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→Predictions in politics and technology 政治和技术预测
==== Predictions in politics and technology 政治和技术预测 ====
==== Predictions in politics and technology 政治和技术预测 ====
[[文件:美国2016年使用的投票方法.svg|缩略图|右|美国2016年使用的投票方法]]
Political parties mobilize large numbers of people to form policy, select candidates and finance and run election campaigns. Knowledge focusing through various [[voting]] methods allows perspectives to converge through the assumption that uninformed voting is to some degree random and can be filtered from the decision process leaving only a residue of informed consensus. Critics point out that often bad ideas, misunderstandings, and misconceptions are widely held, and that structuring of the decision process must favor experts who are presumably less prone to random or misinformed voting in a given context.
Political parties mobilize large numbers of people to form policy, select candidates and finance and run election campaigns.<ref name=":24">{{Cite web|url=http://politics.stackexchange.com/questions/11168/vote-amount-according-to-intelligence|title=Vote amount according to "intelligence"|website=politics.stackexchange.com|access-date=2016-12-12}}</ref> Knowledge focusing through various [[voting]] methods allows perspectives to converge through the assumption that uninformed voting is to some degree random and can be filtered from the decision process leaving only a residue of informed consensus.<ref name=":24" /> Critics point out that often bad ideas, misunderstandings, and misconceptions are widely held, and that structuring of the decision process must favor experts who are presumably less prone to random or misinformed voting in a given context.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://press.princeton.edu/titles/9907.html|title=Landemore, H.: Democratic Reason: Politics, Collective Intelligence, and the Rule of the Many. (eBook and Paperback)|website=press.princeton.edu|access-date=2016-12-04}}</ref>
Political parties mobilize large numbers of people to form policy, select candidates and finance and run election campaigns. Knowledge focusing through various voting methods allows perspectives to converge through the assumption that uninformed voting is to some degree random and can be filtered from the decision process leaving only a residue of informed consensus.Critics point out that often bad ideas, misunderstandings, and misconceptions are widely held, and that structuring of the decision process must favor experts who are presumably less prone to random or misinformed voting in a given context.
政党动员了大量人力制定政策，选拔候选人和资助并开展竞选活动。通过各种投票方法集中信息，使观点融合假设，不知情者的投票在某种程度上可视为是随机的，可以从决策过程中过滤掉，仅留下有共识的知情者的投票。批评家指出，坏主意，误解和谬见通常会广泛存在，因此决策过程的结构必须有利于那些在给定背景下，不大可能出现随机或者误导投票的专家。
Companies such as Affinnova (acquired by Nielsen), [[Google]], [[InnoCentive]], [[Marketocracy]], and [[Threadless]] have successfully employed the concept of collective intelligence in bringing about the next generation of technological changes through their research and development (R&D), customer service, and knowledge management. An example of such application is Google's Project Aristotle in 2012, where the effect of collective intelligence on team makeup was examined in hundreds of the company's R&D teams.
Companies such as Affinnova (acquired by Nielsen), [[Google]], [[InnoCentive]], [[Marketocracy]], and [[Threadless]]<ref name=":17">{{Cite journal|last=Bonabeau|first=E|year=2009|title=The power of collective intelligence|journal=MIT Sloan Management Review|volume=50|pages=45–52|id={{ProQuest|224962498}}}}</ref> have successfully employed the concept of collective intelligence in bringing about the next generation of technological changes through their research and development (R&D), customer service, and knowledge management.<ref name=":17" /><ref>{{Cite report|last=Malone|first=Thomas W.|last2=Laubacher|first2=Robert|last3=Dellarocas|first3=Chrysanthos|date=2009-02-03|title=Harnessing Crowds: Mapping the Genome of Collective Intelligence|ssrn=1381502|location=Rochester, NY|publisher=Social Science Research Network|id=MIT Sloan Research Paper No. 4732-09}}</ref> An example of such application is Google's Project Aristotle in 2012, where the effect of collective intelligence on team makeup was examined in hundreds of the company's R&D teams.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/28/magazine/what-google-learned-from-its-quest-to-build-the-perfect-team.html|title=What Google Learned From Its Quest to Build the Perfect Team|last=Duhigg|first=Charles|date=2016-02-25|newspaper=The New York Times|access-date=2016-12-11}}</ref>
Companies such as Affinnova (acquired by Nielsen), Google, InnoCentive, Marketocracy, and Threadless have successfully employed the concept of collective intelligence in bringing about the next generation of technological changes through their research and development (R&D), customer service, and knowledge management. An example of such application is Google's Project Aristotle in 2012, where the effect of collective intelligence on team makeup was examined in hundreds of the company's R&D teams.
Companies such as Affinnova (acquired by Nielsen), Google, InnoCentive, Marketocracy, and Threadless have successfully employed the concept of collective intelligence in bringing about the next generation of technological changes through their research and development (R&D), customer service, and knowledge management. An example of such application is Google's Project Aristotle in 2012, where the effect of collective intelligence on team makeup was examined in hundreds of the company's R&D teams.
诸如Affinnova（被尼尔森收购），Google，InnoCentive，Marketocracy和Threadless等公司已经成功地采用了集体智能的概念，通过其研发（R＆D），客户服务和知识管理实现了下一代技术变革。 。
=== Cooperation ===
=== Cooperation ===