url=https://archive.org/details/outliersstoryofs00glad}}</ref> (2008) showed that the relationship between individual IQ and success works only to a certain point and that additional IQ points over an estimate of IQ 120 do not translate into real life advantages. If a similar border exists for Group-IQ or if advantages are linear and infinite, has still to be explored. Similarly, demand for further research on possible connections of individual and collective intelligence exists within plenty of other potentially transferable logics of individual intelligence, such as, for instance, the development over time<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hedden|first=Trey|last2=Gabrieli|first2=John D. E.|date=2004-02-01|title=Insights into the ageing mind: a view from cognitive neuroscience|journal=Nature Reviews. Neuroscience|volume=5|issue=2|pages=87–96|doi=10.1038/nrn1323|pmid=14735112}}</ref> or the question of improving intelligence.<ref name=":15">{{Cite journal|last=Shipstead|first=Zach|last2=Redick|first2=Thomas S|last3=Engle|first3=Randall W.|date=2010-10-01|title=Does working memory training generalize?|journal=Psychologica Belgica|volume=50|issue=3–4|doi=10.5334/pb-50-3-4-245|pages=245|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=":16">{{Cite journal|author1=Buschkuehl, M. |author2=Jaeggi, S.M.|date=2010|title=Improving intelligence a literature review|url=|journal=Swiss Medical Weekly |volume=140 |issue=19 |pages=266–72|doi=|pmid=20349365}}</ref> Whereas it is controversial whether human intelligence can be enhanced via training,<ref name=":15" /><ref name=":16" /> a group's collective intelligence potentially offers simpler opportunities for improvement by exchanging team members or implementing structures and technologies.<ref name=":7" /> Moreover, social sensitivity was found to be, at least temporarily, improvable by reading [[literary fiction]]<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kidd|first=David Comer|last2=Castano|first2=Emanuele|date=2013-10-18|title=Reading Literary Fiction Improves Theory of Mind|journal=Science|volume=342|issue=6156|pages=377–380|doi=10.1126/science.1239918|pmid=24091705|bibcode=2013Sci...342..377K}}</ref> as well as watching drama movies.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Black|first=Jessica|last2=Barnes|first2=Jennifer L.|title=Fiction and social cognition: The effect of viewing award-winning television dramas on theory of mind|journal=Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts|volume=9|issue=4|pages=423–429|doi=10.1037/aca0000031|year=2015}}</ref> In how far such training ultimately improves collective intelligence through social sensitivity remains an open question.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Handbook of Collective Intelligence|author1=Malone, T. W. |author2= Bernstein, M.S. |last-author-amp=yes |publisher=MIT Press|year=2015|isbn=|location=Cambridge, MA|pages=}}</ref>
Gladwell (2008) showed that the relationship between individual IQ and success works only to a certain point and that additional IQ points over an estimate of IQ 120 do not translate into real life advantages. If a similar border exists for Group-IQ or if advantages are linear and infinite, has still to be explored. Similarly, demand for further research on possible connections of individual and collective intelligence exists within plenty of other potentially transferable logics of individual intelligence, such as, for instance, the development over time or the question of improving intelligence. Whereas it is controversial whether human intelligence can be enhanced via training, as well as watching drama movies. In how far such training ultimately improves collective intelligence through social sensitivity remains an open question.
Gladwell (2008) showed that the relationship between individual IQ and success works only to a certain point and that additional IQ points over an estimate of IQ 120 do not translate into real life advantages. If a similar border exists for Group-IQ or if advantages are linear and infinite, has still to be explored. Similarly, demand for further research on possible connections of individual and collective intelligence exists within plenty of other potentially transferable logics of individual intelligence, such as, for instance, the development over time or the question of improving intelligence. Whereas it is controversial whether human intelligence can be enhanced via training, as well as watching drama movies. In how far such training ultimately improves collective intelligence through social sensitivity remains an open question.
格拉德威尔(2008)指出，个人智商和成功之间的关系只在一定程度上起作用，超过估计智商120的额外智商点不会转化为现实生活中的优势。如果类似的边界存在的群体智商或如果优势是线性和无限的，仍然有待探索。类似地，对于个体和集体智慧之间可能存在的联系的进一步研究的需求存在于大量其他个体智慧的潜在可转移逻辑中，例如，随着时间的推移的发展或者提高智力的问题。然而，是否可以通过训练和观看戏剧电影来提高人类的智力却是一个有争议的问题。在多大程度上这种培训最终通过社会敏感性提高集体智慧仍然是一个悬而未决的问题。
There are further more advanced concepts and factor models attempting to explain individual cognitive ability including the categorization of intelligence in [[fluid and crystallized intelligence]]<ref>{{Cite book|title=Models of intelligence. In R.L. Linn (Ed.), Intelligence: Measurement, theory, and public policy (pp. 29–73).|last=Horn, J.|publisher=University of Illinois Press.|year=1989|isbn=|location=Urbana, IL|pages=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Abilities: Their structure, growth, and action.|last=Cattell, R. B.|publisher=New York, NY|year=1971|isbn=|location=Houghton Mifflin|pages=}}</ref> or the [[Three-stratum theory|hierarchical model of intelligence differences]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Human cognitive abilities: A survey of factor analytic studies.|last=Carroll, J.B.|publisher=Cambridge University Press.|year=1993|isbn=9780521387125|location=Cambridge, England|pages=|url=https://books.google.com/?id=jp9dt4_0_cIC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Johnson|first=Wendy|last2=Bouchard Jr.|first2=Thomas J.|date=2005-07-01|title=The structure of human intelligence: It is verbal, perceptual, and image rotation (VPR), not fluid and crystallized|journal=Intelligence|volume=33|issue=4|pages=393–416|doi=10.1016/j.intell.2004.12.002}}</ref> Further supplementing explanations and conceptualizations for the factor structure of the '''Genomes''' of collective intelligence besides a general {{'}}''c'' factor', though, are missing yet.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://cci.mit.edu/research_developing.html|title=MIT Center for Collective Intelligence|website=cci.mit.edu|access-date=2016-04-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160330091237/http://cci.mit.edu/research_developing.html|archive-date=30 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>
There are further more advanced concepts and factor models attempting to explain individual cognitive ability including the categorization of intelligence in fluid and crystallized intelligence or the hierarchical model of intelligence differences. Further supplementing explanations and conceptualizations for the factor structure of the Genomes of collective intelligence besides a general c factor', though, are missing yet.
There are further more advanced concepts and factor models attempting to explain individual cognitive ability including the categorization of intelligence in fluid and crystallized intelligence or the hierarchical model of intelligence differences. Further supplementing explanations and conceptualizations for the factor structure of the Genomes of collective intelligence besides a general c factor', though, are missing yet.
还有更进一步的更先进的概念和因素模型试图解释个体的认知能力，包括晶体智力的智力分类或智力差异的层次模型。然而，除了一般的 c 因子之外，对集体智慧基因组的因子结构的进一步解释和概念化仍然缺失。
=== Controversies ===
=== Controversies ===